On elastocapillarity: A review

Elastocapillary phenomena involving elastic deformation of solid structures coupled with capillary effects of liquid droplets/films can be observed in a diversity of fields,e.g.,biology and microelectromechanical systems(MEMS).Understanding the physical mechanisms underlying these phenomena is of great interest for the design of new materials and devices by utilizing the effects of surface tension at micro and nano scales.In this paper,some recent developments in the investigations on elastocapillary phenomena are briefly reviewed.Especially,we consider the deformation,adhesion,self-assembly,buckling and wrinkling of materials and devices induced by surface tensions or capillary forces.The main attention is paid to the experimental results of these phenomena and the theoretical analysis methods based on continuum mechanics.Additionally,the applications of these studies in the fields of MEMS,micro/nanometrology,and biomimetic design of advanced materials and devices are discussed.     

Steady rotation of a composite sphere in a concentric spherical cavity

The problem of steady rotation of a compositesphere located at the centre of a spherical container has beeninvestigated.A composite particle referred to in this paperis a spherical solid core covered with a permeable sphericalshell.The Brinkman’s model for the flow inside the composite sphere and the Stokes equation for the flow in the spherical container were used to study the motion.The torque experienced by the porous spherical particle in the presence ofcavity is obtained.The wall correction factor is calculated.In the limiting cases,the analytical solution describing thetorque for a porous sphere and for a solid sphere in an unbounded medium are obtained from the present analysis.     

THE INTERACTION OF PLANE SH－WAVES AND CIRCULAR CAVITY SURFACED WITH LINING IN ANISOTBOPIC MEDIA

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多孔颗粒火药床燃烧转爆轰的敏感性研究

本文以不同粒度硝胺火药RDU-4,硝胺火药RPB,3/1-S为研究对象,探讨了多孔颗粒火药床燃烧转爆轰的敏感性。研究结果表明,火药颗粒尺寸越小,硝胺火药燃烧转爆轰越易实现:硝基胍组分具有抑制燃烧转冲击的作用,就同一装填条件下燃烧转冲击的难易而言,以RPB最易,3/1-S次之,RDU-4最难     

Analysis of Stability on Elastic Plates with Initial Imperfections

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Wind induced deformation and vibration of a Platanus acerifolia leaf

Deformation and vibration of twig-connected single leaf in wind is investigated experimentally.Results showthat the Reynolds number based on wind speed and lengthof leaf blade is a key parameter to the aerodynamic problem.In case the front surface facing the wind and with an increase of Reynolds number,the leaf experiences static deformation,large amplitude and low frequency sway,reconfiguration to delta wing shape,flapping of tips,high frequencyvibration of whole leaf blade,recovery of delta wing shape,and twig-leaf coupling vibration.Abrupt changes from onestate to another occur at critical Reynolds numbers.In casethe back surface facing the wind,the large amplitude andlow frequency sway does not occur,the recovered delta wingshape is replaced by a conic shape,and the critical Reynoldsnumbers of vibrations are higher than the ones corresponding to the case with the front surface facing the wind.Apair of ram-horn vortex is observed behind the delta wingshaped leaf.A single vortex is found downstream of theconic shaped leaf.A lift is induced by the vortex,and thislift helps leaf to adjust position and posture,stabilize bladedistortion and reduce drag and vibration.     

Modeling rock failure using the numerical manifold method followed by the discontinuous deformation analysis

A complete rock failure process usually involvesopening/sliding of preexisting discontinuities as well as fracturing in intact rock bridges to form persistent failure surfaces and subsequent motions of the generated rock blocksThe recently developed numerical manifold method(NMM)has potential for modelling such a complete failure processHowever,the NMM suffers one limitation,i.e.,unexpectedmaterial domain area change occurs in rotation modellingThis problem can not be easily solved because the rigidbody rotation is not represented explicitly in the NMM.Thediscontinuous deformation analysis(DDA) is specially developed for modelling discrete block systems.The rotationinduced material area change in the DDA modelling canbe avoided conveniently because the rigid body rotation isrepresented in an explicit form.In this paper,a transitiontechnique is proposed and implemented to convert a NMMmodelling to a DDA modelling so as to simulate a completerock failure process entirely by means of the two methods,in which the NMM is adopted to model the early fracturingas well as the transition from continua to discontinua,whilethe DDA is adopted to model the subsequent motion of thegenerated rock blocks.Such a numerical approach also improves the simulation efficiency greatly as compared with acomplete NMM modelling approach.The fracturing of arock slab with pre-existing non-persistent joints located ona slope crest and the induced rockfall process are simulated.The validity of the modelling transition from the NMM tothe DDA is verified and the applicability of the proposed numerical approach is investigated.     

Influences of oscillatory structural forces on dewetting of nanoparticle-laden ultra-thin films

To understand the influences of nanoparticleson dewetting in ultra-thin films,both linear stability theory and numerical simulations are performed in the presentstudy,with the consideration of oscillatory structural(OS)forces.Long scale approximation is utilized to simplify thehydrodynamic and diffusion equations to a nonlinear systemfor film thickness and nanoparticle concentration.Resultsshow that the presence of nanoparticles generally suppressesthe dewetting process.Two physical mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon are addressed in the present study.When the oscillatory structural forces are relatively smaller,the essential feature of film evolution is similar to the case ofparticle-free flow.The reduction of the linear growth rate andthe postponement of film rupturing can be attributed to theincrement of the viscosity due to the presence of nanoparticles.On the other hand,when the intensity of the OS forcesbecomes stronger,the stepwise thinning of film can be observed which prevents the film from rupture.Numerical simulations indicate that this phenomenon is caused by the existence of a stable zone due to the oscillatory nature of thestructural forces.Another interesting finding is that the nonuniformity of the distribution of nanoparticle concentrationmight destabilize a spinodally stable film,and trigger the occurrence of film dewetting.     

Axial vibration analysis of nanocones based on nonlocal elasticity theory

Carbon nanocones have quite fascinating electronic and structural properties,whose axial vibration is seldom investigated in previous studies.In this paper,based ona nonlocal elasticity theory,a nonuniform rod model is applied to investigate the small-scale effect and the nonuniformeffect on axial vibration of nanocones.Using the modifiedWentzel-Brillouin-Kramers(WBK) method,an asymptoticsolution is obtained for the axial vibration of general nonuniform nanorods.Then,using similar procedure,the axial vibration of nanocones is analyzed for nonuniform parameters,mode number and nonlocal parameters.Explicit expressionsare derived for mode frequencies of clamped-clamped andclamped-free boundary conditions.It is found that axial vibration frequencies are highly overestimated by the classicalrod model because of ignorance of the effect of small lengthscale.     

Computational and theoretical modeling of intermediate filament networks: Structure, mechanics and disease

Intermediate filaments,in addition to microtubules and actin microfilaments,are one of the three major components of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells.It was discovered during the recent decades that in most cells,intermediate filament proteins play key roles to reinforce cells subjected to large-deformation,and that they participate in signal transduction,and it was proposed that their nanomechanical properties are critical to perform those functions.However,it is still poorly understood how the nanoscopic structure,as well as the combination of chemical composition,molecular structure and interfacial properties of these protein molecules contribute to the biomechanical properties of filaments and filament networks.Here we review recent progress in computational and theoretical studies of the intermediate filaments network at various levels in the protein’s structure.A multiple scale method is discussed,used to couple molecular modeling with atomistic detail to larger-scale material properties of the networked material.It is shown that a finer-trains-coarser methodology as discussed here provides a useful tool in understanding the biomechanical property and disease mechanism of intermediate filaments,coupling experiment and simulation.It further allows us to improve the understandingof associated disease mechanisms and lays the foundation for engineering the mechanical properties of biomaterials.     

Slip-line field theory of transversely isotropic body

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An example of PDE with two attractors

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Interstitial fluid flow: simulation of mechanical environment of cells in the interosseous membrane

In vitro experiments have shown that subtle fluid flow environment plays a significant role in living biological tissues,while there is no in vivo practical dynamical measurement of the interstitial fluid flow velocity.On the basis of a new finding that capillaries and collagen fibrils in the interosseous membrane form a parallel array,we set up a porous media model simulating the flow field with FLUENT software,studied the shear stress on interstitial cells’ surface due to the interstitial fluid flow,and analyzed the effect of flow on protein space distribution around the cells.The numerical simulation results show that the parallel nature of capillaries could lead to directional interstitial fluid flow in the direction of capillaries.Interstitial fluid flow would induce shear stress on the membrane of interstitial cells,up to 30 Pa or so,which reaches or exceeds the threshold values of cells’ biological response observed in vitro.Interstitial fluid flow would induce nonuniform spacial distribution of secretion protein of mast cells.Shear tress on cells could be affected by capillary parameters such as the distance between the adjacent capillaries,blood pressure and the permeability coefficient of capillary’s wall.The interstitial pressure and the interstitial porosity could also affect the shear stress on cells.In conclusion,numerical simulation provides an effective way for in vivo dynamic interstitial velocity research,helps to set up the vivid subtle interstitial flow environment of cells,and is beneficial to understanding the physiological functions of interstitial fluid flow.     

Experimental investigation on flow modes of electrospinning

Electrospinning experiments are performed byusing a set of experimental apparatus,a stroboscopic systemis adopted for capturing instantaneous images of the conejet configuration.The cone and the jet of aqueous solutionsof polyethylene oxide(PEO) are formed from an orifice of acapillary tube under the electric field.The viscoelastic constitutive relationship of the PEO solution is measured anddiscussed.The phenomena owing to the jet instability aredescribed,five flow modes and corresponding structures areobtained with variations of the fluid flow rate Q,the electricpotential U and the distance h from the orifice of the capillary tube to the collector.The flow modes of the cone-jetconfiguration involves the steady bending mode,the rotating bending mode,the swinging rotating mode,the blurringbending mode and the branching mode.Regimes in the Q-Uplane of the flow modes are also obtained.These results mayprovide the fundamentals to predict the operating conditionsexpected in practical applications.     

Simulation of thermoacoustic waves by a pressure-based algorithm for compressible flows

A modified SIMPLEC method which can solve compressible flows at low Mach number is introduced and used to study thermoacoustic waves induced by a rapid change of temperature at a solid wall and alternatingdirection flows generated by thermoacoustic effects in a tapered resonator.The results indicate that the algorithm adopted in this paper can be used for calculating compressible flows and thermoacoustic waves.It is found that the pressure and velocity in the resonator behave as standing waves,and the tapered resonator can suppress highfrequency harmonic waves as observed in a cylindrical resonator.     

Experimental and simulation optimization analysis of the Whipple shields against shaped charge

Occasionally,the Whipple shields are used for the protection of a space station and a satellite against the meteoroids and orbital debris.In the Whipple shields each layer of the shield depletes part of high speed projectile energy either by breaking the projectile or absorbing its energy.Similarly,this investigation uses the Whipple shields against the shaped charge to protect the light armour such as infantry fighting vehicles with a little modification in their design.The unsteady multiple interactions of shaped charge jet with the Whipple shield package against the steady homogeneous target is scrutinized to optimize the shield thickness.Simulations indicate that the shield thickness of 0.75 mm offers an optimum configuration against the shaped charge.Experiments also support this evidence.     

弹塑性岩土介质中渗透固结问题的参数二次规划法

岩土类介质在承受荷载时,不仅产生弹塑性变形,还伴随着渗流和固结,是一个关于时间的动态过程。本文建立起处理该问题的参变量变分原理以及相应的有限元方法,这样将原问题化为求解带约束条件(本构状态方程)的二次规划问题.文中讨论了单元的选取形式及具体的实施过程,还给出了一个实例.     

热毛细对流的液桥几何位形及浮力效应

本文讨论重力对不同高度、直径比液桥的热毛细对流的影响。当液桥高度、直径比增大时,液桥中的等流函数线呈双涡结构,这种流动图样并不必然与热毛细振荡流相联系。在地面热毛细对流实验中模拟空间微重力情况,液桥高度需小于1.5mm。在微重力环境中,液桥内的流场和温度分布介于地面相同参数液桥的上部加热和下部加热两种结果之间。因此,可以用地面实验结果估计空间液桥的对流和热输运情况。     

几何非线性混合应变元的构造及应用

本文基于由文献〔１〕导出的几何非线性混合应变元一般公式，构造了三个八节点六面体几何非线性混合应变元和Ｓｉｍｏ－Ｒｉｆａｉ的二维四边形线性应变元的几何非线性混合应变元。数值结果表明，所构造的二维及三维几何非线性混合应变元具有理想的性能。它们通过分片试验，且没有虚假剪切现象和不可压缩材料的自锁。同时，它们对歪扭网格不敏感，在利用粗疏网格离散时对线性和非线性（几何和材料）问题具有很高的精度。     

Effects of fluid recirculation on mass transfer from the arterial surface to flowing blood

The effect of disturbed flow on the mass transfer from arterial surface to flowing blood was studied numerically,and the results were compared with that of our previous work.The arterial wall was assumed to be viscoelastic and the blood was assumed to be incompressible and non-Newtonian fluid,which is more close to human arterial system.Numerical results indicated that the mass transfer from the arterial surface to flowing blood in regions of disturbed flow is positively related with the wall shear rates and it is significantly enhanced in regions of disturbed flow with a local minimum around the reattachment point which is higher than the average value of the downstream.Therefore,it may be implied that the accumulation of cholesterol or lipids within atheromatous plaques is not caused by the reduced efflux of cholesterol or lipids,but by the infiltration of the LDL(low-density lipoprotein) from the flowing blood to the arterial wall.