地磁环境下结构变形引起的扰动磁场

基于磁弹性相互作用的线性化理论，针对地磁环境特点，忽略磁场对结构位移的影 响而仅考虑位移对磁场的耦合作用，通过将位移梯度引入变形后界面外法线矢量方 法，给出了变形引起的扰动磁场计算的定解场方程和界面衔接条件，并计算了符拉 芒问题的变形扰动磁场. 结果表明，变形扰动磁场完全取决于位移梯度在界面外法 向上的投影；扰动场强与外力成正比；空气中扰动磁场的法向强度和切向强度分布 特征明显不同，法向强度在力作用点对称分布，并且在 力作用点处存在奇点；切向强度则呈反对称分布，在力作用点处发生突变.     

Perturbed magnetic field of an infinite plate with a centered crack

Deforming a cracked magnetoelastic body in a magnetic field induces a perturbed magnetic field around the crack. The quantitative relationship between this perturbed field and the stress around the crack is crucial in developing a new generation of magnetism-based nondestructive testing technologies. In this paper, an analytical expression of the perturbed magnetic field induced by structural deforma- tion of an infinite ferromagnetic elastic plate containing a centered crack in a weak external magnetic field is obtained by using the linearized magnetoelastic theory and Fourier transform methods. The main finding is that the perturbed magnetic field intensity is proportional to the applied tensile stress, and is dominated by the displacement gradient on the boundary of the magnetoelastic solid. The tangential component of the perturbed magnetic-field intensity near the crack exhibits an antisymmetric distribution along the crack that reverses its direction sharply across its two faces, while the normal component shows a symmetric distribution along the crack with singular points at the crack tips.     

High-rate Characterization of 304L Stainless Steel at Elevated Temperatures for Recrystallization Investigation

An integrated experimental technique was developed for high-rate mechanical characterization of 304L stainless steel at elevated temperatures by using a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). A sandwich structure consisting of two platens and the specimen in between was heated before mechanical loading while the bars were maintained at room temperature to eliminate the temperature gradient effect on the wave propagation in the bars. Upon contacting the cold bars, temperature gradients form in the platens, leaving the temperature in specimen constant and uniform. Pulse shaping techniques were employed to maintain constant strain-rate deformation and dynamic stress equilibrium in the specimen. Dynamic compressive stress-strain curves at elevated temperatures for the 304L stainless steel were obtained. To relate recrystallization to impact loading, a momentum trapping system was employed to apply a single loading on the specimen during one dynamic experiment. We also controlled the quenching time to study its effect on recrystallization.     

Test fixture for eccentricity and stiffness of corrugated board

Of particular importance for the mechanical response and load-bearing capacity of corrugated board boxes is the manner in which load is introduced in the vertical panels through the horizontal flaps and the adjoining creases (folding lines). This study reports on a test fixture developed to measure the effective eccentricity moment acting on the vertical panels of corrugated board boxes. The axial compressive response of the creased board can also be measured using the new test fixture. The deformation mechanism of the board was monitored by visual inspection and photographically recorded and related to the measured eccentricity moment. The results show that significant eccentricity of the load path exists, which depends on the degree of lateral constraint and amount of axial deformation in a quite complex manner. The axial compressive response was found to be independent of the degree of lateral constraint and unsupported length of the specimen, which is evidence for the majority of the axial deformation occurring in the creased region. Photographic recording of the deformation mechanism of the creased region during compressive loading verified that the board is loaded unevenly as evidenced by kink zone formations appearing at opposite sides at different axial deformation levels.     

点支撑预应力中厚矩形板的弯曲

基于Reissner-Mindlin一阶剪切变形板理论，讨论在预加面内机械荷载或温度场作用下，点支撑中厚矩形板的弯曲问题。温度场假定沿板表面为均布，沿板厚方向为线性分布的。利用考虑剪切变形影响的Timoshenko梁函数，采用Rayleigh-Ritz法给出不同边界条件下点支撑中厚板在横向荷载作用下的挠度和弯矩分布。结果表明，均匀温度场与预加面内压力将使板的挠度和弯矩增加。支撑点位置的变化、边界约束条件和横向剪切变形效应都对板的内力大小和分布有显著影响。     

Experimental investigation on heat transfer characteristics of magnetic fluid flow around a fine wire under the influence of an external magnetic field

Experimental investigation is conducted to get insight into convective heat transfer features of the aqueous magnetic fluid flow over a fine wire under the influence of an external magnetic field. The convective heat transfer coefficient of the aqueous magnetic fluid flow around the heated wire is measured in both the uniform magnetic field and the magnetic field gradient. The effects of the external magnetic field strength and its orientation on the thermal behaviors of the magnetic fluids are analyzed. The experimental results show that the external magnetic field is a vital factor that affects the convective heat transfer performances of the magnetic fluids and the control of heat transfer processes of a magnetic fluid flow can be possible by applying an external magnetic field.     

Constitutive analysis of thin biological membranes with application to radial stretching of a hollow circular membrane

The constitutive analysis of the mechanical response of thin elastic membranes under inplane deformation is presented by using the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient into its areal and distortional parts. Specific results are obtained for the Evans-Skalak form of the strain energy function. The solution to the problem of radial stretching of a hollow circular membrane obeying this constitutive model is then derived. The stress concentration factor is determined as a function of the relative hole size and the magnitude of the applied tension. The tension boundary is identified above which no compressive stress appears in the membrane. The limit boundary is introduced below which the membrane cannot support the applied loading without unstable wrinkling. For the loading between the tension and the limit boundary, nonuniformly distributed infinitesimal wrinkles appear within the inner portion of the membrane, carrying radial tension but no circumferential stress (tension field). The specific form of the strain energy function is used to describe this behavior, and to calculate the amount of the membrane area absorbed by infinitesimal wrinkles. The wrinkled portion is surrounded by the outer portion of the membrane carrying both radial and circumferential stresses. The limit boundary is reached when wrinkles spread throughout the membrane. It is shown that for a sufficiently large tension at the outer boundary, the wrinkling does not spread throughout the membrane no matter how large the applied tension at the inner boundary of the membrane is, provided that no rupture takes place. The limiting extent of the tension field in such cases is calculated. The linearized version of the analysis is characterized by a closed form solution.     

试验机弹性储能对岩石力学性能测试的影响

在材料试验机上进行岩石力学性能测试时，如何准确测量岩石的变形是整个测试分析的基础．为了具体考察试验机刚度对岩石变形测量的影响程度，在两台不同的试验机上进行了岩石的单轴压缩试验，通过对加卸载过程中试验系统及岩石能量变化的分析，详细研究了试验系统弹性储能对岩石变形测量的影响，进而给出了基于试验机刚度的修正计算方法，来确定岩石在测试过程中的变形．     

A micromechanical study of residual stress and its effect on transverse failure in polymer–matrix composites

Cure residual stress and its effect on damage in unidirectional fibre-reinforced polymer–matrix composites under transverse loading were studied using a micromechanical unit cell model and the finite element method. The overall residual stress introduced from curing was determined by considering two contributions: volume shrinkage of matrix resin from the crosslink polymerization during isothermal curing and thermal contraction of both resin and fibre as a result of cooling from the curing temperature to room temperature. To examine the effect of residual stress on failure, a model based on the Maximum Principal Stress criterion and stiffness degradation technique was used for damage analysis of the unit cell subjected to mechanical loading after curing. Predicted damage initiation and evolution are clearly influenced by the inclusion of residual stress. Residual stress is always detrimental for transverse compressive loading and pure shear loading. For transverse tensile loading, residual stress is detrimental for relatively low resin strength and beneficial for relatively high resin strength. Failure envelopes were obtained for both biaxial normal loading and combined shear and normal loading and the results show that residual stress results in a shifting and contraction of the failure envelopes.     

A robust hyper-elastic beam model under bi-axial normal-shear loadings

In this paper, a simple and robust constitutive model is proposed to simulate mechanical behaviors of hyper-elastic materials under bi-axial normal-shear loadings in the finite strain regime. The Mooney–Rivlin strain energy function is adopted to develop a two-dimensional (2D) normal-shear constitutive model within the framework of continuum mechanics. A motion field is first proposed for combined normal and shear deformations. The deformation gradient of the proposed field is calculated and then substituted into right Cauchy–Green deformation tensor. Constitutive equations are then derived for normal and shear deformations. They are two explicit coupled equations with high-level polynomial non-linearity. In order to examine capabilities of the developed hyper-elastic model, uniaxial tensile responses and non-linear stability behaviors of moderately thick straight and curved beams undergoing normal axial and transverse shear deformations are simulated and compared with experiments. Fused deposition modeling technique as a 3D printing technology is implemented to fabricate hyper-elastic beam structures from soft poly-lactic acid filaments. The printed specimens are tested under tensile/compressive in-plane and compressive out-of-plane forces. A finite element formulation along with the Newton–Raphson and Riks techniques is also developed to trace non-linear equilibrium path of beam structures in large defamation regimes. It is shown that the model is capable of predicting non-linear equilibrium characteristics of hyper-elastic straight and curved beams. It is found that the modeling of shear deformation and finite strain is essential toward an accurate prediction of the non-linear equilibrium responses of moderately thick hyper-elastic beams. Due to simplicity and accuracy, the model can serve in the future studies dealing with the analysis of hyper-elastic structures in which two normal and shear stress components are dominant.     

磁-电-弹性半空间在轴对称热载荷作用下的三维问题研究

考虑力-电-磁-热等多场耦合作用, 基于线性理论给出了磁-电-弹性半空间在表面轴对称温度载荷作用下的热-磁-电-弹性分析, 并得到了问题的解析解. 利用Hankel 积分变换法求解了磁-电-弹性材料中的热传导及控制方程, 讨论了在磁-电-弹性半空间在边界表面上作用局部热载荷时的混合边值问题, 利用积分变换和积分方程技术, 通过在边界表面上施加应力自由及磁-电开路条件, 推导得到了磁-电-弹性半空间中位移、电势及磁势的积分形式的表达式. 获得了磁-电-弹性半空间中温度场的解析表达式并且给出了应力, 电位移和磁通量的解析解. 数值计算结果表明温度载荷对磁-电-弹性场的分布有显著影响. 当温度载荷作用的圆域半径增大时, 最大正应力发生的位置会远离半无限大体的边界; 反之当温度载荷作用的圆域半径减小时, 最大应力发生的位置会靠近半无限大体的边界. 电场和磁场在温度载荷作用的圆域内在边界表面附近有明显的强化, 而磁-电-弹性场强化区域的强化程度跟温度载荷的大小和作用区域大小相关. 本研究的相关结果对智能材料和结构在热载荷作用下的设计和制造具有指导意义.      

THREE-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF A MAGNETOELECTROELASTIC HALF-SPACE UNDER AXISYMMETRIC TEMPERATURE LOADING 1)

考虑力-电-磁-热等多场耦合作用, 基于线性理论给出了磁-电-弹性半空间在表面轴对称温度载荷作用下的热-磁-电-弹性分析, 并得到了问题的解析解. 利用Hankel 积分变换法求解了磁-电-弹性材料中的热传导及控制方程, 讨论了在磁-电-弹性半空间在边界表面上作用局部热载荷时的混合边值问题, 利用积分变换和积分方程技术, 通过在边界表面上施加应力自由及磁-电开路条件, 推导得到了磁-电-弹性半空间中位移、电势及磁势的积分形式的表达式. 获得了磁-电-弹性半空间中温度场的解析表达式并且给出了应力, 电位移和磁通量的解析解. 数值计算结果表明温度载荷对磁-电-弹性场的分布有显著影响. 当温度载荷作用的圆域半径增大时, 最大正应力发生的位置会远离半无限大体的边界; 反之当温度载荷作用的圆域半径减小时, 最大应力发生的位置会靠近半无限大体的边界. 电场和磁场在温度载荷作用的圆域内在边界表面附近有明显的强化, 而磁-电-弹性场强化区域的强化程度跟温度载荷的大小和作用区域大小相关. 本研究的相关结果对智能材料和结构在热载荷作用下的设计和制造具有指导意义.     

A study on the compression sensibility and mechanical model of carbon fiber reinforced cement smart material

Under low compressive stress, carbon fiber reinforced cement (CFRC) exhibits the compressive sensibility for its inner deformation. The curve measured in the course of specimen suddenly loaded by a constant load and unloaded suddenly exhibits the variation of resistivity with time, and the curves measured under cyclic loads exhibits the variation of resistivity with cyclic stresses. Based on the results of experiment, the tunnel conduction effect and the structure of hardened cement paste, a mechanical model for CFRC is proposed and the rules of deformation when the specimen is loaded constantly or cyclically are also inferred. These rules can well explain the mechanism of CFRC' s compressive sensibility.Financed by National Natural Science Foundation of China Key Project No. 59432061.     

THE NONLINEAR MAGNETOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF 〈 110 〉 ORIENTED TBo.27DYo.73FE1.95 POLYCRYSTALLINE ALLOYS UNDER COUPLED MAGNETOMECHANICAL LOADING

In the paper, the nonlinear magnetoelastic properties of composition Tb0.27Dy0.73 Fel.95 〈 110 〉 oriented polycrystalline alloys are investigated under coupled loads of high mag- netic field and compressive stress. The magnetization and magnetostriction are measured simul- taneously under applied magnetic field from -800 to 800 kA/m and compressive stress from 0 to 25 MPa at room temperature. The strain coefficient and relative permeability are obtained by differential calculation from the experimental curves. The results show that the values of satura- tion magnetization （M~） under different compressive stresses remain invariably constant in the region of the high magnetic field. The saturation magnetostriction （As） increases with increasing compressive stress and reaches 1680 ~ 10-6 under 25 MPa. According to the increase of the com- pressive stress, the hysteretic loop area of magnetization and magnetostriction increases, while the maximum relative permeability and strain coefficient decrease. Additionally, the influence of the bias magnetic field on the mechanical property is taken into account. The stress-strain relation- ship is nonlinear and sensitive to the applied external magnetic fields along the axis of rod. The results obtained are a useful complement to the existing experiments for theoretical approaches and engineering applications.     

数字状张拉整体结构的构型设计与力学性能模拟

针对大型张拉整体结构的设计问题,选取四棱柱状张拉整体结构和截角正八面体状张拉整体结构作为基本胞元,采用节点连接节点的方式建立球柱组合式数字状张拉整体结构,并使用基于结构刚度矩阵的大变形非线性数值求解方法对其进行力学性能分析.在两类胞元满足各自的自平衡条件和稳定性条件的前提下,组合得到的数字状张拉整体结构亦处于自平衡稳定状态,搭建了实物模型进行验证.以数字8状张拉整体结构为例,模拟研究了结构承受自重等分布载荷和单轴拉压等端部载荷时的静力学响应,以及结构无阻尼振动时的固有频率和模态等动力学性能.结果表明,结构在自重作用下的变形行为受初始预应力、压杆密度和拉索刚度的影响较大,对其进行合理配置方可确保结构具有足够刚度抵抗自重;结构在单轴拉压作用下呈现非线性的载荷-位移曲线,拉伸刚度随变形量的增大而增大,压缩刚度随变形量的增大而减小;结构的固有频率随初始预应力的增大而增大,而模态振型基本不变.研究结果丰富了大型张拉整体结构的外形种类,有望推动此类结构在土木建筑、结构材料等领域的应用.      

Crack opening and closure under the action of mechanical and thermal loads

Under general loading conditions, there is no guarantee that the crack surfaces will be fully open. Complete or partial closure of the crack could occur if the surrounding material is compressed. Such a phenomenon is illustrated for the situation of a single crack engulfed by a remote but uniform compressive stress field while tensile forces are applied at isolated points so that the material can counteract against the compressive field. Examples are provided illustrating partial crack closure with or without symmetry about the mid-plane normal to the crack surface. Considered will be mechanical and thermal loadings.     

Non-linear constitutive relations for magnetostrictive materials

In this paper, non-linear deformation behavior of magnetostrictive materials is studied and three magnetoelastic coupling constitutive models are developed. The standard square (SS) constitutive model is developed by means of truncating the polynomial expansion of the Gibbs free energy. The hyperbolic tangent (HT) constitutive equations, which involve a hyperbolic tangent magnetic-field dependence, are proposed to model the magnetic-field-induced strain saturation of magnetostrictive materials in the region of intense magnetic fields. A new model based on density of domain switching (DDS) is established in terms of the basic truth that magnetic domain switching underlies magnetostrictive deformation. In this model, it is assumed that the relation between density of domain switching, defined by the quantity of magnetic domains switched by per unit magnetic field and magnetic field can be described by a density function with normal distribution. The moduli in these constitutive models can be determined by a material function that is proposed to describe the dependence of the peak piezomagnetic coefficient on the compressive pre-stress for one-dimensional cases based on the experimental results published. The accuracy of the non-linear constitutive relations is evaluated by comparing the theoretical values with experimental results of a Terfenol-D rod operated under both compressive pre-stress and bias magnetic field. Results indicate that the SS constitutive equations can accurately predict the experimental results under a low or moderate magnetic field while the HT model can, to some extent, reflect the trend of saturation of magnetostrictive strain under a high magnetic field. The model based on DDS, which is more effective in simulating the experimental curves, can capture the main characteristics of the mechanism of magnetoelastic coupling deformation of a Terfenol-D rod, such as the notable dependence of magnetoelastic response on external stress and the saturation of magnetostrictive strain under intense magnetic fields. In addition, the SS constitutive relation for a general three-dimensional problem is discussed and an approach to characterize the modulus tensors is proposed.     

递进式凸轮加载的中等应变率实验技术

研制了一种可以实现多次加载的凸轮递进式中应变率压缩实验系统。该实验装置采用伺服电机驱动蓄能飞轮转动,后蓄能飞轮带动加载凸轮压缩加载杆的方法,实现对试样中应变率的压缩;同时在一级压缩即将结束时步进电机迅速推动蓄能飞轮贴近加载凸轮,实现多级压缩。试样的动态压缩载荷通过两侧杆上粘贴的应变片所记录的应变信号得到;试样变形过程通过激光干涉测速系统测得的试样两侧杆端的运动速度信号得到。以纸蜂窝试样为例,基于研制的中应变率实验系统,并结合高速摄影图片,研究了厚度10 mm、直径14.5 mm的纸蜂窝试样在应变率3.5 s^-1下的动态压缩力学性能,得到了单级压缩和两级压缩过程中纸蜂窝试样的应力-应变曲线和变形过程,并讨论了该实验系统的可靠性。此实验系统可以实现多级递进式中应变率加载;纸蜂窝试样在中等应变率下的峰值强度和平台应力对高应变率下的动态压缩实验数据和低应变率下的准静态实验数据进行了较好地衔接;试样的失效模式主要为准弹性变形后的外壁屈曲和面内剪切。     

Ultrasonic Measurements of Residual Stresses Caused by Severe Thermomechanical Deformation during FSW

In engineering processes, residual stresses can be intense once high plastic deformation and temperature gradient are involved. This is exactly the case for friction stir welding (FSW) in which both rotational and translational movements of the tool induce extreme temperature gradient and plastic deformation. In this research, the extents of longitudinal and transverse residual stresses are measured within the AA7075-T6 plates welded through FSW process using ultrasonic method. According to the obtained results, it can be found that the residual stress is of the tensile type adjacent to the welding line whereas it is of the compressive type far from the welding line. Another observation is that the longitudinal residual stresses are considerably greater than the transverse residual stresses. Furthermore, with the aim of investigating the effects of rotation and traverse velocities of the tool on residual stress, experiments are carried out at three different rotation and traverse velocities. Based on the acquired results, it is observed that upon increasing the rotation and traverse velocities, the longitudinal and transverse residual stresses decrease and increase, respectively.     

Fracture mechanics for a mode III crack in a magnetoelectroelastic solid

In this paper, we developed a Stroh-type formalism for anti-plane deformation and then investigated the fracture mechanics for an elliptical cavity in a magnetoelectroelastic solid under remotely uniform in-plane electromagnetic and/or anti-plane mechanical loading, which allowed us to take the electromagnetic field inside the cavity into account. Reducing the cavity into a crack, we had explicit solutions in closed forms for a mode III crack, which included the extreme cases for an impermeable crack and a permeable crack. The results were illustrated with plots, showing that in the absence of mechanical loads, an applied electric or magnetic field, positive or negative, always tended to close the crack. On the other hand, in the presence of a mechanical load, a negative electric or magnetic field retarded crack growth, while a positive field could either enhance or retard crack propagation, depending on the strengths of the applied electric/magnetic fields and the level of the mechanical load as well. In other words, the effect of electric/magnetic fields on the fracture behavior is mechanical load-dependent.