碳酸钙晶须含量对聚醚醚酮复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

以碳酸钙(CaCO3)晶须为填料,利用热压成型方法制备含0%～50%(质量分数)碳酸钙晶须增强聚醚醚酮(PEEK)复合材料,采用MM-200型摩擦磨损试验机研究碳酸钙晶须含量对复合材料与45#钢环配副的摩擦磨损性能的影响,利用扫描电子显微镜观察复合材料和钢环磨损表面形貌并分析其磨损机理.结果表明,碳酸钙晶须可以显著改善PEEK复合材料的减摩耐磨性能.随着CaCO3晶须含量增加,PEEK复合材料摩擦系数持续降低;磨损率随晶须含量增加呈先降后增趋势,并在晶须含量为15%时达最低值,相对纯PEEK降低86%.综合考虑,选择CaCO3晶须填充量为25%～30%时,复合材料具有最佳的摩擦磨损性价比.填充CaCO3晶须提高了复合材料承载能力,减少摩擦副表面粘着,阻止树脂的热塑性变形,提高复合材料的摩擦磨损性能.     

聚醚醚酮基复合材料的热性质和物理性质预测及其摩擦销三维温度场的数值模拟

通过研究填料含量对聚醚醚酮(PEEK)基复合材料密度、比热和导热系数等热学和物性参数影响的规律,提出了三相PEEK基复合材料热学和物理性质的计算模型;以销/盘摩擦副作为研究对象,采用有限元分析法计算模拟了复合材料摩擦销的温度分布,给出了销的三维稳态和瞬态温度场,并讨论了填料含量对摩擦销端面温升的影响规律.结果表明,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好.     

攻角对聚醚醚酮/泡沫镍双连续复合材料料浆冲蚀行为的影响

聚醚醚酮(PEEK)/泡沫镍双连续复合材料是一种新型复合材料，它是由比强度高的PEEK树脂(基体相)和韧性较高的泡沫镍(增强相)牢固结合而成，具有两相相互连通、拓扑连续和各向同性等特点. 使用孔径为100 PPI(每英寸孔隙数目)的泡沫镍与PEEK树脂混合，采用热压成型技术制备了PEEK/泡沫镍双连续复合材料(PEEK-Ni). 利用喷射式腐蚀冲蚀试验设备研究了纯PEEK树脂、金属镍和PEEK-Ni在5个攻角下(30°、45°、60°、75°和90°)的料浆冲蚀行为. 使用ANSYS Fluent有限元仿真软件对不同攻角下料浆的冲蚀过程进行建模和仿真，并设置了边界条件. 试验和仿真的结果均表明:随着攻角增加，冲蚀损伤形貌由月牙形损伤区域变为U型损伤区域，并最终发展成为围绕驻点的环形损伤区域，试验和仿真能相互吻合. 由于泡沫镍具有遮挡效应和协同效应，PEEK-Ni比纯PEEK具有更低的冲蚀损伤量，且对攻角不敏感.      

无润滑条件下聚醚醚酮的磨损机制及其磨屑形态的研究

为了将分形几何引入摩擦学研究，在考察无润滑条件下聚醚醚酮磨损机制的同时，研究了这种材料的磨屑形态．结果表明，对应于不同的磨损率，磨屑呈现出不同的几何形态，磨屑的分形维数与载荷的关系同材料磨损状况的改变相对应．以此为基础，有可能根据磨屑的分形特征发展一种实时原位监测高分子材料摩擦部件磨损状态的新技术     

PEEK塑料摩擦销的温度场理论计算

按照一维稳态条件,给出了塑料销的温度分布的分析解.考虑了径向和轴向的二维情况,对塑料销进行了稳态与非稳态数值分析.结果表明,数值解及分析解均与实测结果具有很好的一致性     

销-盘摩擦磨损试验中聚醚醚酮试销的温度场测定

销－盘摩擦磨损试验中聚醚醚酮（ＰＥＥＫ）试销的摩擦温度场测量结果表明,摩擦时其圆截面内的同一圆周上温度近似均匀,当ＰＶ值增大时,所测截面上的平均温度升高,当进行强迫降温时,温度始终维持在一定值上而不继续不高,表明摩擦磨损在恒定温度下进行。     

Effect of melting history on the crystalline characteristics of poly(etheretherketone) aromatic polymer composite

The effect of melt temperature on the crystalline characteristics of poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK) composite APC-2 has been studied using a differential scanning calorimeter, wide angle X-ray scattering and small angle X-ray scattering. Melting at a temperature close to the melting point of PEEK resin resulted in an increase of crystallinity and lamellar thickness. The internal process during a low melt temperature treatment was suggested to be similar to a high temperaature annealing treatment.     

无机纳米微粒及聚四氟乙烯填充聚醚醚酮复合材料的摩擦学性能

以纳米Al2O3、纳米TiO2及聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)作为复合填料，利用热压成型方法分别制备了纳米Al2O3-PTFE及纳米TiO2-PTFE填充聚醚醚酮(PEEK)复合材料；采用销-盘式摩擦磨损试验机考察了纳米微粒对复合材料摩擦学性能的影响；采用扫描电子显微镜观察分析了复合材料磨损表面形貌．结果表明：纳米微粒和PTFE作为复合填料可以显著改善PEEK的摩擦学性能，其改善效果同纳米微粒的填充量相关；当纳米填料的质量分数相同时，PEEK／PTFE／nano-TiO02复合材料的摩擦磨损性能明显优于PEEK／PTFE／nano-Al2O3复合材料；含纳米Al2O3的复合材料磨损表面呈现严重塑性变形特征，且塑性变形程度随纳米微粒含量增加而增大，而含纳米TiO2的复合材料磨损表面塑性变形轻微．     

聚合物摩擦系数的周期性降低现象

考察了聚醚醚酮（ＰＥＥＫ）,低密度聚乙烯（ＬＤＰＥ）及２０％ＣＦ增强ＰＥＥＫ等３种聚合物材料的摩擦系数的变化,发现其存在周期性降低现象,低熔点的ＬＤＰＥ的磨损量也呈现周期性的平台现象,发生此类现象的原因在于摩擦热作用下聚合物摩擦表面由玻璃态转变为粘流态而造成其软化及流动。     

厚热塑性复合材料AS4/PEEK角铺设层合板的层间应力分析

将表征热塑性复合材料AS4 /PEEK非线性行为和应变速率相关行为的三维弹塑性模型通过程序加以实现。将程序计算结果和文献实验结果相比较可以发现,二者吻合较好,验证了所生成程序的有效性。计算了厚的AS4 /PEEK角铺设层合板[±25]s4在不同界面上的层间应力。由层间应力的三维分布图,分析了不同界面上层间应力的分布特征,并说明了可能引起层间分层的主要因素。     

On the axial propagation of kink bands in fiber composites : Part ii analysis

A new micromechanical model is presented to simulate the steady-state axial propagation of kink bands investigated experimentally in the accompanying paper (Part I) . The fibers are in a hexagonal array and are assumed to be isotropic and linearly elastic, while the matrix is modeled as an elastic-powerlaw viscoplastic solid. Matrix properties for the model are determined from shear tests on the composite and compression tests on neat PEEK. The model is used to predict the propagation stress (σ_P) of the AS4⧹PEEK composite and to investigate the sensitivity of σ_P to band inclination, matrix properties, and loading rate. A simple model recently reported in the literature is calibrated to the current material system and compared with the present experimental data and model predictions. The micromechanical model is found to predict the propagation stress reasonably well and to capture the rate dependence of the composite. The simple model is found to capture the trends of the behavior.     

一种新的宏、细观变形全场测量方法

基于光学干涉和衍射理论,提出了一种新的用于宏、细观面内变形测量的光学方法。利用三束准直相干光之间的干涉,分别得到面内位移U V和U-V的两幅耦合条纹图。借助于FFT相移技术,直接计算出全场的U和V分布。本实验系统中包含有长距离显微镜,三光束系统,数字图像采集和处理系统等。它具有光路简单,避开条纹级次的确定,直接计算得到U、V场等优点。将它用于热塑性复合材料 56层板AS4/PEEK[0/±45/90]7S三点弯曲梁位移场的宏、细观测量。得到了层间的变形规律。本文还利用三维各向异性弹性有限元法对AS4/PEEK[0/±45/90]7S三点弯曲梁进行了数值计算,得到了自由表面的位移场和应变场的数值解。定量分析了层间的变形传递规律,有助于进一步分析AS4/PEEK[0/±45/90]7S层合板宏、细观变形。     

Inelastic behavior of an AS4/PEEK composite under combined transverse compression and shear. Part I: experiments

The nonlinear behavior in shear and transverse compression of unidirectional AS4/PEEK and their interaction are investigated experimentally. The composite is rate dependent even at room temperature and its rate exponent is similar to that of neat PEEK. The material is tested under pure shear, pure compression and under biaxial loading histories. The biaxial tests are performed in a custom facility on thin strips of the material. The facility allows freedom to choose the loading path in the biaxial stress and strain spaces of interest. Tests are performed for three biaxial loading paths. In the first, the specimen is sheared then compressed while the shear stress is held constant; in the second, the specimen is compressed then sheared while the compressive stress is held constant; and in the third, the specimen is loaded simultaneously by proportional amounts of compression and shear. It was found that the induced deformation is influenced significantly by the loading history followed. Also, initial loading in shear or compression has only a modest effect on subsequent loading of the other type. An unorthodox yielding behavior for the composite results from this lack of interaction. Finally, the stresses at failure are found to trace an elliptical path in the shear–transverse compression plane, but the failure stress state is not significantly affected by the loading path followed.     

碳纤维的长度与取向对聚醚醚酮基复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

为了制备性能优异的聚醚醚酮(PEEK)基自润滑耐磨材料，本文作者通过挤出、注塑成型制备了碳纤维(CF)填充PEEK/聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)复合材料，研究了CF的含量、长度及其在复合材料中的取向对复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响，采用扫描电子显微镜观察了磨痕的微观形貌，并分析了磨损机理. 研究结果表明:复合材料的平均摩擦系数和体积磨损率随CF添加量的增大均呈现先降低后升高的趋势. 当添加的CF质量分数大于10%时，长CF所填充复合材料的平均摩擦系数明显低于短CF填充复合材料. 当固定CF质量分数为10%时，复合材料在不同CF取向方向上的滑动摩擦磨损行为存在较大差异:X向(熔体流动方向)上滑动时，滑动方向与CF取向排列方向一致，平均摩擦系数较低，但体积磨损率较高；在Y滑动方向上(X的垂直方向)滑动时，平均摩擦系数较高，但体积磨损率较低.      

Inelastic behavior of an AS4/PEEK composite under combined transverse compressionand shear.Part II: modeling

A micromechanical model is presented for simulating the nonlinearities exhibited by AS4/PEEK composites in shear and transverse compression, their interaction, and their rate dependence at room temperature. The fibers are assumed to be transversely isotropic and to be distributed in a hexagonal pattern in the matrix. The PEEK matrix is modeled as an elastic–powerlaw viscoplastic, isotropic solid through two related models. Model I is the simple J₂–type viscoplasticity; Model II is a rate dependent version of the non-associative Drucker-Prager model. Both models are calibrated so that they reproduce the shear response of the composite. Model II is also calibrated to its transverse compression response. Both models capture the rate dependence of the composite well. Model I is significantly less stiff in transverse compression than the experimental data. However, it does a reasonable job of predicting other aspects of the biaxial experiments and captures the important trends of behavior observed. Model II does better in transverse compression, but shearing in the presence of transverse compression is found to be stiffer than the measured responses. The unit cell model allows us to examine the stresses in the composite, providing an explanation for the lack of interaction between the constant stress and the increasing stress observed experimentally for certain loading paths.     

Experimental evaluation of the Wyoming-modified two-rail shear test method for composite materials

In-plane unidirectional shear properties of carbon/epoxy and glass/epoxy materials were measured using unidirectional and cross-ply specimens utilizing the Wyomingmodified two-rail shear test fixture. Simple test specimens of trapezoidal and rectangular geometries, and specimens with tabs were tested. Various specimen sspect ratios were also considered. Untabbed unidirectional specimens exhibited premature shear failures but cross-ply specimens produced reasonably reliable results with acceptable failure modes. Both bonded tab and integral tab 0° specimens were found to give comparable results. Unidirectional and cross-ply PEEK specimens, and angle-ply and quasi-isotropic AS4/3501-6 specimens, were also tested.     

Moiré analysis of thick composites with embedded optical fibers

Moiré interferometry is used with Fourier transform fringe analysis to investigate the strain fields in a region local to 125-m uncoated silica optical fibers embedded in a quasi-isotropic graphite/PEEK thick composite compression specimens. Analysis of several regions in several specimens showed no measurable strain concentrations resulting from the embedded optical fibers, even though the optical fibers clearly alter the local microarchitecture of the host material system.Paper was presented at the 1993 SEM Spring Conference on Experimental Mechanics held in Dearborn, MI on June 7–9.     

复合材料粘聚区模型的强度参数预测

提出了一种基于周期性代表性单元（RVE）的细观模型,用于预测粘聚区模型的强度参数,以提高基于粘聚区模型的有限元法模拟复合材料分层的精度。模型从复合材料的细观结构出发,采用最大主应力准则判断粘聚层的初始裂纹的萌生,从而建立了粘聚强度与基体强度的关系;并以宏观正交各向异性为假设条件,确定了RVE的周期性位移边界条件。用该模型预测了AS4/PEEK和T700/QY8911层合板不同铺层间的粘聚强度。采用所预测的粘聚强度值对混合模式弯曲（MMB）和六点弯曲试验进行了仿真,仿真结果与实验值具有较好的一致性。     

Elastic characterization of orthotropic plates of any shape via static testing

The paper presents an inverse procedure for identifying elastic properties of isotropic or orthotropic materials from the full-field measurement of the surface displacements of plates under flexural loading configurations. The procedure is based on a numerical–experimental optimisation process which minimizes an error function defined by subtracting the experimental data from the outputs of the numerical analysis. In each iteration the optimisation process updates the values of the elastic constants in a finite element model of the specimen used in the experimental tests. The unknown parameters are simultaneously identified by a single test and without damaging the structural integrity of the specimen. The possibility of using the methodology for characterizing any-shaped plates was investigated. The applicability and the robustness of the procedure were carried out on aluminum and unidirectional Graphite/PEEK laminate specimens. Phase-shifting speckle interferometry was employed to detect the out-of-plane displacement field of a portion of the observed surface of the specimen.     

Experimental and analytical comparisons of failure in thermoplastic composite laminates

Failure characteristics of Gr/PEEK were studied, using an experimental investigation and a fully nonlinear ply-by-ply finite-element technique. The stacking sequence of the laminates (with centrally located holes) investigated were: 0, 90, ±45 deg, (0/45/90/−45 deg)_2s and (0±45/90 deg)_2s. The [0 deg] laminate failure was characterized by splitting at the extremities of the hole and along the fibers. The [90 deg] laminates failed in the transverse direction, whereas the [±45 deg] laminates exhibited considerable elongation to failure. In the case of the quasi-isotropic laminates, the failure progression appeared to be due dominantly to matrix cracking followed by fiber failure. Analytical predictions of the failure process showed reasonably good correlation with the experimentally determined data.