Variational methods for phononic calculations

Three fundamental variational principles used for solving elastodynamic eigenvalue problems are studied within the context of elastic wave propagation in periodic composites (phononics). We study the convergence of the eigenvalue problems resulting from the displacement Rayleigh quotient, the stress Rayleigh quotient and the mixed quotient. The convergence rates of the three quotients are found to be related to the continuity and differentiability of the density and compliance variation over the unit cell. In general, the mixed quotient converges faster than both the displacement Rayleigh and the stress Rayleigh quotients, however, there exist special cases where either the displacement Rayleigh or the stress Rayleigh quotient shows the exact same convergence as the mixed-method. We show that all methods converge faster for smoother material property variations, but when density variation is rough, the difference between the mixed quotient and stress Rayleigh quotient is higher and similarly, when compliance variation is rough, the difference between the mixed quotient and displacement Rayleigh quotient is higher. Since eigenvalue problems such as those considered in this paper tend to be highly computationally intensive, it is expected that these results will lead to fast and efficient algorithms in the areas of phononics and photonics.     

Lyapunov-Kozlov method for singular cases

Lyapunov’s first method, extended by Kozlov to nonlinear mechanical systems, is applied to study the instability of the equilibrium position of a mechanical system moving in the field of conservative and dissipative forces. The cases with a tensor of inertia or a matrix of coefficients of the Rayleigh dissipative function are analyzed singularly in the equilibrium position. This fact renders the impossible application of Lyapunov’s approach in the analysis of the stability because, in the equilibrium position, the conditions of the existence and uniqueness of the solutions to the differential equations of motion are not fulfilled. It is shown that Kozlov’s generalization of Lyapunov’s first method can also be applied in the mentioned cases on the conditions that, besides the known algebraic expression, more are fulfilled. Three theorems on the instability of the equilibrium position are formulated. The results are illustrated by an example.     

有约束阻尼的非保守力学系统的稳定性

利用Ｌｙａｐｕｎｏｖ直接法，研究了有势力、陀螺力、Ｒａｙｌｅｉｇｈ阻尼和约束阻尼同时作用的非线性非保守力学系统的稳定性．假设陀螺力依赖某参数ｈ，得到系统渐近稳定的两个定理．     

On the decomposition of forces

We show that any continuously differentiable force is decomposed into the sum of a Rayleigh force and a gyroscopic force. We also extend this result to piecewise continuously differentiable forces. Our result improves the result on the decomposition of forces in a book by David Merkin and further extends it to piecewise continuously differentiable forces.     

Lower bounds to fundamental frequencies and buckling loads of columns and plates

A general derivation of expressions for lower bounds to fundamental frequencies and buckling loads is given for the class of structures governed by linear elastic theory in the prebuckling state. These expressions involve two Rayleigh quotients both of which are upper bounds for the fundamental frequency under a prescribed load. The displacement trial functions must satisfy force and kinematic continuity but no other conditions are required. Thus, if appropriate high order base functions are used, the finite element procedure can be used to systematically narrow the difference between the upper and lower bounds.The theory is illustrated with several column and plate problems. The finite element method is applied to uniform and nonuniform columns with a representative set of boundary conditions. Elementary trial functions are used to show that reasonable bounds can also be obtained for plates subjected to known states of stress. Since the lower bound is obtained with a variation of the classical technique of Rayleigh, these results indicate that the method may be suitable for conservatively estimating buckling loads and fundamental frequencies of engineering structures.     

Experimental investigation of natural convective flows in slowly rotating wide spherical shells

Experimental results are presented on natural convection in a spherical shell of inner and outer radii r ₁ = 14 mm and r ₂ = 35 mm, with the inner sphere cooled and the outer sphere heated. The fluids filling the shell are two different silicon oils having Prandtl numbers 39 and 233. Both spheres are fixed together and can be rotated. In the studied regime, both Coriolis and centrifugal forces become significant. For sufficiently small Rayleigh numbers the resulting flow pattern is axisymmetric and steady, consisting of a plume descending from the south pole of the inner sphere, and returning in the equatorial regions. For greater Rayleigh numbers the flow becomes non-axisymmetric, with azimuthal modes m = 2 to 4 arising. We map out the critical Rayleigh number for the onset of these different modes, and consider how they vary with increasingly rapid overall rotation. Detailed flow measurements are done by converting a standard 2D particle image velocimetry system into a scanning quasi-3D PIV system.     

On the probabilistic inner product spaces

In this paper a new definition for probabilistic inner product spaces is given. By virtue of this definition, some convergence theorems, Schwarz inequality and the orthogonal concept for probabilistic inner product spaces are established and introduced. Moreover, the relationship between this kind of spaces and probabilistic normed spaces is considered also.Projects Supported by the Science Fund of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.     

Espaces d'écoulements dits « universels », suite 2Spaces of universal flows,part 2

At small velocities, every universal motion can be performed in a fluid whenever the constitutive equation approaches a most general linear model. Both the celebrate theorems of Appell, Cauchy, Helmholtz, Kelvin hold true when dealing with the universal motions. Here the theorem of Bernoulli admits four generalisations. At last, the Helmholtz–Rayleigh theorem about dissipation may be regarded as defining the universal motions. To cite this article: M. Bouthier, C. R. Mecanique 332 (2004).     

Instability of equilibrium of nonholonomic systems with dissipation and circulatory forces

The paper discusses the equilibrium instability problem of the scleronomic nonholonomic systems acted upon by dissipative, conservative, and circulatory forces. The method is based on the existence of solutions to the differential equations of the motion which asymptotically tends to the equilibrium state of the system as t tends to negative infinity. It is assumed that the kinetic energy, the Rayleigh dissipation function, and the positional forces in the neighborhood of the equilibrium position are infinitely differentiable functions. The results obtained here are partially generalized the results obtained by Kozlov et al. (Kozlov, V. V. The asymptotic motions of systems with dissipation. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, 58(5), 787–792 (1994). Merkin, D. R. Introduction to the Theory of the Stability of Motion (in Russian), Nauka, Moscow (1987). Thomson, W. and Tait, P. Treatise on Natural Philosophy, Part I, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1879)). The results are illustrated by an example.     

Fixed point theorems for fuzzy mappings (II)

This paper presents some new fixed point theorems for fuzzy mappings. The results given in this paper improve and extend some recent results of [1, 4, 5].Communicated by Zhou Mo-ren     

Instability of equilibrium of nonholonomic systems with dissipation and circulatory forces

The paper discusses the equilibrium instability problem of the scleronomic nonholonomic systems acted upon by dissipative, conservative, and circulatory forces. The method is based on the existence of solutions to the differential equations of the motion which asymptotically tends to the equilibrium state of the system as t tends to negative infinity. It is assumed that the kinetic energy, the Rayleigh dissipation function, and the positional forces in the neighborhood of the equilibrium position are infinitely differentiable functions. The results obtained here are partially generalized the results obtained by Kozlov et al. (Kozlov, V. V. The asymptotic motions of systems with dissipation. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, 58^(5), 787–792 (1994). Merkin, D. R. Introduction to the Theory of the Stability of Motion (in Russian), Nauka, Moscow (1987). Thomson, W. and Tait, P. Treatise on Natural Philosophy, Part I, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1879)). The results are illustrated by an example.     

EXACT SOLUTION OF LARGE DEFORMATION BASIC EQUATIONS OF CIRCULAR MEMBRANE UNDER CENTRAL FORCE

Exact solution of the nonlinear boundary value problem for the basic equation and boundary condition of circular membrane under central force was obtained by using new simple methods. The existence and uniqueness of the solution were discussed by using of modern immovable point theorems. Although specific problem is treated, the basic principles of the methods can be applied to a considerable variety of nonlinear problems.     

Modeling nonlinear Rayleigh wave fields generated by angle beam wedge transducers—A theoretical study

Nonlinear Rayleigh wave fields generated by an angle beam wedge transducer are modeled in this study. The calculated area sound sources underneath the wedge are used to model the fundamental Rayleigh sound fields on the specimen surface, which are more accurate than the previously used line sources with uniform or Gaussian amplitude distributions. A general two-dimensional nonlinear Rayleigh wave equation without parabolic approximation is introduced and the solutions are obtained using the quasilinear theory. The second harmonic Rayleigh wave due to material nonlinearity is given in an integral expression with these fundamental Rayleigh waves radiated by the wedge transmitter acting as a forcing function. Multi-Gaussian beam (MGB) models are employed to simplify these integral solutions and to extract the diffraction and attenuation correction terms explicitly. The effect of nonlinearity of generating sources on the second harmonic Rayleigh wave fields is taken into consideration; simulation results show that it will affect the magnitude and diffraction correction of the second harmonic waves in the region close to the Rayleigh wave sound sources. This research provides a theoretical improvement to alleviate the experimental restriction on analyzing the effects of diffraction, attenuation and source nonlinearity when using angle beam wedge transducers as transmitters.     

川藏公路地质环境与整治改建方案的思考

川藏公路由于地质环境复杂、建设标准低、后遗病害多,抗灾能力差,泥石流、滑坡、山崩、雪害、水毁等自然灾害频繁发生,公路阻车断道严重。国家投入巨资进行整治改建,并取得了明显的效果,但由于自然环境特殊、影响因素复杂,许多特大型、大型工程地质病害问题还没有可行、可靠的解决方案。本文通过分析川藏公路沿线的地质环境和灾害特点,总结历年整治改建和经验的教训,提出川藏公路建设的途径、可能达到的目标和应采用的原则。     

Modulated Centrifugal Convection in a Vertical Rotating Porous Layer Distant from the Axis of Rotation

The effect of rotation speed modulation on the onset of centrifugally driven convection has been studied using linear stability analysis. Darcy flow model with zero-gravity is used to describe the flow. The perturbation method is applied to find the correction in the critical Rayleigh number. It is found that by applying modulation of proper frequency to the rotation speed, it is possible to delay or advance the onset of centrifugal convection.     

Mathematical study of boundary-value problems within the framework of Steigmann–Ogden model of surface elasticity

Mathematical questions pertaining to linear problems of equilibrium dynamics and vibrations of elastic bodies with surface stresses are studied. We extend our earlier results on existence of weak solutions within the Gurtin–Murdoch model to the Steigmann–Ogden model of surface elasticity using techniques from the theory of Sobolev’s spaces and methods of functional analysis. The Steigmann–Ogden model accounts for the bending stiffness of the surface film; it is a generalization of the Gurtin–Murdoch model. Weak setups of the problems, based on variational principles formulated, are employed. Some uniqueness-existence theorems for weak solutions of static and dynamic problems are proved in energy spaces via functional analytic methods. On the boundary surface, solutions to the problems under consideration are smoother than those for the corresponding problems of classical linear elasticity and those described by the Gurtin–Murdoch model. The weak setups of eigenvalue problems for elastic bodies with surface stresses are based on the Rayleigh and Courant variational principles. For the problems based on the Steigmann–Ogden model, certain spectral properties are established. In particular, bounds are placed on the eigenfrequencies of an elastic body with surface stresses; these demonstrate the increase in the body rigidity and the eigenfrequencies compared with the situation where the surface stresses are neglected.     

Propagation of Rayleigh waves on curved surfaces

The propagation and properties of Rayleigh waves on curved surfaces are investigated theoretically. The Rayleigh wave dispersion equation for propagation on a curved surface is derived as a parabolic equation, and its penetration depth is analyzed using the curved surface boundary. Reciprocity is introduced to model the diffracted Rayleigh wave beams. Simulations of Rayleigh waves on some canonical curved surfaces are carried out, and the results are used to quantify the influence of curvature. It is found that the velocity of the surface wave increases with greater concave surface curvature, and a Rayleigh wave no longer exists once the surface wave velocity exceeds the bulk shear wave velocity. Moreover, the predicted wave penetration depth indicates that the energy in the Rayleigh wave is transferred to other modes and cannot propagate on convex surfaces with large curvature. A strong directional dependence is observed for the propagation of Rayleigh waves in different directions on surfaces with complex curvatures. Thus, it is important to include dispersion effects when considering Rayleigh wave propagation on curved surfaces.     

用动光弹方法研究隧道岩爆的爆破扰动机理

利用动态光弹性方法,以Lamb模型为依据,研究了不同荷载形式下,模型内应力波的传播、相互作用规律以及刻槽的拦截效应。实验结果与弹性动力学解答基本一致:(1)倾斜冲击荷载作用下,模型内传播的有P波、S波和Rayleigh波,其中P波和Rayleigh波对岩爆有突出贡献;(2)等差条纹图的分布规律,可以合理解释岩爆高发区段与开挖面的位置关系;(3)模型表面的刻槽,可以实现对Rayleigh波的大量拦截,说明隧道表面切槽的岩爆控制方法理论上是可行的。     

MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF LASER GENERATED RAYLEIGH AND LAMB WAVES CONSIDERING ITS PULSE DURATION

In this article, laser generated Rayleigh and Lamb waves are studied by taking into account its pulse duration. The physical model and theoretical solution are presented to predict the corresponding waveforms for aluminum samples under the ablation generation regime.The waveforms of the excited Rayleigh and Lamb waves by laser with selected pulse duration were measured by laser interferometer and analyzed theoretically, and the agreement between measurement and analysis is demonstrated for the validation of the theoretical model and solution.The broadening of the Rayleigh wave and the disappearing of high order Lamb wave modes can be found with the increase of the pulse duration by the laser ultrasonic technique.     

Convective stability analysis of a micropolar fluid layer by variational method

This paper studies Rayleigh-Bénard convection of micropolar fluid layer heated from below with realistic boundary conditions. A specific approach for stability analysis of a convective problem based on variational principle is applied to characterize the Rayleigh number for quite general nature of bounding surfaces. The analysis consists of replacing the set of field equations by a variational principle and the expressions for Rayleigh number are then obtained by using trial function satisfying the essential boundary conditions. Further, the values of the Rayleigh number for particular cases of large and small values of the microrotation coefficient have been obtained. The effects of wave number and micropolar parameter on the Rayleigh numbers for onset of stationary instability for each possible combination of the bounding surfaces are discussed and illustrated graphically. The present analysis establishes that the nature of bounding surfaces combination and microrotation have significant effect on the onset of convection.