纯铜一维动态损伤研究

在Ｊｏｈｎｓｏｎ方法的基础上，本文采用细观方法提出了一个延性材料动态损伤模型。模型中考虑了材料的硬化，应变率效应和惯性效应。同时进行了纯铜一维层裂实验，对软回收试件进行了显微金相和定量金相分析，观察到了一些有意义的力学现象，利用一维Ｌａｇｒａｎｇｅ有限差分动力学程序。采用本文提出的损伤模型对纯铜的层裂过程进行了数值模拟，得到了比较满意的结果。     

延性材料动态断裂的实验研究和数值分析

本文对延性材料纯铜和ＬＹ１２铝合金进行了层裂实验，对软回收试件进行了仔细的定量和显微金相观测，观察到了两种材料中不同微损伤的形核、增长和聚合机制，为理论分析提供了真实的实验结果。将文〔４〕提出的延性动态损伤模型编入了一维Ｌａｇｒａｎｇｅ有限差分动力学程序，对两组层裂实验进行了数值模拟，计算结果与实验吻合较好。     

45钢层裂研究

对４５钢进行了层裂实验，对软回收试件进行了显微金相观测，观察了材料中微损伤的形核、增和聚合机制。将文献［３］中的动态损伤模型编入一维Ｌａｇｒａｎｇｅ有限差分动力学程序，对层裂实验进行了数值模拟，计算结果与实验吻合较好。     

延性金属层裂模型比较

在平面一维弹塑性流动有限差分计算程序中加入4种延性金属层裂模型，对平板撞击层裂实验进行数值模拟。结果表明:简单最大拉伸应力模型和简单损伤累积模型能定性反映层裂的物理现象，由于忽略损伤对本构的影响，计算结果和实验有偏差，但模型要求参数较少，对于一些精度要求不是很高的工程问题，可以采用；从材料损伤断裂物理本质出发，采用微损伤统计方法得到的NAG模型和封加波损伤度函数模型，能很好地再现实测的自由面速度剖面,数值计算结果与实验吻合很好。     

初始应力状态对材料层裂破坏特性影响研究

通过对球面飞片加载条件下的应力/应变状态分析表明采用施加径向应变方法可以近似模拟球面加载的受力过程. 采用过盈配合的热装配方法对平面样品施加了径向预应变,一维平面应变气炮实验结果显示初始预应力(变)明显降低了LY12铝层裂强度. 从空洞长大基本原理出发分析了各向异性受力条件下空洞长大的路径和所消耗能量不同于各向同性应力加载.通过数值模拟对含损伤的材料本构模型进行分析,得到了材料层裂强度与其外部宏观应力场密切相关,也间接的与构型相关的结论.      

一种基于空穴聚集的层裂模型

基于如下假设，给出了层裂过程中的应力松弛方程，并建立了一种基于空穴聚集的延性层裂模型:在层裂早期，微空穴的主要效应是减小应力作用面积；在层裂后期，应力按空穴聚集时的应力-空隙度依赖关系减小。把P.F.Thomason、D.L.Tonks等及S.Cochran等给出的依赖于应力（压力）的层裂空隙度方程分别耦合于守恒方程、计及损伤的状态方程及本构方程，建立了求解所有变量包括损伤的封闭方程组。这种基于空穴聚集的层裂模型已被应用于一维层裂试验的数值模拟。模型中的层裂强度及临界损伤度初始可以估计，最终的确定将使数值模拟结果与实测的速度（或应力）剖面以及观测的层裂面上的损伤基本一致。分别基于D.L.Tonk等及S.Cochran等给出的依赖于压力的层裂空隙度方程所作的一维层裂试验数值模拟结果基本一致，而与基于P.F.Thomason给出的依赖于应力的层裂空隙度方程所作的相应数值模拟结果有明显差异。     

层裂微裂纹的形态及层裂程度的表征参量

层裂是冲击载荷造成材料破坏的一种典型方式。文中运用超声Ｃ扫描检测系统对层裂试件的微损伤形态进行检测，确是出在一维应变加载条件下的微裂纹形态呈钱币型；另一方面，根据钱币型微纹形态，通过对层裂损伤演化过程的分析，提出了一个描述层裂程度的无量纲参量，与层裂实验数据的对比说明了这个参量能够很好地描述层裂损伤程度。     

微孔洞有核长大损伤演化模型研究

针对材料的层裂问题,从细观角度出发,提出微孔洞有核长大损伤演化模型假说。该模型包含损伤开始、演化和终止三个阶段,共有4个材料参数,分别是代表损伤开始发展的阈值应力的σ_0,损伤演化时损伤率对超阈值应力的依赖指数λ,损伤终止时材料发生层裂时的极限损伤D_c,和损伤持续的时间参数Ψ。通过对D6AC钢和45钢层裂实验进行计算分析,验证了本文提出的损伤演化模型假说的合理性。并结合试验,给出了模型中4个材料参数物理内涵、取值方法及影响规律。损伤发展的过程量λ对损伤影响最大,表明损伤演化过程并非简单的能量累积,其次是损伤阈值应力σ_0,极限损伤D_c和损伤持续的时间参数Ψ对损伤影响最小。     

含氦泡辐照老化材料层裂损伤计算方法分析

辐照条件下,一些材料内部产生大量的氦泡等微缺陷,氦泡的大小和数密度随着辐照年限的增长而增长。氦泡分布特征的变化不仅影响材料本身的物理、力学性质,而且直接影响材料层裂损伤演化后期材料破坏颗粒度的分布特征。延性材料的层裂损伤演化过程一般包括孔洞的成核、增长和汇合,但因已有孔洞对新成核孔洞存在抑制作用,当初始孔洞数密度达到一定临界值时,材料内部没有新的孔洞成核,因此,层裂损伤的计算可以不考虑新孔洞成核的影响。本文中基于损伤早期演化的特征,给出了这一临界值的计算方法,并进一步探讨了含氦泡辐照老化钚材料层裂损伤的计算方法。同时,在完善孔洞增长(void growth, VG)层裂损伤模型中参数的确定方法的基础上,借助含氦泡常规铝材料的层裂实验结果,对此问题进行了定性的分析：在氦泡尺寸变化不大的情况下,当氦泡浓度低于临界氦泡浓度时,需要考虑初始氦泡以及新增孔洞的综合影响;反之,可以采用简单的层裂损伤模型,不需要计算孔洞成核,但由于增长孔洞之间的相互影响,损伤模型的初始损伤参数需要重新确定。     

爆炸载荷下钢板层裂的二维数值计算

采用二维有限元方法对爆炸载荷下钢板的层裂问题进行数值模拟计算。计算中引入了一种普适的弹塑性本构方程,并采用了损伤积累准则和半解耦的损伤本构模型。结果表明,二维计算的主裂片厚度略小于一维计算,裂片飞散速度要比一维计算低得多,更接近实际结果。     

A study on one-dimensional dynamic damage in pure copper

Based on meso-damage mechanics, a model of dynamic ductile damage under tensile stress is developed, in which work-hardening behavior, rate-dependent contribution and inertial effects are taken into account. Plate-impact test on pure copper under one-dimensional plane strain condition is conducted. Some significant mechanical phenomena are observed by means of microscopic observations of the spalled specimen. The mathematical model presented in this paper is incorporated in a hydrodynamic one-dimensional finite-difference computer code, to simulate the process of spallation in pure copper sample. Comparison of numerical calculations and experimental results shows that the model can describe spall damage successfully.     

Computational modelling of the stress-softening phenomenon of rubber-like materials under cyclic loading

When a rubber specimen is subjected to cyclic loading, not only non-linear behaviour but also damage-induced stress-softening phenomena (the Mullins effect) have been observed. Applications of a continuum damage mechanics model and Ogden and Roxburgh's pseudo-elastic model to describe the Mullins effect in elastomers have been considered. Both models together with Gao's elastic law were implemented to describe the mechanical behaviour of rubber-like materials including the stress-softening phenomenon. Two sets of experimental data (a simple tension test and a simple tension and pure shear test) are used to validate the constitutive models. Model parameters are estimated via an inverse technique. Computational results show that both constitutive models together with Gao's elastic law can describe the typical Mullins effect. From engineering point of view, the pseudo-elastic model has the advantages that (i) the model is simple and practical, since it considers that the stress-softening function is only activated on unloading or reloading paths, (ii) the model with a slight modification of the damage variable is very stable in finite element calculations, and (iii) the numerical results agree very well with experimental data in both simple tension and pure shear deformation. Two applications illustrate the capability of combining the pseudo-elastic model with Gao's elastic law in describing the Mullins effect. It is emphasized that both models are applicable to multiaxial states of stress and strain because both models are energy-based and not strain-based.     

SINS/GPS紧耦合组合导航

针对可用星数目小于4情况下,SINS/GPS松散组合导航必须转为纯惯性状态,无法解决纯惯性导航参数误差发散的问题,提出了以导航星伪距和伪距率为观测量的紧耦合SINS/GPS组合导航方案.建立了紧耦合系统的数学模型,搭建了硬件系统,并应用于工程实践.车载试验结果表明:当可用星数目小于4时,紧耦合系统定位的纬度误差、经度误...     

Identification of Material Parameters of PVC Foams using Digital Image Correlation and the Virtual Fields Method

This paper presents an effective methodology to characterize all the constitutive (elastic) parameters of an orthotropic polymeric foam material (Divinycell H100) in one single test using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) in combination with the Virtual Fields Method (VFM). A modified Arcan fixture is used to induce various loading conditions ranging from pure shear or axial loading in tension or compression to bidirectional loading. A numerical optimization study was performed with different loading angles of the Arcan test fixture and off-axis angles of the principal material axes. The objective is to identify the configuration that gives the minimum sensitivity to noise and missing data on the specimen edges, which are the two major issues when identifying the stiffness components from actual DIC measurements. Two optimized Arcan test configurations were chosen. The experimental results obtained for these two optimized test configurations show a significant improvement of the measurement accuracy compared with a pure shear load configuration. The larger sensitivity of the pure shear test to missing data as opposed to the tensile test is also evident from the experimental data and confirms the analysis from the optimization study. The recovery of missing data along the specimen edges is a promising way to further improve the identification results.     

On the implementation of a multi-surface kinematic hardening plasticity and its applications

This paper is concerned with an application of the multi-surface plasticity in solid mechanics and geotechnical problems. The model is of a von-Mises type with associated flow rule, originally proposed by Montans. The Mroz translation rule is implemented to the movements of the yield surfaces and the fully implicit scheme with radial mapping method is applied in numerical computations. Algorithmic consistent tangent modulus with numerical integration algorithm of constitutive equations is extracted. The model is developed in the class of kinematic hardening models, so the ‘Masing’ rule is preserved. The model is able to consider the plastic strain accumulation in constant axial stress state, such as ratcheting. The implementation is validated by means of a simple deformation path of combined extension and compression test, a pure shear test with pseudo-random loading, a test which demonstrates the capabilities of the model in simulation of cyclic loading and ratcheting, a cyclic shear test in saturated undrained sand and finally, the analysis of a plate with holes, which presents the shear band using the multi-surface plasticity model.     

Tensile Test Machine for Unsymmetrical Materials

A novel solution to overcome the shortcoming of conventional tensile test machines in dealing with unsymmetrical materials and off-axis testing of composites is presented. Conventional testing machines are designed on the basis of subjecting a specimen to axial load to determine the stiffness and strength of the material. For specimens with unsymmetrical cross-section this method is no longer valid due to induced additional bending stresses. To overcome this problem a novel tensile test machine was designed, which allows bending deformation, thus subjecting the specimen to pure tension instead of axial loading. To validate the design, the machine was fabricated and employed for tensile testing of an aluminum specimen with unsymmetrical cross-section. The comparison of test results from a conventional machine and from analytically calculations, based on pure tension, reveals that conventional machine generates significant errors, while the results from new machine are in good agreement. The machine was then used to test a functionally graded beam.     

Cohesive zone model for high-cycle fatigue of adhesively bonded joints under mode I loading

A cohesive zone model adequate for simulating the behaviour of adhesively bonded joints subjected to high-cycle fatigue and pure mode I loading is presented. The bilinear cohesive zone law with linear softening relationship was considered. The main advantage of the proposed formulation is the use of a unique damage parameter accounting for cumulative damage resulting from static and fatigue loading. The method was implemented in a user subroutine of the commercial finite element software Abaqus®. Two-dimensional numerical simulations of the double cantilever beam test using different representative combinations of the modified Paris law coefficients were performed. It was verified that the results of the model simulate with excellent agreement the several Paris laws used as input, thus demonstrating the good performance of the method as a predictive tool.     

Some results of testing simple structures under constant and variable loading during creep

The design of two rigs for room-temperature creep testing is described. One is for testing beams in pure bending and the other for testing circular plates simply supported at the outer edge and loaded through a rigid central boss. A system for giving reproducible step-loading cycles is also described. Typical creep-deformation curves for commercially pure aluminum beams and plates under steady and variable loading are given. These test results are compared with predictions based on the tensile-creep behavior. The repeatability and accuracy of these results are also discussed.     

天然气驱长岩心室内实验研究

低渗透油藏注水开发效果差、采收率低,而采用气驱技术是动用此类难采储量的有效方法之一。本文利用长岩心实验模型,进行了物理模拟研究,得到了该油藏在纯气驱、纯水驱、完全水驱后气水交替驱、原始状态下气水交替驱和油藏目前注水倍数下气水交替驱等方式下的采收率和压力等变化情况,为油藏选择合理的开采方式提供了依据,并且为进一步的数值模拟工作提供了基础数据。     

PBX材料蠕变性能的云纹干涉法实验研究

本文利用云纹干涉法对PBX材料蠕变行为进行了研究。实验中采用圆盘试件进行压缩实验。利用圆盘对径受压实验间接拉伸的特点,测量了PBX材料的拉伸蠕变及蠕变恢复曲线,同时也得到了圆盘部分区域压缩蠕变及蠕变恢复曲线。实验中,观察到蠕变的阶段上升现象,这一现象不同于一般的纯的高聚物的蠕变变形。并针对这一蠕变现象利用破坏力学理论进行了初步分析。文中的实验现象及实验数据将为PBX材料蠕变破坏变形的进一步的理论分析提供科学依据。