超临界CO2直旋混合射流破岩特性的实验研究

超临界二氧化碳(CO₂)射流破岩既能降低岩石门限压力又能有效保护储层,直旋混合射流兼具直射流和旋转射流特点可提高破岩效率,基于此提出了超临界CO₂直旋混合射流的破岩方法。为了揭示超临界CO₂直旋混合射流破岩特性,设计加工出叶轮式直旋混合射流喷嘴,通过岩石定点冲击破碎实验对比了该射流与常规水射流的破岩效果,并研究了叶轮长度、叶轮中心孔直径、混合腔长度、喷射距离、射流压力等重要参数对超临界CO₂直旋混合射流破岩效果的影响。结果表明:相同实验条件下,该射流方法的平均破岩能力比常规水射流提高了42.9%;超临界CO₂直旋混合射流破岩易出现较大体积岩屑崩落现象;随着叶轮长度、混合腔长度、喷射距离的增大破岩效果均先增强后减弱,实验条件下上述参数存在最优范围值;叶轮中心孔直径的增大会导致岩石破碎孔深度增加、直径减小;随着射流压力的升高,超临界CO₂直旋混合射流破岩效果有着较为明显的提升。研究结果可为超临界CO₂直旋混合射流破岩方法的进一步研究提供实验依据。     

孔隙流体耦合效应对射流冲击应力分布的影响分析

运用全解耦流固耦合理论,建立了水射流冲击岩石介质流固耦合数值分析模型,给出了数值算法,计算分析了考虑和不考虑孔隙流体耦合效应对射流冲击岩石时应力分布的影响规律。结果表明,在射流冲击作用下,如不考虑孔隙流体耦合作用,最大拉应力位于冲击面,离冲击中心径向距离与喷距成正比,最大剪切应力位于岩石冲击中心下部约0.5倍喷嘴直径位置;如考虑孔隙流体耦合作用,最大拉应力位于岩石冲击中心下部约0.4倍喷嘴直径位置。数值分析结果可为水射流破岩机理研究中岩石破坏准则的选择提供依据。     

不同卸荷工况下岩石钻孔破碎特性研究

为分析多孔破岩作业中不同钻孔间距及破岩模式对破岩效果的影响,采用ABAQUS数值模拟方法对多孔破岩特性进行了分析,构建了多孔破岩模型,分析了在地应力为10MPa时,最优冲击频率和回转速度;并在相同冲击力、地应力、回转速度、冲击频率条件下,分别对四种钻孔间距及两种破岩模式进行破岩仿真,分析其破岩特性。研究表明:在初始地应力为10MPa时,最优冲击频率为62Hz,回转速度为255r/min;钻孔间距为二倍钻头直径时破岩能耗最高;同孔距破岩过程中,同步钻进破岩能耗高于异步钻进破岩能耗;钻孔间距和破岩模式均对破岩速度没有太大影响。研究结果为降低破岩能耗、提升破岩效果提供理论基础。     

高频扭转振动对钻井过程破岩特性的影响研究

为了研究高频扭转振动钻井对PDC(Polycrystalline Diamond Compact)钻头破岩的影响,基于弹塑性力学和机械振动原理,分别建立切削齿的切削模型和岩石的振动方程,并指出了岩石的响应特点。通过岩石的应力-应变试验,得到了岩石的等效塑性应变率与岩石剥落之间的关系。依据现场试验与分析计算,研究了高频扭转振动频率对钻井机械钻速的影响。研究结果表明:当钻井扭振频率为岩石的共振频率时,岩石的塑性应变率为1.5%,钻井的机械钻速为6.3mm/s。研究方法与结论对于利用高频扭振提高破岩效率研究具有重要的应用意义。     

冲击载荷下岩石压胀对其性质的影响

采用落锤动态加载岩石实验系统,通过调节落锤质量、下落距离及活塞杆垫板材料,记录岩石瞬间形成冲击压力脉冲,研究压胀对不同岩石性质影响的规律.实验结果表明,压胀产生后岩石的性质发生了改变,岩石的渗透率有不同程度的增加,且岩石越致密,渗透率增加倍数越大;岩石的弹性模量和弹性极限随岩石体积的增加而降低;压胀产生后纵波和横波在岩...     

燃气射流冲击传热特性的数值模拟

针对射流传热问题,利用基于RNGk-ε湍流模型的数值方法模拟了射流垂直冲击平板的流动过程,并与实验数据比较,验证了模型的可行性。在此基础上,以火箭喷管入口参数为入口条件,建立了超音速燃气射流垂直冲击平板和冲击浸没平板的计算模型,分析了不同冲击条件下努塞尔数分布规律和温度分布规律, 论述了超音速射流传热的特性及影响传热特性的因素。得到了冲击距离为(14~18)D的努塞尔数取值范围,并表明冲击距离和射流温度是影响传热效率的关键因素;冲击距离增加,传热效率降低,冲击平板表面的射流温度越高,传热效率越高。     

基于SPH方法的聚能射流侵彻混凝土靶板数值模拟

在完全变光滑长度SPH(smoothed particle hydrodynamics)方法的基础上,利用F.Ott等提出的修正SPH方法处理在求解多介质大密度问题时的数值不稳定性问题,运用Holmquist-Johnson-Cook本构模型处理混凝土在冲击载荷下的变形和损伤问题,对聚能装药射流侵彻混凝土靶板的过程进行了数值模拟,同时利用LS-DYNA非线性有限元程序进行对比,分析了2种方法得到的混凝土von Mises应力变化、射流头部特定节点处的速度变化及裂纹演变,验证了SPH方法的准确性。分析了另外2种不同尺寸的靶板在射流侵彻作用下的破坏形式,结果符合射流侵彻物理规律,表明该方法适合模拟聚爆炸与冲击等大变形破坏等问题。     

水射流辅助破岩机理研究(1)－－气泡空蚀

利用MSC. Dytram软件中的具有强度的多材料欧拉网格模拟了高速运动气泡对靶板(岩石)的冲击过程，研究了靶板破坏深度、破 坏宽度与气泡初始压力、速度以及入射方向等的关系，试图指出这些关系的物理意义并分析射流破岩机理.     

基于复杂环境多自由度牙轮钻头动力学模型建立与分析

以牙轮钻头几何学、运动学为理论基础,通过受力分析,建立了多自由度牙轮钻头动力学模型,及综合考虑扭矩、弯矩、横向力和在钻头破岩过程中多种因素耦合作用影响下的牙轮钻头与岩石互作用模型,发展了目前钻头行为力学理论;并通过仿真研究得到典型工况下牙轮钻头轨迹曲线和岩石破碎仿真计算,并模拟分析了软、硬地层岩石交替复杂环境下的井眼轨迹,为今后研究复杂钻井系统井眼轨迹预测提供新的理论依据.     

水射流辅助破岩机理研究（2）－水滴撞击

利用MSC.Dytran中的具有强度的多材料欧拉网格模拟水滴和有限长连续射流对靶板 (岩石)的高速冲击作用，研究了靶板破坏深度、破坏宽度与水滴初压力、速度、入射方向、 板厚以及连续射流的密度等的关系及其物理意义. 用应力波理论来解释靶板的层裂现象，试 图多角度分析射流破岩机理.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION STUDY ON ROCK BREAKING MECHANISM AND PROCESS UNDER HIGH PRESSURE WATER JET

The numerical simulation method to study rock breaking process and mechanism under high pressure water jet was developed with the continuous mechanics and the FEM theory. The rock damage model and the damage-coupling model suited to analyze the whole process of water jet breaking rock were established with continuum damage mechanics and micro damage mechanics. The numerical results show the dynamic response of rock under water jet and the evolvement of hydrodynamic characteristic of jet during rock breaking is close to reality, and indicates that the body of rock damage and breakage under the general continual jet occurs within several milliseconds, the main damage form is tensile damage caused by rock unload and jet impact, and the evolvement of rock damage shows a step-change trend. On the whole, the numerical results can agree with experimental conclusions, which manifest that the analytical method is feasible and can be applied to guide the research and application of jet breaking rock theory.     

SPH方法在聚能装药射流三维数值模拟中的应用

采用有限元软件LS-DYNA中的SPH算法实现聚能装药射流形成过程的三维数值模拟.将SPH方法和FEM方法与理论计算结果相比较.研究结果表明:SPH数值模拟计算过程十分稳定,避免了有限元数值模拟过程中的网格扭曲、缠绕和物质穿透等问题,而且计算精度比有限元方法更高;采用SPH方法计算的射流速度、射流长度与有限元计算结果和...     

GPU-accelerated smoothed particle hydrodynamics modeling of jet formation and penetration capability of shaped charges

The prediction of the penetration of three-dimensional (3D) shaped charge into steel plates is a challenging task. In this paper, the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method is applied to simulate the jet formation generated by the shaped charge detonation and its damage to steel plates. The Jones–Wilkins–Lee (JWL) equation of state (EOS), Tillotson EOS, and elastic–perfectly plastic constitutive model were incorporated into SPH for the modeling of explosive detonation and dynamic behavior of metal material. The compute unified device architecture (CUDA) parallel programming interface has been employed in SPH to improve the computational efficiency of SPH. Firstly, the constitutive models and EOSs are validated by 3D TNT slab detonation and aluminum–aluminum (Al–Al) high velocity impact. Then the jet formation of the shaped charge detonation and its penetration into the steel plates are investigated using the graphics processing unit (GPU)-accelerated SPH methodology. The numerical results of these test cases are compared against the published experimental data or analytical result, which shows that the GPU-accelerated SPH methodology is capable of tackling the 3D shaped charge detonation and penetration involving millions of particles with high computational efficiency.     

The influences of jet precession on large-scale instantaneous turbulent particle clusters

An experimental investigation of the influence of jet precession on the formation of large-scale instantaneous turbulent particle clusters is reported. Instantaneous planar particle distributions in the first seven nozzle diameters downstream from a simulated pulverised fuel burner have been measured using planar nephelometry, a laser-based instantaneous concentration technique. Large-scale instantaneous particle clusters (ITPCs) are identified and quantified from these data. A systematic study is conducted to assess the influence of the ratio of the precessing jet to axial momentum streams on ITPCs. The results show that ITPCs can be modified by this momentum ratio. The average size of ITPCs reaches a maximum for cases with high precessional momentum, although excessive precessional momentum can reduce ITPC size. The particle number density per unit area inside these ITPCs reaches a maximum for an intermediate value of jet precession. The spread of ITPC centroids can be estimated from the mean jet spread of particles and therefore increases with increasing precessing jet momentum once above a certain threshold.     

超临界CO2磨料射流流场影响因素的模拟分析

为了揭示超临界CO₂磨料射流流场特性,利用计算流体动力学模拟软件,对超临界CO₂磨料射流结构及不同因素对射流流场的影响规律进行了研究。结果表明:超临界CO₂磨料射流轴向速度和冲击力随着喷距的增大,先增大后减小,即存在最优喷距,喷射压差为10~30 MPa时最优喷距为3~6倍喷嘴直径;喷射压差一定时,围压由10 MPa增至30 MPa对射流速度场及液相冲击力会造成较小的负面影响。通过超临界CO₂射流破岩实验对上述2因素进行了辅助对比验证;流体温度由333 K增至413 K,固液两相轴向速度增大,而流体密度降低,导致液相冲击力减弱;磨料浓度由3.0%连续增至11.0%,射流固液两相轴向速度逐渐降低,降幅逐渐减小。     

碎片云SPH方法数值模拟中的材料失效模型

光滑粒子流体动力学方法（smoothed particle hydrodynamics,SPH）被广泛应用于薄板超高速撞击碎片云的数值模拟。利用AUTODYN软件中的SPH模块,考察了无失效模型、Grady失效模型和最大拉应力失效模型3种方案下碎片云模拟结果,发现无失效模型时计算结果及材料表现与实验明显不符;相比于Grady失效模型,最大拉应力失效模型下材料更难失效,将小幅度减弱碎片云扩散程度,碎片总数减少,粒子聚集产生更大碎片,碎片云侵彻性能提高,增大模型失效阈值亦有上述表现。相比而言,Grady失效模型计算结果更符合实验,但2种失效模型间差异与撞击工况相关,材料破碎越充分差异越小。     

气枪喷嘴高速射流的除水效率研究

为揭示喷嘴除水的机理并进而对气枪喷嘴进行改进和优化设计,本文提出了利用图像分析处理对小尺度气枪喷嘴高速冲击乘风破浪的除水效率的研究方法。该方法将有效除水面积作为衡量喷嘴除水效率的标准,从面实现了对喷嘴整体除水效率的定量测量,并利用该方法对影响气枪喷嘴除水效率的各种因素（一次侧压力,喷嘴到平板的距离和射流攻角）进行了研究,并将实验结果与用热线风速仪及总压探头测量的结果进行了比较,得到冲击射流在平板水平速度分量是蚊蝇 嘴除尘除水效率的决定性因素等结论。     

Incompressible SPH simulation of wave breaking and overtopping with turbulence modelling

In this paper a truly incompressible version of the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method is presented to investigate the surface wave overtopping. SPH is a pure Lagrangian approach which can handle large deformations of the free surface with high accuracy. The governing equations are solved based on the SPH particle interaction models and the incompressible algorithm of pressure projection is implemented by enforcing the constant particle density. The two‐equation k–ε model is an effective way of dealing with the turbulence and vortices during wave breaking and overtopping and it is coupled with the incompressible SPH numerical scheme. The SPH model is employed to reproduce the experiment and computations of wave overtopping of a sloping sea wall. The computations are validated against the experimental and numerical data found in the literatures and good agreement is observed. Besides, the convergence behaviour of the numerical scheme and the effects of particle spacing refinement and turbulence modelling on the simulation results are also investigated in further detail. The sensitivity of the computed wave breaking and overtopping on these issues is discussed and clarified. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.