确定复合材料宏观屈服准则的细观力学方法

运用细观力学中的均匀化方法，分析了含周期性微结构复合材料的宏观屈服准则，并对Hill-Tsai准则进行了修正。从基于复合材料细观结构的代表性胞元入手，运用塑性极限理论中的机动分析以及有限元方法，计算了细观结构的极限载荷域。通过宏细观尺度对应关系，得到复合材料的宏观屈服准则。     

复合材料模量细观分析的一般性模型

基于细观力学理论,提出了横观各向异性复合材料弹性常数的分析模型,并给出了纵向(纤维长度方向) 与横向弹性模量、横截面内剪切模量和泊松比等材料性能参数的理论推导和计算公式. 此方法简洁准确地反映了材料横观各向异性性能,改进了常规细观力学模型,也为工程分析提供了理论依据;同时在复合材料力学课程教学中,有助于深化学生对复合材料细观分析的理解,具有一定的启发性.     

多相材料有效性能预测的高精度方法

有效介质方法是常用的细观力学方法之一.其可用于计算多相材料的有效性能,并建立材料微细观结构和宏观性能的定量关系;有助于指导新材料设计,减少试验工作量等.然而,当夹杂含量升高时,传统有效介质方法的计算精度下降.本文以两相材料为研究对象,提出一种新的参考介质,即:为更合理考虑不同夹杂颗粒间的相互作用,假定参考介质的应变是基体相平均应变和某一修正张量的双点积.在此基础上,推导了新参考介质下两相材料的有效模量表达式,并给出该修正张量的近似计算方法;通过反复更新参考介质,采用多层次均匀化思路,将本文方法进一步用于多相材料性能的预测.为验证方法的有效性,将预测结果与已有模型结果和试验数据进行对比.结果表明本文方法较已有方法更为合理、有效.当夹杂含量升高时,本文方法较传统有效介质方法的计算精度有所提升.     

复合材料导向叶片的结构与材料一体化优化设计

将材料细观结构优化和宏观结构优化结合起来,从结构与材料两个尺度出发,发展复合材料导向叶片的结构与材料一体化优化设计方法。在建立平纹编织复合材料细观结构分析模型的基础上,采用细观力学有限元法进行材料刚度性能预测,热-固耦合分析方法进行涡轮导向叶片结构分析。同时以细观结构参数和宏观结构参数为设计变量,以叶片质量最小为优化目标,并要求满足应力和位移方面的约束,进行编织复合材料导向叶片的结构与材料一体化优化设计。     

混凝土材料宏观力学特性分析的细观单元等效化模型

提出了一种混凝土材料宏观力学特性分析的新方法—细观单元等效化模型。该方法从描述混凝土材料的细观尺度入手,采用Monte Carlo法生成由骨料颗粒及砂浆基质组成的混凝土试件的随机骨料模型;然后,依据混凝土材料特征单元尺度来剖分有限元网格并投影到建立的随机骨料模型上,各细观单元的有效力学特性则采用复合材料等效化方法来确定。本文方法体现了材料非线性宏观力学特性源于其内在的不均匀性这一认识,而对不均匀性的描述则是以网格剖分是否影响其宏观力学特性为准则。因此,本文方法较其他细观力学方法最大的优点在于极大地减小了体系自由度数目（特别是对于三维问题）,从而提高了计算效率。算例分析初步验证了本文方法的高效性。     

复合材料的宏观性能与参数设计

本文综述了预测复合材料宏观性能──有效刚度的几类方法：自洽模型、单胞模型以及它们的结合──自洽有限元法．阐述了复合材料发生弹塑性变形时的有关力学问题．基于细观力学的定量分析结果，探讨了面向材料宏观刚度的细观结构参数设计的基本原则，以期对建立复合材料细观结构设计的力学和数学模型有所启发．     

混凝土多尺度应力响应方程及其数值模拟

针对混凝土的多相多尺度材料组成特征及其复杂力学响应问题, 首先, 根据混凝土中各组成材料的几何特征, 将C-S-H凝胶、硬化水泥浆体、砂浆及混凝土细观组成分别视为纳观、微观、亚细观和细观尺度上的复合材料, 并利用颗粒空间堆积方法, 重构了混凝土各尺度复合材料的简化几何模型; 其次, 基于重构的几何模型和等效夹杂理论, 通过等效刚度的升阶计算和应力响应的降阶计算, 建立各尺度复合材料应力响应之间的过渡关系, 推导混凝土多尺度应力响应方程, 并编制相应的计算程序; 最后, 以单轴压缩载荷作用为例, 数值计算载荷作用下混凝土各尺度复合材料中的应力响应, 分析骨料空间位置和相互作用以及水化产物刚度、几何形状和空间取向对其应力响应的影响规律. 结果表明, 单轴压缩载荷作用下, 混凝土细观组成中的应力分布并不均匀; 骨料颗粒之间的距离影响到混凝土中的应力分布, 其有效影响范围约为骨料粒径的6倍; 水泥水化产物的刚度、几何形状和空间取向是影响其应力分布的重要因素, 刚度越大, 所受应力越大, 与载荷作用方向的夹角越小, 长椭球形水化产物沿载荷作用方向的应力越大, 扁椭球形水化产物与之相反.      

基于细观力学方法的混凝土热膨胀系数预测

建立混凝土材料的有效性质与微结构参数之间的关系,是混凝土材料优化设计的基础。本文用细观力学方法对复合材料宏观有效热膨胀系数进行研究,得到了含有一球形夹杂物的无限大介质在均匀变温作用下的应力场。假定混凝土为由骨料和砂浆基质组成的二相复合材料,根据混凝土宏观体积热膨胀量与组成混凝土的各相介质细观体积热膨胀量相等的原则,采用基于Mori-Tanaka方法的混凝土宏观有效剪切模量,推导出混凝土有效热膨胀系数的解答。对稀疏解法、自洽方法和有限单元数值试验结果的比较说明,本文提出的基于自洽方法的混凝土宏观有效热膨胀系数的理论公式能够较好的描述混凝土的热学特性,该方法可以推广到多相复合材料宏观有效热膨胀系数的预测中。     

基于均匀化理论的混凝土宏细观力学特性研究

在细观层次上将混凝土视为由砂浆基质、骨料及其界面组成的三相复合材料,在此基础上,采用有限元方法,对混凝土弹性本构关系进行数值模拟,利用位移渐近展开技术和均匀化理论建立了多尺度力学框架下的有限元平衡方程,重点考察了单胞尺寸对宏观力学性能的影响,得到了相对最大骨料粒径的最小单胞尺寸,即5～10倍最大骨料粒径.作为例证,对混凝土三点弯梁进行了宏细观尺度数值仿真研究,结果表明:基于本文方法可以较好地反映混凝土的宏观力学行为.此外,由于骨料、砂浆的相互作用,应力分布呈现出宏观渐变平滑与细观局部突变的特征.     

断裂损伤与细观力学

本文从力学发展的角度,对断裂力学、损伤力学与细观力学的主要内容及其发展,作了简要的介绍和评述.指出:固体力学与其它学科的交缘汇合,并深入到细观结构的层次进行研究,这一研究发展的势头已是很明显的了.细观力学、损伤力学与断裂力学构成了从细观尺度直至宏观尺度以描述材料与结构的破坏过程的破环理论的主要内容.它使得作为固体材料的力学的基本内容之一的破坏理论,面临一个新的发展阶段.     

Homogenization-based continuum plasticity-damage model for ductile failure of materials containing heterogeneities

This paper develops an accurate and computationally efficient homogenization-based continuum plasticity-damage (HCPD) model for macroscopic analysis of ductile failure in porous ductile materials containing brittle inclusions. Example of these materials are cast alloys such as aluminum and metal matrix composites. The overall framework of the HCPD model follows the structure of the anisotropic Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN) type elasto-plasticity model for porous ductile materials. The HCPD model is assumed to be orthotropic in an evolving material principal coordinate system throughout the deformation history. The GTN model parameters are calibrated from homogenization of evolving variables in representative volume elements (RVE) of the microstructure containing inclusions and voids. Micromechanical analyses for this purpose are conducted by the locally enriched Voronoi cell finite element model (LE-VCFEM) [Hu, C., Ghosh, S., 2008. Locally enhanced Voronoi cell finite element model (LE-VCFEM) for simulating evolving fracture in ductile microstructures containing inclusions. Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 76(12), 1955-1992]. The model also introduces a novel void nucleation criterion from micromechanical damage evolution due to combined inclusion and matrix cracking. The paper discusses methods for estimating RVE length scales in microstructures with non-uniform dispersions, as well as macroscopic characteristic length scales for non-local constitutive models. Comparison of results from the anisotropic HCPD model with homogenized micromechanics shows excellent agreement. The HCPD model has a huge efficiency advantage over micromechanics models. Hence, it is a very effective tool in predicting macroscopic damage in structures with direct reference to microstructural composition.     

A micromechanics-based approach for the derivation of constitutive elastic coefficients of strain-gradient media

A micromechanics-based approach for the derivation of the effective properties of periodic linear elastic composites which exhibit strain gradient effects at the macroscopic level is presented. At the local scale, all phases of the composite obey the classic equations of three-dimensional elasticity, but, since the assumption of strict separation of scales is not verified, the macroscopic behavior is described by the equations of strain gradient elasticity. The methodology uses the series expansions at the local scale, for which higher-order terms, (which are generally neglected in standard homogenization framework) are kept, in order to take into account the microstructural effects. An energy based micro–macro transition is then proposed for upscaling and constitutes, in fact, a generalization of the Hill–Mandel lemma to the case of higher-order homogenization problems. The constitutive relations and the definitions for higher-order elasticity tensors are retrieved by means of the “state law” associated to the derived macroscopic potential. As an illustration purpose, we derive the closed-form expressions for the components of the gradient elasticity tensors in the particular case of a stratified periodic composite. For handling the problems with an arbitrary microstructure, a FFT-based computational iterative scheme is proposed in the last part of the paper. Its efficiency is shown in the particular case of composites reinforced by long fibers.     

Asymptotic homogenization of three-dimensional thermoelectric composites

Thermoelectric composites are promising for high efficiency energy conversion between thermal flows and electric conduction, though their effective behaviors remain poorly understood due to nonlinear thermoelectric coupling. In this paper, we develop an asymptotic homogenization theory to analyze the effective behavior of three-dimensional (3D) thermoelectric composites, built on the observation that the equations governing microscopic field fluctuations in the composite are actually linear instead of nonlinear after separation of length scales. A set of solutions similar to Green's function method are used to construct the unit cell problem, and appropriate interfacial continuity conditions and boundary conditions are derived. The homogenized governing equations are then developed for thermoelectric composites, and they are further reduced for a special case wherein the heat flow and electric conduction in the composite remains one-dimensional (1D) at macroscopic scale, even though the composite itself is 3D in general. The general homogenization theory is implemented using finite element method, and a key constant in the constructed solutions is determined using the reformulated eigenvalue problem. The algorithm is validated, and is applied for a number of case studies for the effective behavior of thermoelectric composites.     

基于均匀化理论韧性复合材料塑性极限分析

运用细观力学中的均匀化方法分析了韧性复合材料的塑性极限承载能力.从反映复合材料细观结构的代表性胞元入手,将均匀化理论运用到塑性极限分析中,计算由理想刚塑性、Mises组分材料构成的复合材料的极限承载能力.运用机动极限方法和有限元技术,最终将上述问题归结为求解一组带等式约束的非线性数学规划问题,并采用一种无搜索直接迭代算法求解.为复合材料的强度分析提供了一个有效手段.     

Distribution-enhanced homogenization framework and model for heterogeneous elasto-plastic problems

Multi-scale computational models offer tractable means to simulate sufficiently large spatial domains comprised of heterogeneous materials by resolving material behavior at different scales and communicating across these scales. Within the framework of computational multi-scale analyses, hierarchical models enable unidirectional transfer of information from lower to higher scales, usually in the form of effective material properties. Determining explicit forms for the macroscale constitutive relations for complex microstructures and nonlinear processes generally requires numerical homogenization of the microscopic response. Conventional low-order homogenization uses results of simulations of representative microstructural domains to construct appropriate expressions for effective macroscale constitutive parameters written as a function of the microstructural characterization. This paper proposes an alternative novel approach, introduced as the distribution-enhanced homogenization framework or DEHF, in which the macroscale constitutive relations are formulated in a series expansion based on the microscale constitutive relations and moments of arbitrary order of the microscale field variables. The framework does not make any a priori assumption on the macroscale constitutive behavior being represented by a homogeneous effective medium theory. Instead, the evolution of macroscale variables is governed by the moments of microscale distributions of evolving field variables. This approach demonstrates excellent accuracy in representing the microscale fields through their distributions. An approximate characterization of the microscale heterogeneity is accounted for explicitly in the macroscale constitutive behavior. Increasing the order of this approximation results in increased fidelity of the macroscale approximation of the microscale constitutive behavior. By including higher-order moments of the microscale fields in the macroscale problem, micromechanical analyses do not require boundary conditions to ensure satisfaction of the original form of Hill's lemma. A few examples are presented in this paper, in which the macroscale DEHF model is shown to capture the microscale response of the material without re-parametrization of the microscale constitutive relations.     

Dual-stage nested homogenization for rate-dependent anisotropic elasto-plasticity model of dendritic cast aluminum alloys

This paper proposes a nested dual-stage homogenization method for developing microstructure based continuum elasto-viscoplastic models for large secondary dendrite arm spacing or SDAS cast aluminum alloys. Microstructures of these alloys are characterized by extremely inhomogeneous distribution of inclusions along the dendrite cell boundaries. Traditional single-step homogenization methods are not suitable for this type of microstructure due to the size of the representative volume element (RVE) and the associated computations required for micromechanical analyses. To circumvent this limitation, two distinct RVE’s or statistically equivalent RVE’s are identified, corresponding to the inherent scales of inhomogeneity in the microstructure. The homogenization is performed in multiple stages for each of the RVE’s identified. The macroscopic behavior is described by a rate-dependent, anisotropic homogenization based continuum plasticity (HCP) model. Anisotropy and viscoplastic parameters in the HCP model are calibrated from homogenization of micro-variables for the different RVE’s. These parameters are dependent on microstructural features such as morphology and distribution of different phases. The uniqueness of the nested two-stage homogenization is that it enables evaluation of the overall homogenized model parameters of the cast alloy from limited experimental data, but also material parameters of constituents like inter-dendritic phase and pure aluminum matrix. The capabilities of the HCP model are demonstrated for a cast aluminum alloy AS7GU having a SDAS of 30 μm.     

Microstructural effects in non linear stratified composites

In this paper, we analyze the microstructural effects on non linear elastic and periodic composites within the framework of asymptotic homogenization. We assume that the constitutive laws of the individual constituents derive from strain potentials. The microstructural effects are incorporated by considering the higher order terms, which come from the asymptotic series expansion. The complete solution at any order requires the resolution of a chain of cell problems in which the source terms depend on the solution at the lower order. The influence of these terms on the macroscopic response of the non linear composite is evaluated in the particular case of a stratified microstructure. The analytic solutions of the cell problems at the first and second order are provided for arbitrary local strain–stress laws which derive from potentials. As classically, the non-linear dependence on the applied macroscopic strain is retrieved for the solution at the first order. It is proved that the second order term in the expansion series also exhibits a non linear dependence with the macroscopic strain but linearly depends on the gradient of macroscopic strain. As a consequence, the macroscopic potential obtained by homogenization is a quadratic function of the macroscopic strain gradient when the expansion series is truncated at the second order. This model generalizes the well known first strain gradient elasticity theory to the case of non linear elastic material. The influence of the non local correctors on the macroscopic potential is investigated in the case of power law elasticity under macroscopic plane strain or antiplane conditions.     

Multiscale asymptotic homogenization for multiphysics problems with multiple spatial and temporal scales: a coupled thermo-viscoelastic example problem

A systematic approach for analyzing multiple physical processes interacting at multiple spatial and temporal scales is developed. The proposed computational framework is applied to the coupled thermo-viscoelastic composites with microscopically periodic mechanical and thermal properties. A rapidly varying spatial and temporal scales are introduced to capture the effects of spatial and temporal fluctuations induced by spatial heterogeneities at diverse time scales. The initial-boundary value problem on the macroscale is derived by using the double scale asymptotic analysis in space and time. It is shown that an extra history-dependent long-term memory term introduced by the homogenization process in space and time can be obtained by solving a first order initial value problem. This is in contrast to the long-term memory term obtained by the classical spatial homogenization, which requires solutions of the initial-boundary value problem in the unit cell domain. The validity limits of the proposed spatial–temporal homogenized solution are established. Numerical example shows a good agreement between the proposed model and the reference solution obtained by using a finite element mesh with element size comparable to that of material heterogeneity.     

金属玻璃基复合材料的变形行为及本构关系研究综述

金属玻璃及其复合材料因其优良的力学性能而具有良好的应用前景,相关研究方兴未艾. 本文主要总结国内外的研究成果并结合本课题组的最新研究工作,针对块体金属玻璃基复合材料的变形行为、增韧机理和本构关系研究现状进行较为全面的综述. 首先,对近几十年来在块体金属玻璃基体材料的变形行为与失效机理以及本构关系研究方面的丰硕成果进行简要回顾. 其次,从实验研究和数值模拟两方面,重点对金属玻璃基复合材料的变形行为与失效机理研究成果进行介绍,总结了金属玻璃基复合材料的塑性变形、增韧机理及影响因素. 然后,对金属玻璃基复合材料的本构关系研究最新进展进行评述,重点介绍了均匀化方法在该领域的应用. 作为代表,较为详细地介绍了作者新近提出的一个二次均匀化的方法,并在此基础上,结合纳米孔洞作为自变量的失效判据而建立了本构模型,该模型对金属玻璃基复合材料的变形和失效行为进行了合理预测. 最后,对该领域的研究现状进行简单的总结,并对未来的研究问题进行展望.      

Micro–macro analysis of shape memory alloy composites

The aim of the paper is to develop a micro–macro approach for the analysis of the mechanical behavior of composites obtained embedding long fibers of Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) into an elastic matrix. In order to determine the overall constitutive response of the SMA composites, two homogenization techniques are proposed: one is based on the self-consistent method while the other on the analysis of a periodic composite. The overall response of the SMA composites is strongly influenced by the pseudo-elastic and shape memory effects occurring in the SMA material. In particular, it is assumed that the phase transformations in the SMA are governed by the wire temperature and by the average stress tensor acting in the fiber. A possible prestrain of the fibers is taken into account in the model.Numerical applications are developed in order to analyze the thermo-mechanical behavior of the SMA composite. The results obtained by the proposed procedures are compared with the ones determined through a micromechanical analysis of a periodic composite performed using suitable finite elements.Then, in order to study the macromechanical response of structural elements made of SMA composites, a three-dimensional finite element is developed implementing at each Gauss point the overall constitutive laws of the SMA composite obtained by the proposed homogenization procedures. Some numerical applications are developed in order to assess the efficiency of the proposed micro–macro model.