中国高速列车研发与展望

十几年来, 以高速列车为代表的高速铁路装备在长期技术积累和自主研发的基础上,经过引进消化吸收再创新、自主提升创新、全面创新和持续创新,成功研制了多代先进的高速列车产品. 通过不断的技术创新,突破了高速列车系列关键技术, 形成了自主研发能力,不断提升高速列车的安全性、可靠性、经济性、环保性及智能化.我国高速列车的运行速度、综合舒适度、安全性、可靠性、节能环保等各项综合性能指标优良,部分指标达到国际领先水平.论文系统回顾了我国和谐号动车组、复兴号动车组、城际动车组、前沿动车组产品的发展成就及主要技术突破,分析了高速列车研发过程中面临的复杂环境适应性、大系统复杂耦合作用、安全可靠设计、智能化应用等关键技术挑战,系统概述了高速列车故障预测与健康管理技术、车体轻量化技术、被动安全防护技术、碳纤维复合材料应用、气动外形设计技术、高速转向架技术、噪声控制技术、牵引制动技术等关键技术的研究进展及主要技术突破, 并展望了高速列车动力学技术、结构安全技术、被动安全防护技术、流固耦合技术、牵引制动技术、智能控制安全技术、故障预测与健康管理技术、综合节能技术等关键技术的未来发展方向.      

关于极端力学

随着前沿科学和新技术不断发展,工程材料与结构的超常规尺度、密度、硬度、刚度等性能以及在超常规温度、速度、场强和恶劣天气等极端服役环境中的力学响应规律,需要力学提供更为有效的理论和方法. 本报告从极端力学的基本定义和科学内涵出发,结合重大工程问题和大科学问题,从极端性能、极端载荷、学科发展等三个方面系统介绍了极端力学的研究现状,并总结了极端力学的特点及其对力学理论、计算方法和实验技术的挑战,最后对极端力学未来的发展进行了展望.      

数值模拟油井射孔器作用过程方法研究及应用

提高射孔器性能是射孔弹厂家面临的和油田用户关心的主要问题。油井聚能射孔器的作用过程涉及爆轰波的形成、传播、爆轰波与其他介质的相互作用等爆轰问题,射流的形成、延展等界面碰撞问题,射流对靶的侵彻、靶的成坑和动态响应等侵彻问题,作用过程复杂。为了研究油井聚能射孔器的作用过程和机理,降低设计成本,缩短研制周期,本文介绍了模拟石油射孔器从炸药起爆,射流形成,射流侵彻钢靶、井液、混凝土靶的整个作用过程的欧拉数值方法,包括数学模型、离散方法、相应的本构模型,以及为节省计算机时采用的计算和理论分析耦合的模拟方法,并将数值模拟结果与实验进行了比较。研究结果表明,数值模拟结果与实验结果符合的较好,说明方法是有效的和可行的。     

ON TEACHING SYSTEM INVESTIGATION TO THE TEXTBOOKS OF ELEMENTARY MECHANICS(I)—A BRIEF INTRODUCTION ON THE ELEMENTARY MECHANICS TEXTBOOKS PUBILISHED WITHIN CHINA1)

对力学基础教材,着重在理论力学与材料力学教材与教学体系等进行了分析研究。对国内力学课程与教材建设历史概况、国内力学课程教材建设的成绩与问题、国内力学教材使用情况、引进的国外基础力学原版教材情况、国外理论力学教材体系、国外材料力学教材体系、国外力学相关课程网络资源及教学技术应用与质量评价等多方面进行了阐述。最后,通过对国外教材的研究,发现其所具有的诸多特点与特色,可为国内力学基础课程教材和课程改革提供思路和方向。本文为之一,主要阐述国内基础力学教材基本情况等内容。     

Research progresses and prospects of unsteady hydrodynamics characteristics for cavitation

空化作为一种重要的复杂水动力学现象,具有明显的三维流动特征与剧烈的非定常特性,在水力机械、船舶推进器、水利工程中广泛存在,且通常会带来不利的影响,长期以来一直是水动力学领域研究的重点与难点课题之一.本文首先从实验测量和数值模拟两个角度,综述了空化水动力学非定常特性研究的发展概况, 分析了当前存在的问题.在空化实验研究中,主要介绍了空化水洞、空化流场测量以及多物理场同步测量等方面所取得的进展.在数值模拟方法中, 对目前的空化模型和湍流模型进行了分类介绍,并重点讨论了大涡模拟、验证和确认等在空化流模拟中的应用.之后以附着型空化为主, 同时兼顾云状空泡、空蚀、涡空化等,梳理了其研究中存在的几个关键科学问题,包括空化演变、空化流动的三维结构、失稳机制、空化不稳定性及其与低频压力脉动的联系、空化与旋涡的相互作用、空化与弹性水翼的流固耦合、空化对尾流场影响等.最后展望了空化水动力学的研究方向和未来发展趋势.     

A review of autonomous agricultural vehicles (The experience of Hokkaido University)

Robotic farming will play an undeniably significant role in future sustainable agriculture. Autonomous agricultural vehicles for arable crops and their components are reviewed herein, and their differing possible components, advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The autonomous agricultural vehicles are qualified from technical points of view, including each vehicle's hardware unit (platform development, platform, transporter system, operation functions, communication, sensors [positional sensor, attitude sensor, and safety sensor], and control unit), the physical environment, and the control algorithm. The development process for different vehicles is described. As an operational case study, all investigations conducted at Hokkaido University between 1990 and 2018 are discussed and evaluated based on the described classification. The development procedure, the process of component selection, developmental challenges, and the performance indicators of the vehicles are discussed in detail. The development process and applicability of each component are then presented, and recommendations for future studies are noted. Finally, the most important experiences and lessons, and some recommendations are outlined.     

滑坡风险的类型与层次链

滑坡风险研究具有目标性和层次性,不局限于一种形式和内容。现有的滑坡风险研究大都缺少类型划分和层次比较,应用的范围也比较含混。随着我国的滑坡风险研究不断深入,有必要在已有研究工作的基础上,对滑坡风险研究的类型和定义作进一步探讨,便于规范滑坡风险研究的内容和形式。作者通过本文对滑坡风险研究的类型按照目标分类法将滑坡风险划分为5种类型：即滑坡风险评价、区划、风险分析、风险概率、风险评估、风险管理。根据滑坡风险类型之间的内在关系,建立了滑坡风险层次链和实际应用的方法。不同滑坡风险类型之间具有层次链的相互关系,不同层次的功能不一样,但相互之间互为支撑。     

Modeling Biogeochemical Processes in Leachate-Contaminated Soils: A Review

During subsurface transport, reactive solutes are subject to a variety of hydrological, physical and biochemical processes. The major hydrological and physical processes include advection, diffusion and hydrodynamic dispersion, and key biochemical processes are aqueous complexation, precipitation/dissolution, adsorption/desorption, microbial reactions, and redox transformations. The addition of strongly reduced landfill leachate to an aquifer may lead to the development of different redox environments depending on factors such as the redox capacities and reactivities of the reduced and oxidised compounds in the leachate and the aquifer. The prevailing redox environment is key to understanding the fate of pollutants in the aquifer. The local hydrogeologic conditions such as hydraulic conductivity, ion exchange capacity, and buffering capacity of the soil are also important in assessing the potential for groundwater pollution. Attenuating processes such as bacterial growth and metal precipitation, which alter soil characteristics, must be considered to correctly assess environmental impact. A multicomponent reactive solute transport model coupled to kinetic biodegradation and precipitation/dissolution model, and geochemical equilibrium model can be used to assess the impact of contaminants leaking from landfills on groundwater quality. The fluid flow model can also be coupled to the transport model to simulate the clogging of soils using a relationship between permeability and change in soil porosity. This paper discusses the different biogeochemical processes occurring in leachate-contaminated soils and the modeling of the transport and fate of organic and inorganic contaminants under such conditions.     

Comparative performance of different urea coating materials for slow release

Approximately 70%of the applied urea fertilizer may be lost into the environment.This loss is due to leaching,decomposition and ammonium volatilization in soil,water and air.Through coating,the slow release technology can be used to reduce losses and to increase the fertilizer efficiency.Sulfur has been used as a coating material,but the coating cracks easily because of its friability,sometimes being peeled off from the urea surface.In this study,four types of materials,namely,gypsum,cement,sulfur and zeolite,were mixed and used as coating materials to search for the most effective and cheap coating materials.The primary reasons for selecting these materials were improving fruit quality and preventing plant diseases,providing a plant nutrient,increasing soil fertility and water retention.The materials were also selected based on their availability,processiblity and price.The effects of the coating materials,thickness,drying time,sieving and sealant on the crushing strength and dissolution rate of urea were investigated.Coated urea with the same proportion of gypsum-sulfur exhibited high crushing strength and lower dissolution rate.However,the performance was further enhanced by applying molten paraffin wax on the hot urea surface.SEM images demonstrated that the micro-structure of gypsum-sulfur coated urea after sieving resulted in a smoother coated layer.The efficiency of the coated urea was improved by26%using gypsum-sulfur（20%total coating）,3%paraffin wax and sieving the coating materials before application.     

Physiology,mechanics, and rheology

Biological systems possess rather specialized mechanical properties, acquired as part and parcel of the evolutionary development of the system as a whole. Their optimization permits the system to function physiologically in the context of a biologically essential, but mechanically often widely varying environment with adequate efficiency. The system's environment is its source of food and shelter; it represents the space in which it forages or preys on other creatures and in which it has to defend itself against still others. Thus, the system has to develop an adequately pliant, rheologically matched, energy-use efficient, mechanical interface between it and its surroundings. This must be an interface that both effectively excludes, but also effectively admits, the external. Internally, as well, it has to adapt the mechanical properties of cell and connective tissue to physiological function and the efficient performance of useful work. This will be illustrated by way of examples. Blood rheology is briefly discussed and put into the context of clinical hemorheology and epithelial protection; and function, by way of a mucus coating or a mucociliary clearance system, is reviewed in some detail. The importance of all aspects of rheological matching is demonstrated.Delivered as a Keynote Lecture at the Golden Jubilee Conference of the British Society of Rheology and Third European Rheology Conference, Edinburgh, 3–7 September, 1990.     

颗粒流润滑过程中粉末层的微观破坏形式和机理分析

将松散的石墨粉末导入到面接触摩擦副间隙中,对粉末层形成和破坏过程的宏、微观现象进行了跟踪和分析.通过对粉末层的电子、光学显微镜观察及能谱分析发现粉末层典型的生命周期包含完整、轻微破损、严重剥落和完全破坏4个阶段.利用光学显微镜观察到粉末层的鼓包、部分剥落、分层剥落和擦伤等微观现象,这些现象代表粉末层不同阶段的破坏状态和磨损程度.鼓包、部分剥落、分层剥落是粉末层破坏的早期形式.擦伤是粉末层破坏的严重形式,表明上试件和下试件发生了表面的直接接触并产生磨损,通常能够在粉末层完全破坏之前观察到.     

Whither compressional rheology?

The behaviour of compressible sediments and filter cakes is of significant fundamental interest and widespread practical importance; for example, in the area of solid–liquid separation engineering. In this paper, we review briefly recent progress made in the characterisation and modelling of the behaviour of compressible particulate gels using an approach which we shall for convenience call “compressional rheology”, following de Kretzer et al. [R.G. de Kretzer, D.V. Boger, P.J. Scales, Compressive Rheology: An Overview, Rheol. Rev., 1 2003, 125–166 (British Society of Rheology)] and others. The bulk of the paper will be concerned with one-dimensional consolidation under hydrostatic loading in one guise or another, modelled using extensions of an approach suggested by Philip and Smiles [J.R. Philip, D.E. Smiles, Macroscopic analysis of the behavior of colloidal suspensions, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 17 (1) (1982) 83–103] and Buscall and White [R. Buscall, L.R. White, The consolidation of concentrated suspensions. Part 1. The theory of sedimentation, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. I 83 (3) (1987) 873–891]. One-dimensional compressional rheology has been used to model processes such as filtration and sedimentation, and the field is being extended to centrifugation, drying and vacuum filtration currently. It is however the case that by no means all experiments and applications can be treated as one-dimensional, even approximately, and so towards the end the paper we anticipate and discuss the challenge of generalising to arbitrary loadings and higher-dimensional flows.     

汤屯高速公路路堑边坡土质特征与生态防护植物配置 研究

汤屯高速公路边坡土壤具有偏酸性、有机质低、磷缺乏、铜过量等土质特征。边坡生态防护具有边坡高陡、原生植被彻底破坏、土质贫瘠、缺水、缺肥、生物气候干热胁迫、水土流失严重等难点,遵循交通安全性、景观协调性、生态适应性、生物多样性、经济实用性的原则,提出了以草本植物为主,草、灌、藤有机结合的边坡生态防护植物配置方案,针对全岩质边坡、碎裂结构边坡、土质边坡及边坡的顶部、下沿、平台等部位提出了不同的植物群落配置原则及物种配比方案,对类似工程具有借鉴意义。     

Breaking paradigms

To remain relevant, experimental mechanics must continuously renew itself through the development of new tools and new methods for gaining improved insights into complex phenomena and for performing both old and new tasks under ever more challenging and previously unexplored circumstances. To do this, practitioners of the art, teachers and students alike, must learn how to innovate efficiently and effectively. The history of the Society for Experimental Stress Analysis (SESA) and the Society for Experimental Mechanics (SEM) provides many examples of successful innovation by its members. However, since most of us innovate intuitively, we are not efficient at passing our experience and skills at innovation to the next generation of experimentalists. This paper outlines a methodology, originally developed for engineering design, which when applied to our field enables practicing and aspiring experimentalists to be effective and efficient in recognizing and defining new needs, and also in creating innovative devices, methods, and systems for meeting those needs. The key to this methodology is the conscious and careful nurturing of specific cognitive habits and skills that will enable effective and efficient innovation. SEM William M. Murray Lecture, June 4, 2003, Charlotte, NC, USA.     

复合材料胶接结构有限元分析方法研究进展

胶接结构的强度分析方法可以分为解析法和数值法两类,数值法主要是有限元方法.本文综述了复合材料胶接结构的有限元分析方法,按照胶接结构有限元模型建立的物理机理,将胶接结构力学分析模型分为基于有限元应力分析模型、基于断裂力学模型和基于损伤力学模型3类.详细介绍了这3类模型中的主要有限元建模分析方法:三维应力分析方法、虚拟裂纹闭合技术方法和内聚力模型方法,介绍了每种方法的基本思想、适用范围、优缺点、改进和扩展、有限元建模的实施步骤,以及有限元分析中应用该方法所取得的成果.第五部分从适用范围、应力奇异和破坏判据3个方面对这几种分析模型进行了对比分析.最后,对该领域发展趋势进行了展望.      

小行星撞击地球的超高速问题

小行星撞击地球是人类生存面临的潜在威胁之一.在小行星进入地球大气与撞击地球表面过程中,存在烧蚀、解体、空中爆炸、火球、撞击成坑、反溅碎片云、地震以及海啸等一系列复杂的物理化学和力学现象.本文梳理和归纳了与这些现象相关的超高速空气动力学问题和超高速碰撞动力学问题.小行星进入地球大气的超高速空气动力学问题有:极高速($V = 12 ~ 20$km/s)进入条件下的气动力与轨迹,极高速进入条件下的小行星气动加热与烧蚀机理,极高速气动加热条件下的小行星结构传热与热响应,极高速进入条件下的高温气体效应,小行星进入过程的物理特征.小行星撞击地球的超高速碰撞动力学问题有:陆地撞击成坑与反溅碎片云,海洋撞击与海啸,撞击过程的地震效应.由于小行星撞击地球与超高速飞行器的再入过程在速度、材料和结构上存在较大差异,针对这些超高速问题,现有的研究手段在地面试验和数值计算两方面都存在不足.最后,从小行星进入地球大气的弹道方程、质量损失方程、解体判据和解体模型等出发,初步建立了小行星进入与撞击效应分析评估模型,并对Chelyabinsk和Tunguska两次流星事件进行了分析,重构了进入与爆炸解体过程,评估了空爆火球在地面所导致的超压和热辐射损伤.      

谈工程地质的学科价值与学科发展

工程地质是一门认知工程－地质相互作用规律和过程的科学,它的使命是保障人类工程活动的安全。工程地质学科的基本理论形态包括“成因演化论”、“结构控制论”和“相互作用论”,这些理论有着相通的思想方法,就是成因决定结构,结构控制行为,工程地质过程是工程建设与地质环境相互作用的过程。随着我国近期工程建设的规模增大,埋藏加深,地质条件更复杂,由此带来的工程地质问题表现出显著的新特点,即研究对象大、深、动、热凸现,工程地质过程水、岩、温、化耦合,已有理论遭遇挑战,工程地质过程研究需要扩充。工程地质学科近期需要加强地质体工程性质研究、工程地质动力过程研究,以及地质环境研究。地质、地球物理、力学、工程科学的结合是工程地质学科发展的有效途径,理论、技术方法与实践并重的模式是工程地质学科发展的基本模式。     

Measurement techniques of grain motion and inter-grain structures in dense granular materials

颗粒材料由大量粗颗粒堆积形成, 是复杂的多体相互作用体系, 呈现出颗粒尺度的结构不均匀和动力学不均匀性的基本特征, 这决定了颗粒材料具有很多独特的宏观性质. 借鉴学科历史的发展途径, 基于统计力学, 从颗粒结构和动力学开始建立颗粒材料体系的宏观连续介质力学理论框架是必然途径.但是, 颗粒材料的基本特征决定了从基本理论到实验手段上, 表征与建立颗粒材料结构与性能的相关性都极其困难.这是由于现有测试分析手段所描述的颗粒系统组织结构过于简单化, 缺乏对颗粒结构和动力学的真正认识, 从而制约了颗粒物质研究的发展.因此, 开展颗粒体系结构和动力学性质的测量, 是理解和认识颗粒材料重要物理和力学问题的基础和依据.笔者来自不同的科研院所, 近十年来开展了颗粒体系结构和动力学性质的测量研究, 主要集中于以下两个方向: (1)数字图像测速法、散斑能见度光谱法和X射线- CT等非侵入式测量技术在颗粒运动方面的应用; (2)体积响应谱、力学谱(有效质量和内耗等)和声速测量技术等直接或间接测量颗粒接触力和颗粒结构技术.本文综述了这些实验手段的基本原理及其特点、取得的主要成果, 以及国际最新进展和困难. 最后是对全文的总结, 结合笔者开展测量的经验和教训, 提出了自己的看法, 并试图展望颗粒材料测量技术研究的前景.     

折纸结构和折纸超材料动力学研究进展

折纸结构和折纸超材料由于其无穷的设计空间,突出的变形状、变大小、变拓扑特性,以及由折叠诱发的超常规力学特性,在最近几年迅速成为数学、物理和工程学科的研究前沿和热点.折纸结构和折纸超材料在航天、医疗、材料、机器人等众多工程领域具有广泛的应用前景,其典型的代表包括大型空间可展开结构、自折叠可重构机器人、微型可折叠器械等.随...