脱层屈曲的高阶摄动解

本文用摄动法求解了三维复合材料中有纤维搭桥的圆形脱层的屈曲问题。搭桥纤维被简化为连续分布于脱层面上的线性弹簧。用Taylor级数展开法确定了每一级摄动方程用Bessel函数表达的解析解．给出了脱层屈曲临界载荷、挠度曲线与脱层半径、搭桥因子等的封闭关系式。根据这一结果并考虑脱层只能向一个方向挠曲的约束条件，可以进一步探讨脱层屈曲的特征。     

Buckling analysis of two layer delaminated beams with bridging

Stitching has been used as through-thickness reinforcement to reduce the effects of delamination. In stitching, the delamination will be held by stitches in the form of crack/interface bridging. In the present work, the reinforcement of stitching threads is assumed to provide continuous linear restoring tractions opposing the delamination opening. A generalized mathematical model is developed to study the buckling analysis of two layer delaminated beams with bridging by using Rayleigh–Ritz energy method. The delaminated beam is analyzed as four interconnected beams using the delamination as their boundary. Lagrange multipliers are used to enforce the boundary and continuity conditions between the junctions of the interconnected beams. The developed mathematical model is solved as an eigenvalue problem in which the lowest eigenvalue gives the buckling load. Effective-bridging modulus, a new nondimensionalized parameter, is introduced to study the influence of bridging on the delamination buckling. It is shown that bridging strongly influences the buckling load of the delaminated beams and a monotonic relation is observed between the buckling load and the effective-bridging modulus. Parametric studies in terms of delamination sizes and locations along spanwise and thicknesswise positions on the buckling load have been carried out. The bridging is found to be effective for shallow delaminations of moderate length, and for deep and long delaminations. Spanwise positions of delamination strongly influence the buckling loads. In addition, an analytical model for obtaining upper bounds of the buckling load is developed by using Euler–Bernoulli beam theory. Effective-slenderness ratio, a new nondimensionalized parameter is defined and it is found to be controlling the buckling mode configurations, i.e., local, global and mixed modes.     

Numerical analysis of delamination growth for stiffened composite laminated plates

A study of postbuckling and delamination propagation behavior in delaminated stiffened composite plates was presented. A methodology was proposed for simulating the multi-failure responses, such as initial and postbuckling, delamination onset and propagation, etc. A finite element analysis was conducted on the basis of the Mindlin first order shear effect theory and the von-K6rm~n nonlinear deformation assumption. The total energy release rate used as the criteria of delamination growth was estimated with virtual crack closure technique (VCCT). A self-adaptive grid moving technology was adopted to model the delamination growth process. Moreover, the contact effect along delamination front was also considered during the numerical simulation process. By some numerical examples, the influence of distribution and location of stiffener, configuration and size of the delamination, boundary condition and contact effect upon the delamination growth behavior of the stiffened composite plates were investigated. The method and numerical conclusion provided should be of great value to engineers dealing with composite structures.     

An analysis of axisymmetric buckling and growth of circular-shaped delamination

The buckling and post-buckling of clamped circular plate subjected to distributed radial compressed load is presented by using the high-order perturbation analysis and shooting method. The sixth-order solution shows good agreement with the FEM results in [11]. The results in this paper are applied to investigate the buckling and growth of pressed thin film delamination in the film/substrate system. Under a certain residual pressure in the thin film, two characteristic blister radiiR _c andR _g, the critical radius and growing radius respectively, are obtained. The numerical result shows that the growth criterion of delamination in [9,10] is not perfect. In variant residual stress or interface toughness, the conditions of no growth, stable growth and unstable growth of the delamination are obtained by comparing the driving force at the interface crack tip with the interface toughness.This project is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

含分层损伤复合材料层合板分层扩展研究

采用基于Ｍｉｎｄｌｉｎ－阶剪切理论的四节点板单元,分析了含椭圆分层合板分层扩展行为。利用虚裂纹闭合技术计算分层前缘处的总能量释放率,并采用总能量释放率准则作为扩展准则,结合自适应网格移动技术,并考虑了分层前缘闭合接角效应,对 合材料层合板的分层扩展行为进行了模拟分析。结果表明,初始分层形状对其扩展有方式有限大影响。     

The growth simulation of circular buckling-driven delamination

Some closed-form equations for the coupling problem of buckling and growth of circular delamination are derived by recourse to the moving boundary variational principle. The axisymmetric buckling of a circular delamination subjected to an equal bi-axial compression is analysed by using high-order perturbation expansion. The axisymmetric buckled delamination has the following properties : under a certain residual pressure, there exist two characteristic radii, namely the critical radius R_c and growing radius R_g; for a certain interface toughness, the blister has three configuration of stationary, stable growth and unstable growth with increasing the loads. Under a higher edge thrust, the nonaxisymmetric secondary buckling will occur on the base of axisymmetric buckling and then the toughness and the driving force of the interface crack will be different along the delamination front. So the growth of circular delamination will not be self-similar. Without any assumption regarding the delamination front, the configurations of the blister with several nonaxisymmetric buckling modes n = 2, 3, 6, 8 are simulated. The nonaxisymmetric growth process for the nonaxisymmetric buckling mode n = 2 is simulated also under a sequence of loads.     

Effects of voids on postbuckling delamination growth in unidirectional composites

This work examines the effects of manufacturing induced voids on the postbuckling behavior of delaminated unidirectional composites. In the finite element model developed, a through-width delamination is introduced close to one surface of a flat panel, and a void is placed in the delamination plane ahead of each delamination front. The panel is subjected to compression in the fiber direction. The postbuckling delamination growth is studied by calculating the strain energy release rate (SERR) using the virtual crack closure technique. Local stress analyses of the region near the delamination front are also performed to further investigate the void effects. It is found that although the presence of void does not significantly alter the postbuckling transverse displacement of the delaminated panel, the induced stress perturbation by the void affects the SERR. The Mode II SERR as well as the total SERR increase depending on the size of the void and its distance from the delamination front. Since the Mode I SERR shows non-monotonic behavior with the applied load, the effects of voids are studied on its maximum value.     

Post-buckled propagation model for compressive fatigue of impact damaged laminates

An analytical model for prediction of compressive fatigue threshold strains in composite plates with barely visible impact damage (BVID) is presented. The model represents the complex damage morphology as a single circular delamination at a critical level and calculates the strain at which thin-film buckling of the circular delaminated region occurs. The threshold strain is defined as the strain at which the strain energy release rate for the fracture of post-buckled delaminated plies along the delamination is equal to the critical Mode I value (G_1C) for the resin. The model predicts the critical through-thickness level for delamination, the stability of delamination growth and also the sensitivity to experimental error in geometric measurements of the damage area. Results obtained using the model show an agreement of fatigue strain to within 4% of experimental values for four sets of data reported in the literature.     

Delamination growth of laminated composite cylindrical shells

The local buckling may occur in delaminated cylindrical shells under axial compression. This often causes delamination growth and structure failure. Based on the variational principle of moving boundary, in this paper, the postbuckling governing equations for the laminated cylindrical shells are derived, and the corresponding boundary and matching conditions are given. At the same time, according to the Griffith criterion, the formulas of energy release rate along the delamination front are obtained and the delamination growth is studied. In the numerical calculation, the delamination growth of axisymmetrical laminated cylindrical shells is analyzed, and the effects of delamination sizes and depths, the boundary conditions, the material properties and the laminate stacking sequences on delamination growth are discussed.     

具脱层的正交铺设圆柱壳的初始后屈曲分析

基于非线性弹性理论,建立了含脱层正交铺设圆柱壳的后屈曲控制方程,应用Koiter初始后屈曲理论和小参数摄动法,导出了系统的一阶和二阶摄动控制方程,以及相应的边界条件、位移连续条件和力平衡条件,然后逐阶求解．算例中,讨论了不同脱层深度和长度对脱层复合材料圆柱壳屈曲和初始后屈曲特性的影响,并与已有文献进行了比较．     

Energy release rate analysis of delamination in laminates

Delamination growth caused by local buckling of delaminated laminate under compression may lead the structure to failure. In this paper, a two-dimensional model of delaminated laminates was studied using a combination of post-buckling theory and fracture mechanics. The delaminated laminate under compression is first analysed by the first-order deformable plate thoery. Then, the energy release rateG at every point along the delamination front is derived by means of a variation problem with a moving boundary. Finally, the near-surface elliptical delamination is also discussed. There is a large variation of energy release rateG along the delamination front, the direction in which delamination growth may occur depends upon the delamination aspect ratio, the state of applied load and the orientation of plies.Supported by the Chinese Science Foundation of Aeronautics     

Allowable crack sizes for railway wheels and rails

Determined are the critical crzes and crack growth characteristics for train car wheels and rails. Service and test limit size of cracks need to be distinguished in view of the difference between subcritical and the onset of rapid crack propagation. Probabilistic calculations have many advantages, but they cannot accurately predict neither the real critical minimum crack size (a_c)_min nor the real maximum crack growth increment Δa_max. As representative values of the minimum critical crack size a_c^* and maximum crack growth increment Δa^* are chosen for the calculations, therefore, that values which have a survival and crack growth probability, respectively, of 90%. Safety factors S(a) and are needed to account for the scatter of a_c and Δa for probabilities of more than 90%. Probabilistic fracture mechanics is applied to analyze the behavior of transverse cracks in the rim of tread-braked monobloc wheels, transverse head cracks in rails and aluminothermic rail welds. These informations are supplied by the German State Railways (DR) the Office of Research and Experiments (ORE) of the International Union of Railways (UIC).     

Solutions of beam-shaped-function for analysis of composite plates with embedded delaminations

Based on beam-shaped-function, the analytical solution for composite plates with arbitrary embedded delaminations is presented. The deflection function of the delaminated plate is composed by those of beams with the corresponding loading and support conditions, which can be easily and accurately derived from the beam analysis, and the deflection amplitude is derived by the minimum potential energy principle. The closed form solutions of displacements, stresses, and energy release rate of a composite plate containing an arbitrarily embedded rectangular delamination are obtained and compared with the three-dimensional finite element results to validate the accuracy of this present method. Furthermore, the influences of delamination depth, length, central position, and modulus mismatch ratio (E ₁/E ₂) of the upper and lower sublaminate on the energy release rate are discussed.     

Buckling and postbuckling behavior of half-loaded shallow spherical shells

Applying the Galerkin procedure to Marguerre's shallow shell equations, reasonably accurate solutions are obtained for the buckling and postbuckling behavior of clamped shallow spherical shells subjected to external pressure distributed over half the surface.For the geometrical parameter λ smaller than 4.5, the half-loaded shells do not buckle. The buckling loads for 6 ≦ λ ≦ 15 lie about 17–30% below those of uniformly loaded shells. However, the lowest loads after buckling are higher than those for uniformly loading. As λ keeps increasing, the buckling mode shows more and more waves along the circumferential direction. The amplitude of the asymmetrical deflection component Δ₁ becomes remarkably large immediately after buckling. After passing the postbuckling lowest equilibrium point, the sinusoidal deflection disappears and the deflection is changed such that only one location on the shell surface, including the non-loaded area, has been deflected almost symmetrically. The effects of initial imperfections are not so great as for the uniformly loaded case.     

Buckling of delaminated bi-layer beam-columns

An improved analytical model is presented to analyze the delamination buckling of a bi-layer beam-column with a through-the-width delamination. Both the transverse shear deformation and local delamination tip deformations are taken into consideration, and two delaminated sub-layers as well as two substrates in the intact (un-delaminated) regions are modeled as individual Timoshenko beams. A deformable interface is introduced to establish the continuity condition between the two substrates in the intact regions. Consequently, a flexible joint is formed at the delamination tip, and it is different from the conventional rigid joint given in most of studies in the literature, in which the local delamination tip deformations are completely ignored. In contrast to the local delamination buckling in our previous study (Qiao et al., 2010), the present model accounts for the global deformations of the intact region in the delaminated composite beam-column, thus capable of capturing the buckling mode shape transitions from the global, to global–local coexistent, and to local buckling for asymmetric delamination as the interface delamination increases. Good agreement of the present analytical solutions with the full 2-D elastic finite element analysis demonstrates the local deformation effects around the delamination tip and verifies the accuracy of the present model. Parametric studies are conducted to investigate the effects of loading eccentricity, delaminated sub-layer thickness ratio, and interface compliance on the critical buckling load for the delaminated composite beam-column. Transitions of buckling modes from the global to local delamination buckling are also disclosed as the thickness of one sub-layer reduces from the thick sub-layer to a thin film. The developed delamination buckling solution facilitates the design analysis and optimization of laminated composite structures, and it can be used with confidence in buckling analysis of delaminated composite structures.     

安全壳中钢衬壳热屈曲问题理论与实验研究(Ⅱ)──实验部分

钢衬壳热屈曲问题是核工程安全壳设计中的主要问题,但实验研究方面的文章发表得不多文中以200兆瓦核电站安全壳中钢衬壳为研究对象,采用局部1：1模型,测得了钢衬壳热屈曲温度和应变载荷,给出了钢衬壳屈曲和初始后屈曲过程中挠度和温度关系、以及膜应变和温度关系,实验测得钢衬壳具有局域屈曲的现象,实验屈曲载荷与理论结果符合较好     

受弯脱层层板后屈曲有限元分析

脱层是复合材料层板结构中主要的缺陷形式之一。当脱层层板受到压力载荷的作用会造成脱层的局部屈曲和扩展,从而使结构的强度和刚度大为降低。含脱层层板的弯曲问题包含了脱层的压缩问题,却比压缩问题更加复杂。本文对含穿透脱层层板在纯弯载荷作用下的后屈曲问题进行了基于一阶剪切层板理论的几何非线性有限元分析,运用虚裂纹闭合技术求解了纯弯载荷作用下的脱层尖端的能量释放率各型分量,并用脱层扩展判据求解了脱层起始扩展载荷。     

含分层损伤的变角度纤维层合板后屈曲力学行为研究

变角度（Variable angle tow,简称VAT）纤维复合材料层合板的纤维方向能够连续变化．相较于传统的直线纤维层合板,此类层合板通过刚度变化,整体的屈曲性能可以得到很大的提升．本文利用ABAQUS 自带的粘结单元(Cohesive Element)对预制圆形分层的变角度纤维复合材料层合板进行了后屈曲力学行为研究,得出载荷位移曲线,以及分层裂纹萌生和扩展的情况．然后本文分析了预制分层尺寸对板的刚度、前后屈曲阶段和裂纹萌生及扩展的影响．最后通过变角度纤维层合板和直线纤维层合板的后屈曲力学行为进行对比,深入探索了变角度复合材料层合板在抵抗分层裂纹萌生和扩展方面的优势．     

Buckling and postbuckling of concentric cylindrical tubes under external pressure

The problem considered involves a structure composed of two concentric and bonded tubes subjected to external and uniform pressure. Compression tests are conducted using structures formed by a thin-walled internal rubber tube and a thick-walled external foam tube. Experimental results are plotted under the form of a bifurcation diagram representing the inner cross-sectional area of the thin tube as a function of pressure. The buckling pressure P_b and the contact pressure P_co are determined from this non linear diagram. A numerical computation by the Finite Element Method (FEM) is used in order to calculate the Euler buckling pressure P_b and the results are compared with experimental data. It is shown that the buckling pressure and the associated buckling mode n, strongly depend upon the elastic and geometrical parameters of both the tubes. The experimental and numerical investigations are also extended to postbuckling behaviour. The contact between the opposite sides of the inner wall is occured with a buckling mode index n = 2, 3. This contact phenomenon is given rise to the discontinuity of a previous diagram and was characterized by the contact pressure P_co.     

Crack front curvature effect on stress intensity factor of through and part-through thickness cracks

The character of the local stresses and displacements are determined for a through crack with finite radius of curvature in a finite thickness plate. Numerical results obtained from the boundary element method show that the solutions are sufficiently accurate for /a ≤ 0.03 and 0.03 ≤ /a ≤ 0.1, where and a represent, respectively, the crack front radius of curvature and crack dimension such that a is the width of a through thickness crack and the depth of a part-through crack. For /a ≤ 0.1, the asymptotic singular stress field dominates such that the Mode I stress intensity factor K₁ can be evaluated. As the crack border radius of curvature is increased for /a ≥ 0.1, the non-singular terms become significant such that K_I would no longer dominate. Other failure criteria would have to be invoked to address fracture initiation.