串列双方柱体流体动力载荷研究

本文通过流动显示,热线测频和流体动载荷测量在水槽中研究了绕经不同柱间距比S/D(S为双柱间距,D为柱体截面宽)串列双方柱体流动特性。实验雷诺数为Re=6×10~3,柱间距比0.5≤S/D≤10实验测量了涡脱落频率、时间平均阻力、动态阻力和动态升力。通过实验结果综合分析给出临界柱间距范围2.5≤(S/D)_(cr)≤3.0,并将串列双方柱流动随柱间距的变化划分为二种流态区。在临界柱间距,作用于双柱体的流体载荷、涡脱落频率以及流谱都发生跃变。文中分析讨论了两个流态区的特性以及在临界柱间距出现的双稳态特性。     

绕流等边三角形排列的三圆柱

本文研究了绕流等边三角形排列三圆柱的气动力及其相互干扰。针对某一特定的中心距(1.75d,d为圆柱直径),进行了压力分布的测量和气动力的推算。结果表明,在这种间距下干扰是严重的,除阻力之外,还产生了相当大的横向力,而且随着风向的改变,这种横向力可能是相斥的,也可能是相吸的。另外,圆柱的局部表面有极强的负压力系数。     

串列双圆柱同步测压实验结果的相关分析

本文在雷诺数2×104下,同步测量了12个不同间距下串列双圆柱的表面压力分布,积分得到脉动升、阻力的时间历程,并对前、后柱之间的脉动升、阻力以及脉动升阻力和圆柱表面的脉动压力进行了相关分析.在本实验中,串列双圆柱流态切换的临界间距比在3.5～4.0之间,在临界间距前后,相关曲线的形态差别很明显.当串列双圆柱之间的距离小于临界间距时,前后柱之间的影响显著,造成脉动升/阻力和脉动压力之间的相关程度下降.串列双圆柱之间的距离大于临界距离时,前、后柱的脉动升力之间的相位差随间距线性增加.分离点的脉动压力和脉动升力之间以及背压和脉动阻力之间都有较好的相关性,可以用分离点的脉动压力和背压来分别表征脉动升力和脉动阻力.     

随机风作用下高速列车非定常气动载荷的计算方法

基于Cooper理论和谐波叠加法计算随车移动点的脉动风速,分析不同风向角下脉动风速的功率谱密度特性.在横风下高速列车非定常气动载荷计算方法的基础上,建立了侧风下高速列车非定常气动载荷的计算方法,并用此方法分析了侧向随机风作用下非定常气动载荷的统计特性,给出了各气动载荷的峰值因子.研究表明,当风向角接近90°时,无量纲功率谱会往高频移动,风向角对脉动风速的影响较小;在各个风向角下,气动载荷的标准差与平均值的比值仅依赖于侧偏角,侧力与侧滚力矩的峰值因子相同,摇头力矩与点头力矩的峰值因子相同.     

圆角化对方柱气动性能影响的流场机理

方形截面柱体的圆角化处理是常用的流动控制方法,但其流场作用机理尚未被澄清.采用大涡模拟方法,在雷诺数为2.2×104时,考虑风攻角的影响,对均匀流作用下的标准方柱和圆角方柱的气动性能和流场特性进行了研究,定量分析了圆角化气动措施和风攻角变化对分离泡特性的影响规律,从流场角度澄清了圆角化气动措施对方柱气动性能的影响机理.研究表明:与标准方柱相比,圆角方柱的表面风压、气动力和涡脱强度呈整体下降的趋势,但圆角方柱的斯特劳哈尔数更高;圆角方柱的"分离泡流态"发生在更小的风攻角范围内,分离泡的出现会进一步造成方柱的尾流变窄,涡脱强度减弱;随着风攻角的增大,分离泡的长度会逐渐减小直至消失,分离泡的中心会逐渐向方柱前角(迎风向)和方柱壁面移动;与标准方柱相比,圆角方柱的气流发生初次分离的位置向下游移动,分离后的剪切层更贴近方柱,因而更易发生再附现象;方柱尾流宽度的减小和涡脱强度的减弱是导致圆角方柱气动力减小和斯特劳哈尔数增大的主要原因.     

圆角化对方柱气动性能影响的流场机理

方形截面柱体的圆角化处理是常用的流动控制方法,但其流场作用机理尚未被澄清.采用大涡模拟方法,在雷诺数为2.2$\times$10$^{4}$时,考虑风攻角的影响,对均匀流作用下的标准方柱和圆角方柱的气动性能和流场特性进行了研究,定量分析了圆角化气动措施和风攻角变化对分离泡特性的影响规律,从流场角度澄清了圆角化气动措施对方柱气动性能的影响机理.研究表明:与标准方柱相比,圆角方柱的表面风压、气动力和涡脱强度呈整体下降的趋势,但圆角方柱的斯特劳哈尔数更高;圆角方柱的"分离泡流态'发生在更小的风攻角范围内,分离泡的出现会进一步造成方柱的尾流变窄,涡脱强度减弱;随着风攻角的增大,分离泡的长度会逐渐减小直至消失,分离泡的中心会逐渐向方柱前角(迎风向)和方柱壁面移动;与标准方柱相比,圆角方柱的气流发生初次分离的位置向下游移动,分离后的剪切层更贴近方柱,因而更易发生再附现象;方柱尾流宽度的减小和涡脱强度的减弱是导致圆角方柱气动力减小和斯特劳哈尔数增大的主要原因.      

高雷诺数下多柱绕流特性研究

采用改进的延迟分离涡方法数值模拟了高雷诺数下的柱体绕流,包括单圆柱绕流、单方柱绕流、串列双圆柱绕流和串列双方柱绕流,研究了不同雷诺数下圆柱绕流与方柱绕流的水动力特性.计算结果与实验数据及其他文献的数值计算结果吻合良好,研究表明,单方柱绕流在2.0×10~3Re1.0×10~7范围内未出现类似于单圆柱绕流的阻力危机现象,其平均阻力系数C_d、升力系数均方根C'_1及斯特劳哈尔数S t维持在一定范围内波动.串列双圆柱绕流与串列双方柱绕流中,均选取L/D=2.0,2.5,3.0,3.5和4.0这五中间距比进行计算.串列双圆柱绕流中,当Re=2.2×10~4时,在3.0L/D3.5内存在一临界间距比(L_c/D)使得L_c/D前后上下游圆柱的升阻力系数发生跳跃性变化,且当L/DL_c/D时,下游圆柱的阻力系数为负数.而当Re=3.0×10~6时,则不存在临界间距比,且下游圆柱的阻力系数始终为正数.串列双方柱绕流在Re=1.6×10~4和Re=1.0×10~6两种工况下的临界间距比分别处于3.0L/D3.5和3.5L/D4.0区间内,且当L/DL_c/D时,两个雷诺数下的下游方柱阻力系数均为负数.     

并列双方柱绕流的Lattice Boltzmann模拟分析

采用Lattice Boltzmann方法对并列双方柱绕流问题进行数值模拟.对方柱间距比s/D=0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5、1.0、1.4、1.5、1.6、1.8、2.0、2.5共11种情况下的流场分别进行计算,给出了对应的流线图、方柱的升力图及阻力图,同时计算了方柱各边中点的压力,给出了压力与间距比的变化曲线,并对各个流线图、升力图、阻力图及压力图进行了分析讨论.结果表明:当s/D≤1.5时,流动呈偏流型,形成周期漩涡;当s/D＞1.5时,流动呈对称型,形成对称漩涡;s/D=1.5为流动从偏流型向对称型转换的临界间距比.该结果对工程中建筑物位置的安排及其安全系数的提高有一定的参考价值.     

液压作用下套管柱临界屈曲载荷计算的能量法

推导了内外液压作用下套管柱微弯时的能量平衡公式,并计算了其屈曲临界载荷计算公式。得到的结果低于目前已发表的结果。内外液压对套管稳定性的影响相当于在套管底端作用一个附加的轴向力和一个沿轴线均布的线载荷。对含有内压的两端封堵的细长管柱,内压对临界屈曲载荷没有影响。结果可供油井设计及作业参考。     

低雷诺数串列双方柱流致振动质量比效应的数值研究

为澄清串列双方柱流致振动的质量比效应,采用数值模拟方法,在雷诺数为150时,研究了质量比(m*=3,10,20)对下游方柱振动响应特性的影响规律,分析了下游方柱尾流模态的演变过程,探讨了导致下游方柱振动的流固耦合机制.结果表明:质量比对下游方柱的流致振动有重要影响,低质量比(m*=3)时下游方柱的振动响应更为复杂,随着折减速度的增大,下游方柱并未出现传统"锁定"现象(即振动频率比fy/fn≈1的锁定),而发生了"弱锁定"现象(即fy/fn 1的锁定);随着质量比的增加(m*=10和20),"弱锁定"现象消失,而出现传统"锁定"现象,且下游方柱横流向最大振幅减小.质量比对串列双方柱的柱心间距有明显影响,低质量比(m*=3)时的柱间距在振动锁定区内会急剧减小,而较高质量比(m*=10和20)下的柱间距则变化不大.此外,质量比对串列双方柱的尾流模态和流固耦合机制也有显著影响,其中低质量比(m*=3)下的情况更为多样.     

侧柱与串列双柱绕流之间的干扰

本文给出了关于串列双柱与创柱间流动干扰的实验研究结果。当三个圆柱排成等边三角形并靠得很近时，由于三圆柱间强烈的缝隙流动，大大地改变了绕流其中的串列双圆柱的流态。特别，当三圆柱中心距等于二倍圆柱直径时，在串列双柱的前、后柱之间形成了强烈的偏斜的缝隙流，出现了独特的压力分布以及要比单柱高出三倍以上的旋涡脱落频率。     

Circular cylinder wakes and vortex-induced vibrations

This paper presents a selective review of recent research on vortex-induced vibrations of isolated circular cylinders and the flow and vibration of circular cylinders in a tandem arrangement; a common thread being that the topics raised are of particular interest to the author. The influence of Reynolds number on the response of isolated cylinders is presented and recent developments using forced vibration are discussed. The response of a cylinder free to respond in the in-line and transverse directions is contrasted with that of a cylinder responding in only one direction. The interference between two circular cylinders is discussed and prominence given to the case of cylinders in a tandem arrangement. The origin of the time–mean lift force on the downstream cylinder is considered together with the cause of the large amplitude transverse vibration experienced by the cylinder above vortex resonance. This wake-induced vibration is shown to be a form of vortex-induced vibration.     

Flow structure around two finite circular cylinders located in an atmospheric boundary layer: side-by-side arrangement

The flow structure around the free-end region of two adjacent finite circular cylinders embedded in an atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) was investigated experimentally. The experiments were carried out in a closed-return-type subsonic wind tunnel, in which two finite cylinders with an aspect ratio of 6 were mounted vertically on a flat plate in a side-by-side arrangement. The Reynolds number based on the cylinder diameter was about Re=2×10⁴. Systems with gap ratios (i.e., center-to-center distance/cylinder diameter) in the range 1.0–2.0 were investigated. A hot-wire anemometer was employed to measure the wake velocity, and the mean pressure distribution on the cylinder surface was also measured. The flow past two finite cylinders was found to have a complicated three-dimensional wake structure in the region near the free ends. As the gap ratio increases, regular vortex-shedding becomes dominant, but the length of the vortex formation region decreases. The pressure distribution and flow structure around two cylinders were found to differ substantially from the behavior of a two-dimensional circular cylinder due to mutual interference. The three-dimensional flow structure seems to originate from the strong entrainment of irrotational fluids caused by the downwash counter-rotating vortices separated from the finite cylinder (FC) free ends.     

正方形排列四圆柱体绕流特性及互扰效应研究

基于计算流体动力学理论,运用大涡模拟方法对雷诺数Re=3900三维正方形排列四圆柱体结构群的绕流问题进行数值计算,主要分析来流攻角与间距比两个参数对四圆柱体结构群流体参数及流场模态的影响。结果表明:来流攻角与间距比均对四圆柱体结构群绕流特性有较强的影响;来流攻角θ=0°、22.5°、45°下,临界间距比分别为3.5、4.0、3.0;间距比的变化会导致下游圆柱表面压力系数分布发生改变;另一方面,间距比较小时,四圆柱体结构之间的互扰作用均以临近效应为主;随间距比增大,上游圆柱尾流对下游圆柱有显著影响,其互扰作用会转变尾激效应。     

两不等直径圆柱高雷诺数时均风力场的数值模拟

圆柱间气动干扰研究具有重要的理论和现实意义.尽管国内外开展了圆柱组合风效应的风洞试验研究,但主要针对等直径圆柱,并且雷诺数多为10~5以下.考虑到工程结构风场的高雷诺数特征,采用数值模拟方法,模拟两不等直径圆柱在串列、并列及交错排列下的高雷诺数(Re=4.5×10~5)时均绕流场.通过改变组合的间距和风向,分析探讨两柱阻力、升力及总风力的变化规律.     

Force coefficients and Strouhal numbers of three circular cylinders subjected to a cross-flow

In this paper, wind tunnel experiments were conducted to measure the mean force coefficients and Strouhal numbers for three circular cylinders of equal diameters in an equilateral-triangular arrangement when subjected to a cross-flow. These experiments were carried out at five subcritical Reynolds numbers ranging from 1.26 × 10⁴ to 6.08 × 10⁴. The pressure distributions on the surface of the cylinders were measured using pressure transducers. Furthermore, the hot-wire anemometer was employed to measure the vortex shedding frequencies behind each cylinder. Six spacing ratios (l/d) varying from 1.5 to 4 were investigated. It is observed that for l/d > 2, the upstream cylinder experiences a lower mean drag coefficient compared with the downstream cylinders. The minimum values of the drag coefficient for the downstream cylinders occur at l/d = 1.5 and l/d = 2, because there is no vortex shedding from the foregoing cylinders. Also, the value of the pressure coefficient behind the upstream cylinder reduces by increasing l/d. Moreover, by decreasing the value of l/d, the Strouhal number for the upstream cylinder increases. It can be concluded that the flow pattern and aerodynamic coefficients are basically dependent on l/d; in other words, decreasing l/d results in an increase in the effects of the flow interference between the cylinders.     

Third-Order Upwind Finite Element Simulation of Flow Around Two Square Cylinders

The aerodynamic behavior of the flow around two square cylinders is presented on the basis of the numerical simulation of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations using a third-order upwind finite element scheme. It is well known that flow patterns around the two square cylinders are more complicated than flow patterns around one square cylinder because of interference between the Karman vortices behind the two square cylinders. In this paper, two kinds of cylinder arrangements are chosen as computational models. One type is that of two square cylinders arranged vertically to the direction of a uniform flow, and the other is arranged horizontally to the direction of a uniform flow.     

Interference effects of two and three super-tall buildings under wind action

Most previous investigations on interference effects of tall buildings under wind actions focused on the wind induced interference effects between two buildings,and the interference effects of three or more buildings have seldom been studied so far due to the huge workload involved in experiments and data processing.In this paper,mean and dynamic force/response interference effects and peak wind pressure interference effects of two and three tall buildings,especially the three-building configuration,are investigated through a series of wind tunnel tests on typical tall building models using high frequency force balance technique and wind pressure measurements.Furthermore,the present paper focuses on the effects of parameters,including breadth ratio and height ratio of the buildings and terrain category,on the interference factors and derives relevant regression results for the interference factors.     

波浪与外壁开孔双筒柱群的相互作用

应用速度势的特征函数展开和透空壁内两壁间压力差和流体速度成正比的线性模型，建立 了波浪与外壁开孔同轴双筒桩柱群相互作用的线性解析解. 应用这一模型进行了数值计算， 用以检验孔隙系数对双筒柱上的波浪力和波面高度的影响. 结果表明，外壁孔隙系数的增加 对减小波浪力和柱外波面高度有很大影响.     

Aerodynamic control of bridge cables through shape modification: A preliminary study

This paper examines the viability of modifying bridge cable shape and surface for the purpose of controlling wind-induced vibrations. To this end, an extensive wind-tunnel test campaign was carried out on various cable shapes about the critical Reynolds number region. Cable shapes were chosen to passively modify the flow in a particular manner. Tested shapes included those which have some form of waviness, faceting and shrouding. Section models were tested using a static inclined rig, allowing them to be installed at yawed cable-wind angles for both smooth and turbulent flow conditions. The aerodynamic damping of the tested cylinders is evaluated by applying both 1- and 2-dof quasi-steady aerodynamic instability models. This allows for the prediction of regions of aerodynamic instability, as a function of flow angle and Reynolds number. Whilst the plain, wavy and faceted cylinders are predicted to suffer from either dry inclined galloping, “drag crisis” or Den Hartog galloping, the shrouded cylinder is found to be stable for all angles of attack, albeit with an increase in drag at typical design wind velocities. Finally, turbulent flow is found to introduce an increased amount of aerodynamic damping mainly by providing a more constant lift force over tested Reynolds numbers.