横观各向同性轴对称界面端奇异性研究

套筒模型是复合材料中常用的进行纤维、基体间应力传递分析的轴对称模型.在套筒模型中,中心为纤维,纤维外包裹的"套筒"有假设为各向同性基体材料的,也有假设为横观各向同性复合材料的.不失一般性,本文将纤维和基体均视作横观各向同性材料,建立了任意楔形角的横观各向同性复合材料基体包裹横观各向同性纤维的轴对称模型,采用两次坐标变换、逐次渐近等求解方法,得到了求解该模型界面端应力奇异性指数的特征方程.考虑常见的碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料制成的压入和拔出试件,根据得到的特征方程计算了两种试件的界面端奇异性指数随碳纤维体积百分含量的变化情况,结果发现,随纤维体积百分含量的增加,两种试件界端的奇异性均呈减弱趋势.     

纤维段裂试验的界面端应力奇异性研究

纤维段裂试验是测定纤维复合材料界面剪切强度的细观实验方法之一，其试验结果与其他三种细观试验方法(纤维拔出、纤维压人和微珠脱粘)测得的结果各不相符，相差较大。针对该问题，仔细研究了纤维段裂试验过程，可发现如下两个问题，首先是试件中纤维断裂造成的界面端应力奇异性问题；其次是纤维断成临界长度时界面是否脱粘的问题。针对界面端应力奇异性问题，本文建立了界面端轴对称分析模型，运用渐近展开法，推导出求解界面端特征值的特征方程，并由此得到应力奇异性指数随Dundurs常数的变化规律；采用文献[5]所用试件的纤维／基体性能数据，计算出了界面端的应力奇异性指数，并与文献[7]得到的其他三种试验的界面端应力奇异性指数进行比较，发现纤维段裂试件也存在界面端应力奇异性，而且应力奇异性最强，也说明了与其他三种试验结果不具可比性。本文还对纤维断成临界长度时界面是否脱粘的问题，进行了讨论。     

特征值为二重根的压电材料异材界面端奇异性

横观各向同性压电材料的特征值的不同,其一般解的形式也不同,压电结合材料问题的求解,可以归结为寻找合适的调和函数,针对材料特征值为二重根（s1^2≠s2^2=s3^2)的情况,将变量分离形式的调和函数作特征展开,推导了横观各向同性压电材料轴对称异材界面端附近的奇民异应力场和奇异电位移场,给出院 决定奇异性的特性方程,结果表明,电位移场和应力场具有相同的奇异性,奇异性次数不仅与界面端形状以及材料的机械性质有关。也与材料的压电特性有关。     

界面端应力奇异性与复合材料界面剪切强度细观实验分散性分析

复合材料细观实验方法主要有纤维拔出、纤维压力、纤维段裂和微球脱粘实验等四种；但这四种试验得到的界面剪切强度结果存在很大的分散性。虽经三十余年的研究和改进，仍未能消除。为研究分散性产生的原因，本文以轴对称界面端应力奇异性分析为基础，推导出求解四种试件界面端的特征值的特征方程，并给出了特征值随Dundurs常数的变化情况，由此发现用相同的纤维和基体制作的四种试件在界面端存在奇异性不同的应力场，从而阐明了四种界面剪切强度试验结果巨大分散性的产生原因在于纤维和基体间界面处的应力奇异性。     

单纤维段裂试验评述

单纤维段裂试验作为复合材料界面剪切强度的一种测试方法被沿用至今.但是, 这种方法的可信度已受到一些研究者的质疑.为了明确单纤维段裂试验的问题, 本文首先对试验技术、试验结果分析等方面作了概述, 并指出: 纤维段裂的饱和状态是单纤维段裂试验的终点标志,以及临界长度是由试验得到的唯一数据, 而这二点是这种试验方法独具的特点, 同时也是这种试验方法难以克服的缺陷.在单纤维段裂试验中, 按照纤维段界面端处的局部损伤模式, 有3种界面端应力奇异性分析的问题需要予以考虑:(1)纤维断裂, 基体没有开裂, 和界面没有脱粘;(2)纤维断裂, 基体开裂, 但界面没有脱粘;(3)纤维断裂, 界面脱粘, 基体已开裂或基体未开裂.在单纤维段裂试验的界面端应力奇异性分析的基础上, 本文对单纤维段裂试验的可靠性进行了研究.结论是: 任何纤维和基体组成的复合材料的单纤维段裂试验都存在界面端应力奇异性, 这就排除了用单纤维段裂试验测定界面剪切强度的可能性.      

各向同性材料接头和界面相交裂纹应力奇异性特征分析

提出了用插值矩阵法分析各向同性材料接头以及与界面相交的平面裂纹应力奇异性。基于接头和裂纹端部附近区域位移场渐近展开,将位移场的渐近展开式的典型项代入线弹性力学基本方程,得到关于平面内各向同性材料接头以及与两相材料界面相交裂纹应力奇异性指数的一组非线性常微分方程的特征值问题,运用插值矩阵法求解,获得了两相材料平面接头端部应力奇异性指数以及与界面以任意角相交的裂纹尖端的应力奇异性指数随裂纹角的变化规律,数值计算结果与已有结果比较表明,本文方法具有很高的精度和效率。     

含界面相桥联矩阵

桥联模型能够有效分析复合材料的弹塑性性能,其在World-Wide Failure Exercise(WWFE)评比中被认定为精度最高的细观力学理论.桥联模型的核心是桥联矩阵,现有桥联模型是在两相复合材料理想界面条件下建立的,而对于实际的复合材料而言,纤维和基体之间总或多或少的出现界面非理想现象.学者们常用一个存在于基体和纤维之间的界面相来描述这种非理想界面情形,这时就需要建立含界面相的三相桥联矩阵.论文采用三相CCA模型,求得六种不同边界载荷下的应力场,再将各相体积平均后的应力场代入三相桥联模型方程,求解线性方程组即可得到三相桥联矩阵元素的精确表达式.进一步,将纤维相和界面相看作一个局部复合材料或等效横观各向同性纤维,其力学性能利用两相桥联模型确定,与外部的基体相构成的复合材料依然可以通过两相桥联模型分析.利用这种等效纤维的概念,论文将三相隐式桥联矩阵进行了有效简化,通过对复合材料等效弹性常数的数值计算,证明简化后的三相显式桥联矩阵与精确的三相隐式桥联矩阵有极高的近似度,从而给实际应用带来极大方便.     

基于界面端奇异性理论的单纤维拔出试验的试件设计

在单纤维拔出试验中，由于试件的界面端存在应力奇异性，这使试验所得到的界面剪切强度数据失去合理性[1]。但从文献[1]关于微珠脱粘试验研究的结论中可以发现当基体的楔形角小于某临界角度后，微珠试件界面端应力奇异性几乎消失。由此启发我们设计出一种楔形角小于该纤维／基体系统临界角的锥面的拔出试件，这样即可以防止出现传统拔出试件在界面端的强应力奇异性，又可以避免微珠脱粘试验自身的缺陷。界面端具有任意楔形角的轴对称模型被用于分析和确定纤维／基体系统的临界角，对方程进行渐近展开和分离变量处理，根据边界条件可以得到关于特征值λ的特征方程，针对确定的纤维／基体系统可以得到特征值和楔形角的关系曲线，我们把应力奇异性指数等于-0．005时所对应的楔形角定义为临界角，以及根据临界角设计锥面拔出试件的方法。     

微拉曼光谱研究M55JB碳纤维/微滴的拉伸变形行为

使用评价纤维/基体界面力学性能的新方法纤维微滴拉伸测试,来研究M55JB碳纤维/环氧树脂基体之间的界面应力传递性能。使用自制的微加载装置对碳纤维/环氧树脂微滴试样进行对称式拉伸测试,用微拉曼光谱仪记录下不同应变下的嵌入微滴内纤维上的拉曼频移信号,经过应力/频移关系转换成纤维轴向应力。实验结果显示,微滴内纤维轴向应力随载荷而明显增加。根据界面力平衡模型得到相应的界面剪切应力呈反对称式分布,在纤维嵌入端存在剪应力集中。新测试方法能保证嵌入微滴内纤维上的应力呈对称式分布,而且能降低纤维嵌入端附近的应力奇异性。     

纤维增强复合材料界面强度的细观测试方法

本文对纤维增强复合材料界面强度细观试验方法的发展及现状进行了评述，分析了各种试验方法的优点和不足。着重对纤维压入试验方法从试验的装置，试件的制备，试验的过程以及试验的理论分析方法等各方面进行了详细介绍。应用纤维压入试验测试了碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料的界面强度     

Variational bounds for anisotropic elastic multiphase composites with different shapes of inclusions

In the present work, unified formulae for the overall elastic bounds for multiphase transversely isotropic composites with different geometrical types of inclusions embedded in a matrix are calculated, including the spherical and long or short continuous cylindrical fiber cases. The influence of the different geometrical configurations of the inclusions on the composites is studied. The transversely isotropic effective bounds are obtained by applying the variational formulation for anisotropic composites developed by Willis, which relies on expressions for the static transversely isotropic Green’s function. Some numerical calculations and comparisons with the effective coefficients derived from the self-consistent approach, asymptotic homogenization method, and finite element method (FEM) are shown for different aspect ratio values, exhibiting good agreement.     

On the micro-mechanical study of 1–3 type piezoelectric composites with semi-coupled thermo-electro-elastic effects

This paper deals with a two-dimensional generalized plane strain micro-mechanical model to simulate semi-coupled thermo-electro-elastic behavior of transversely polarized piezoelectric fibrous composites. The solution domain includes a representative volume element (RVE) consists of a long piezoelectric fiber surrounded by corresponding matrix in a square array arrangement. Fibers have orthotropic and/or transversely isotropic properties while are perfectly bonded to the isotropic matrix. In addition, the constituents are assumed to have linear thermo-electro-elastic behavior. The virtual form of equilibrium equations has been extended to cover the semi-coupled thermo-electro-elastic loading by using appropriate constitutive relations. The element-free Galerkin method is employed to discretize the governing equations in terms of three main primary variables including, displacements, electric potential and temperature. The performance of the present micro-mechanical study reveals close agreement compared with other techniques available in the literature. Based on the present study, ample results are addressed to provide an insight into the effects of the local fields, i.e. displacement, electric potential, electric field, and stress distributions within the RVE for the specific fiber volume fraction.     

Failure plane orientations for transverse loading of a unidirectional fiber composite

Using a recently developed failure theory for transversely isotropic fiber composites, it is shown how the orientation of the failure surface can be determined for transverse tension and compression. It is also shown that failure surface orientations decompose into those of ductile type versus those of brittle type. Experimental data on failure surface orientations have been obtained for carbon fiber composite systems based on both thermoplastic and thermosetting matrix materials. Average compression failure planes for the different composite materials were measured to range from 31° to 38° from the load axis. Reasonable agreement was obtained between these measured angles and those predicted from application of the new failure theory.     

氧化铝纤维含量对Al2O3f＋Cf／ZL109混杂复合材料耐磨性能的影响

利用挤压铸造法制备了Al2O3f Cf/ZL09短纤维混杂金属基复合材料，并探讨了炭纤维体积分数为4％时，Al2O3纤维含量变化对该复合材料耐磨性能的影响。结果表明：随着Al2O3体积分数增加，复合材料的摩擦系数逐渐增大，复合材料从轻微磨损到急剧磨损的临界转变载荷大幅度提高，并随Al2O3含量的增加而逐渐增大；在临界载荷以下，影响复合材料磨损率的Al2O3含量临界值为12％，当Al2O3含量低于临界值时复合材料磨损表面无明显剥落，而当Al2O3含量超过临界值后，复合材料磨损表面存在大量的剥落坑，磨损率增大。     

Transversely isotropic sequentially laminated composites in finite elasticity

A general expression for the energy-density function of sequentially laminated composites is derived. For the class of neo-Hookean composites in the limit of small deformations well-known results for linear transversely isotropic composites are recovered. However, it is shown that under large deformations these composites are not isotropic. Transversely isotropic composites are obtained with sequentially-coated composites in which the next rank composite is constructed by lamination of the previous composite with thin layers of the matrix phase. The transverse behavior of this sequentially-coated composite is neo-Hookean with shear modulus in the form of the Hashin-Shtrikman bounds for the corresponding class of linear composites. Comparison of the behaviors of these composites with recent estimates for transversely isotropic composites reveals good agreement up to relatively large deformations and volume fractions of the inclusion phase.     

Numerical modeling of carbon/carbon composites with nanotextured matrix and 3D pores of irregular shapes

A multiscale modeling approach is utilized to evaluate the contribution of irregularly shaped three-dimensional pores to the overall elastic properties of carbon/carbon composites. The degree of anisotropy of a carbon matrix depends on nanotexture, which is defined by manufacturing conditions. Elastic properties of the matrix are predicted assuming a Fisher distribution of orientations of graphene planes with respect to the pyrolytic carbon deposition direction. X-ray computed microtomography is employed to identify pores in a sample of carbon/carbon composite. The pores have highly irregular shapes so that micromechanical modeling based on the analytical solutions of elasticity becomes inapplicable. Thus, the cavity compliance tensor of an individual pore is found numerically by finite element method, and then used in a micromechanical modeling procedure. Examples of pores in isotropic and transversely isotropic pyrolytic carbon matrices are considered. The accuracy of pore approximation by ellipsoidal shapes is evaluated.     

Elastic moduli of transversely isotropic graphite fibers and their composites

This paper demonstrates that it is possible to calculate the complete set of elastic mechanical properties for graphite-epoxy fiber-reinforced materials at any fiber-volume fraction by modifying equations previously developed to include transversely isotropic graphite-fiber properties. Experimental verification of the modified equations is demonstrated by using these equations to curve fit elastic-property data obtained ultrasonically over a range of fiber-volume fractions. Material systems under consideration are T300/5208, AS-3501 and Modomor II/LY558 graphite epoxy. Using the modified equations it is possible to extrapolate for fiber properties. From Modomor II/LY558 ultrasonic data, it is shown that five out of seven extrapolated graphite-fiber properties are consistent with the assumption that graphite fibers are transversely isotropic. Elastic properties for T300/5208 and AS-3501 are ultrasonically evaluated by propagating stress waves through six individual specimens but at various angles from a block of unidirectional material. Particular attention is devoted to specimen dimensions. To demonstrate the need for accurately calculating or experimentally measuring all lamina elastic properties, a brief discussion is included on the effect that variations in lamina elastic properties have on calculating interlaminar stresses.     

碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料压缩失效机理研究

为分析基体性质和纤维铺设方式对碳纤维树脂基复合材料(CFRP)压缩性能的影响,设计两种基体（耐高温环氧树脂基体和PA6 基体） 和两种碳纤维铺设方式[[45/0/-45/90]s和[45/-45]2s],共4 类盒型碳纤维试件．采用轴向压缩实验,研究低应变速率下碳纤维复合材料的极限载荷、压缩量和刚度等力学性能．研究表明试件的失效形式主要由基体性质决定,损伤区域及裂纹方向主要由碳纤维铺设方式决定．利用X射线显微镜(XRM)对试件典型的损伤区域进行三维扫描,并对扫描图像进行重构与渲染,获得破坏区域的内部损伤细节．根据损伤扫描结果,得到材料内部的损伤类型及破坏程度．归纳所获得的损伤测试特征,分析不同类型试件压缩时的损伤规律与失效机理．     

PP/CF增强珊瑚砂水泥基复合材料冲击压缩力学性能研究

在人工海水制备珊瑚砂水泥基复合材料中混杂加入碳纤维和聚丙烯纤维,得到4种不同纤维掺量的碳-聚丙烯混杂纤维增强珊瑚砂水泥基复合材料。采用直径100 mm的分离式Hopkinson压杆,对材料进行5种应变率下的冲击压缩试验,采用LS-DYNA进行相应的冲击压缩数值模拟。结果表明:(1) 试验应变率临界值为200 s?1,当试验应变率大于200 s?1时,混杂碳纤维和聚丙烯纤维所形成的纤维网络对试块的增韧效果加强;(2) 碳-聚丙烯混杂纤维增强珊瑚砂水泥基复合材料峰值应力具有明显的应变率效应,且动态增强因子对应变率的敏感程度较高;(3) 使用珊瑚砂细骨料导致试块内微裂纹和微空洞等缺陷较多,在珊瑚砂水泥基复合材料内混杂掺加碳纤维和聚丙烯纤维后,试块冲击抗压强度的提升有限,但珊瑚砂水泥基复合材料的抗冲击韧性显著提升;(4) 通过试验数据和参数调试确定了HJC模型的参数,试块峰值应力的模拟结果与试验结果的误差在5.97 %以内。