A novel torque analysis method for drilling deep lunar soil by DEM

In order to solve the torque design problem of deep lunar soil sampling using drilling, a novel torque analysis method was presented based on discrete element model (DEM). This method includes three stages: drilling simulation of the bit and stem segment, resultant torque calculation, and predicted curve fitting. First, special drilling models were designed for a bit and stem separately. A high-density equivalent particle group, boundary vibration control, pre-drilling simulation and constant pressure surface control were designed for the bit and stem drilling modelling at different depths to ensure the rationality of the model. An example of the torque synthesis process was given, and the simulation time was analyzed. Finally, the simulation predicted torque curve was plotted and compared with the experimental curve. The experimental and simulation curves show that as the drilling depth increases, the torque increases approximately linearly first and then flattens out gradually after a depth of 1 m. The consistency between the two results indicated that the proposed method was validated. Using this method, engineers can take short time to analyze the torque and design basic parameters of the drill mechanism. The problem of high experimental cost and long simulation time in torque design is solved.     

Modeling and experimental investigation of drilling into lunar soils

Dry drilling only with the assistance of an auger is a reliable and realistic approach to remove abundant soils from the side of a bit in the harsh, dry conditions on the Moon. Based on an elementary analysis, using Janssen's model to reflect the coupling effect among the different components of the stress, the present paper models the conveying dynamics along the helical groove and the sampling mechanism in the centering hole of the stem for an auger drilling into lunar soil simulant. Combining the two parts as well as a simple cutting model for the bit, a whole drilling model is established to investigate the complicated relation among the conveying ability of the auger, the coring rate, and drilling parameters such as the penetration and rotation speeds. The relation is revealed by the complicated transition between different sub-models with the help of the physical transition conditions. A series of experiments with constant penetration and rotation speeds are conducted to verify the model. Three aspects of characteristics of the drilling dynamics are manifested,(i) the loads on the bit are almost independent of penetration;(ii) three obvious drilling stages with respect to cut per revolution are grouped;(iii) a linear relationship is found between the coring rate and the revolution per penetration.     

Torsional vibration analysis of push-the-bit rotary steerable drilling system

Ordinary drillstring torsional vibration is a very common phenomenon that has been attracted great interesting. Through Measurement data, a series of studies and analysis of torsional vibration characteristics of the bottom hole assembly (BHA) have been developed. However, for rotary steerable system (RSS), especially push-the-bit mode, its drill torsional vibration phenomenon will demonstrate the new properties, because that the underground implementing agencies will generate cycle torque and drag to the BHA in the orientation process. This process is completely different to the previous. A set of “strap-down” measurement system was developed in this paper, and the triaxial accelerometer and triaxial fluxgate were installed near the bit. Proposed a method of solver drill bit rotation speed using real-time downhole measurement data (sampling frequency 100 Hz), and the torsional vibration mathematical model of push-the-bit RSS was established. We found that the torsional vibration phenomenon of push-the-bit RSS is more serious than the ordinary drilling system by downhole measurement data analysis, even in most cases manifested as stick-slip. The torsional vibration was divided into five different modes, which showing different statistical regularities. Corresponding analysis of the angular displacement and speed, we found that the drill bit always appears low-speed in the position of oriented. This is a strong proof of that the RSS implementing agencies pushing the BHA caused the drill bit torsional vibration more serious. This work is supplemented and development of the drill string torsional vibration studies. Contribute to the better understanding of the dynamics of the push-the-bit RSS. Put forward a new way of analysis the rotary steerable drillstring fatigue damage predicted, steering ability and the torsional vibration control.     

钻进速度对钻屑温度影响的实验研究

利用钻屑温度预测冲击地压时,钻进速度是影响钻屑温度的一个重要因素。本文利用自行研制的钻头温度测试装置,对钻头温度变化进行监测,分析不同钻进速度对钻头温度变化的影响规律。实验结果表明:钻孔时,钻进速度减慢,钻头与孔壁之间的摩擦时间增长,摩擦产生的热量增多,使钻头温度升高。钻进速度对钻屑温度有较大影响,使用钻屑温度法预测冲击地压时,应制定统一的钻进速度指标,增加预测准确性。     

冲击载荷下颗粒材料临边界区域的波动行为及变形特征分析

研究颗粒材料中的波传播问题在超材料制造方面有重要意义, 如波传导超材料边界的设计需考虑应力波的反射和吸收等问题. 本文从一维颗粒链中的波传播行为出发, 根据距边界不同位置处颗粒能够得到的最大动能的不同, 给出了临边界区域的定义. 然后分析了多组二维颗粒样本在冲击载荷作用下应力波的传播行为, 主要考虑了不同边界形状及不同颗粒排列方式对应力波在临边界区域内传播行为的影响. 研究表明, 临边界区颗粒排列方式主要影响边界附近颗粒的相对位置和局部孔隙率; 经边界反射后的应力波直接以边界形状在临边界区内传播, 该结论在边界情况越复杂(高局部孔隙率, 颗粒无序随机排列)时越准确; 在临边界区域外(即材料中心区域), 波前形状主要由波速决定. 弧形边界对波反射的汇聚作用和临边界区域内颗粒的排列方式所引起的弥散作用是两个竞争因素, 共同决定临边界区域内波的反射过程. 最后分析了临边界区域内颗粒力链网络在反射前后的变化. 该研究将为超材料设计提供借鉴.      

Controlling torsional vibrations of drill strings via decomposition of traveling waves

Torsional vibrations in drill strings, especially stick-slip vibrations, are detrimental to the drilling process as they slow down the rate of penetration and may lead to failure of the drilling equipment. We present a method for controlling these vibrations by exactly decomposing the drill string dynamics into two traveling waves traveling in the direction of the top drive and in the direction of the drill bit. The decomposition is derived from the wave equation governing the string vibrations and is achieved with only two sensors that can be placed directly at the top drive and at a short distance below the top drive (e.g., 5 m). Therefore, downhole measurements along the string and at the bit are not necessary, which is a major advantage compared to other control concepts for drill string dynamics. The velocity of the top drive is then controlled in order to absorb the wave traveling in the direction of the top drive, thus achieving a reflection coefficient of zero for the frequency range of the undesired torsional vibrations. The proposed algorithm is implemented for both a numerical example and an experimental setup; results show that the control concept works very effectively.     

井下多股淹没射流水力清岩能力分析

研究石油钻井井下射流的水力清岩能力对钻井业有重要意义。本文借助于预处理方法和多块网格对接技术由计算机数值模拟了形状复杂的钻井PDC钻头井底下的多股淹没射流流场。为体现井底有岩屑时射流场对其的清洗作用。文中借助河流泥沙运动理论，分析了岩屑在井下的受力与运动以考虑固相的作用。因岩屑主要为推移运动。在井底除环空外的大部分地方可简化视为二维运动。提出了钻头井底水力清岩能力的体现参数-水力挟岩力。并通过数值模拟显示了井下流场，描述了转速，射流流量，喷嘴面积，射流雷诺数及井下过流空间等流场控制参数对井底水力清岩能力的不同影响，指出相关水力参数在射流时的优化方向。为复杂的井底流场控制和钻头的合理设计做探索基础。     

结构力学分析方法在南海水平井钻进预测中的应用

本文探讨了结构力学分析方法-非线性有限元性在预测水平井钻进中的工程应用,在钻探水平井尤其是大位移水平井中,事先较准确地预测出钻柱的钻进扭矩及钻头前进的方向,是取得水平井成功的关键条件之一。利用非线性有限元理论,着重分析了水平井实际钻进中的钻柱大变形非线性及钻柱与井壁的接触非线性问题,并导出了一套非线性有限元钻柱力学模式,在此基础上编制了一套非线性力学计算程序软件,并在海洋石油南海西部石油公司一个钻井平台水平井钻井进行了五口井的实际验证,获得了一些有启迪性的结论。     

MODEL ESTABLISHMENT AND LOAD TRANSFER OF SEMI ARTICULATED FLEXIBLE DRILLING TOOL1)

半铰接柔性钻具的载荷传递规律直接影响超短半径水平井钻进的成功率。为此,首先推导出半铰接柔性钻杆的单元刚度方程并揭示了半铰接柔性钻杆的弯矩传递规律;然后,采用理论分析与数值模拟相结合的方法,验证了半铰接柔性钻杆有限元模型的正确性;最后,建立造斜段半铰接柔性钻具力学模型,对不同井眼曲率半径下半铰接柔性钻具的载荷传递规律进行研究。结果表明：井深位置相同时,井底扭矩值随曲率半径的增加而增大;半铰接柔性钻杆未锁死时,柔性钻杆不传递弯矩且井底扭矩波动较大,相关研究成果为柔性钻具的设计提供理论依据。     

气体钻井中接触非线性问题的数值算法研究

根据动量守恒和钻柱力学的基本理论,建立了气体钻井三维弯曲井眼钻柱动力学模型和钻柱与井壁接触碰撞模型;提出了一种求解钻柱与井壁接触非线性有限元方程的元胞自动机算法。该方法具有编程简单、收敛速度快等优点,以实际工况为例进行仿真模拟,选取有代表性节点的仿真计算结果并加以分析。仿真结果表明:该方法较好地解决了三维弯曲井眼中钻柱与井壁接触碰撞的复杂边界条件问题,在解决气体钻井钻柱与井壁接触非线性问题的研究中具有良好的应用前景。     

复合材料结构力学分析CAE软件现状

复合材料结构分析软件是用以分析、设计复合材料结构的重要工具,常用的复合材料结构分析软件包括基于CAD软件发展而来的复合材料分析工具、通用有限元软件自带复合材料分析工具和以Digimat等为代表的专业化复合材料结构分析软件。本文对常用的复合材料分析软件进行了综述,介绍其主要功能,从学术、应用等多方面探讨相关产品的优点及不足;论述了专业化复合材料结构分析软件的特点及功能;分析了复合材料结构分析软件的现状和发展趋势;探讨了复合材料结构力学分析CAE软件在国产化方面所需进一步解决的问题。     

隔水管弯曲对钻柱振动影响的计算与分析

海洋油气资源钻探中隔水管的弯曲对钻柱振动以及钻进特性有特别的影响。为得到隔水管弯曲对钻柱振动的影响规律,对南海已钻深水井使用非线性有限元软件建立全井钻井数值计算模型,研究获得了不同垂深时隔水管弯曲对钻柱振动特性的影响规律。研究表明:隔水管弯曲会加剧钻柱的振动,钻柱振动加剧会导致钻井能耗上升、钻头切削能力下降并且会加快钻柱疲劳;当隔水管的弯曲达到某临界值,钻柱与隔水管间的接触力会陡增;井口的钩载越大,隔水管弯曲带来的井口钩载波动量越大;井越深,隔水管弯曲对全井钻柱最大弯矩和钻头切削能力的影响越小。     

月壤样品袋整形缠绕运动分析与仿真

月壤样品袋整形是探月工程月壤采样的重要一环。传统仿真分析是按照给定的几何参数和材料参数进行动力学建模。本文运用逆向思维，在样品袋顺利缠绕条件下，建立整形缠绕系统的运动学模型；根据样品袋顺利缠绕的运动方程和受力分析，得到顺利缠绕的卷筒驱动条件和结构运动参数范围。结果表明，导向套运行速度是影响缠绕的关键因素，且需要与卷筒角速度匹配调整。当卷筒角速度为0.6 r/min时，导向套运行速度调整为11.63 mm/min，可以使样品袋重叠点和失效范围达到最小。研究结果为样品袋整形缠绕系统设计提供了参考。     

考虑非饱和粘性土含水量变化的地铁隧道围岩土体稳定性分析

含水量是非饱和土力学性质的重要控制因素,非饱和粘性土是北京地铁苏州街车站隧道的主要围岩土体类型,应用钻孔取样的方法取得隧道周边区域内的土体系统样本,通过三轴试验和含水量测试建立了非饱和粘性土围岩的变形和强度参数与含水量的相关性,进而明确了该工程场地非饱和粘性土的主要参数与含水量的关系,以此为基础确定了工程场地不同区域的土体力学参数,通过有限元数值分析方法研究了施工过程中的围岩土体稳定性与地表沉降量,明确了考虑土体含水量变化条件下的隧道开挖施工过程中的围岩土体稳定性状况。     

条形荷载下梯度非均匀非饱和土的动力响应分析

基于多孔介质混合物理论, 建立了梯度非均匀非饱和土地基模型, 研究了条形荷载作用下梯度非均匀非饱和土地基的动力响应问题. 通过傅里叶积分变换和Helmholtz矢量分解原理, 获得频域内非饱和土地基动力响应问题的通解, 结合回传射线矩阵法和边界条件, 求解获得了非均匀非饱和土层中位移、应力以及孔隙压力的计算列式. 假设沿深度方向梯度非均匀非饱和土的物理力学性质按幂函数连续变化, 通过数值傅里叶逆变换得到了非均匀非饱和土地基中的应力、位移以及孔隙压力等物理量的数值解, 分析讨论了土体非均匀性对非饱和土介质动力响应的影响规律. 结果表明: 土体非均匀性显著改变了非饱和土中竖向位移、正应力和孔隙压力在其深度方向上的振动模态, 其中孔隙气压在其深度方向的振动频率随着梯度因子的增加而不断增大, 波峰值不断靠近地表处附近; 竖向位移随着梯度因子的增大不断减小; 正应力和孔隙水压随着梯度因子的增大先增大后减小, 并且土体非均匀程度越高, 正应力与孔隙水压的幅值越大.      

ASYMPTOTIC ANALYSIS OF MODE Ⅱ STATIONARY GROWTH CRACK ON ELASTIC-ELASTIC POWER LAW CREEPING BIMATERIAL INTERFACE

A mechanical model was established for mode Ⅱ interfacial crack static growing along an elastic-elastic power law creeping bimaterial interface. For two kinds of boundary conditions on crack faces, traction free and frictional contact, asymptotic solutions of the stress and strain near tip-crack were given. Results derived indicate that the stress and strain have the same singularity, there is not the oscillatory singularity in the field; the creep power-hardening index n and the ratio of Young' s module notably influence the cracktip field in region of elastic power law creeping material and n only influences distribution of stresses and strains in region of elastic material. When n is bigger, the creeping deformation is dominant and stress fields become steady, which does not change with n.Poisson ' s ratio does not affect the distributing of the crack- tip field.     

岩石爆破开挖诱发振动的等效模拟方法

岩石爆破开挖过程中爆炸荷载的复杂性、岩石介质模型的多变性、本构方程的多样性、以及群孔爆 破模拟计算工作量巨大等诸多因素使得准确模拟爆破诱发的围岩振动存在较大的困难,鉴于此提出一种等 效数值模拟方法。根据爆破过程炮孔周围岩石破坏范围的空间分布特征,确定群孔起爆条件下爆炸荷载作用 的等效弹性边界;通过分析炸药起爆后炮孔空腔动力膨胀、岩体裂纹扩展、炮孔堵塞物运动以及爆生气体的逸 出,计算了等效边界上沿炮孔轴向变化的爆炸荷载。结合瀑布沟水电站1# 尾水隧洞爆破开挖监测,基于动力 有限元法运用该等效技术模拟了围岩的质点振动速度。数值模拟与现场实测数据的对比表明该等效模拟技 术用于岩石爆破开挖围岩响应的计算是合适的。计算结果同时还显示,等效边界邻近岩体力学参数的选取对 计算结果有重要影响。     

周期性蜂窝材料微极等效模型及其微观应力的一种快速算法

将周期性蜂窝材料等效为具有非局部本构的微极连续介质,以解释实验中出现的尺度效应和边界层效应.在评论相关的多种不同方法(能量法、体积平均的均匀化法等)之后,提出了一种基于位移连续和单胞力平衡的推导微极等效本构参数的新方法.以正方形单胞制成的结构为例,在不同的结构与单胞尺寸比下,考虑承受集中点载荷、均布轴力和均布剪力三种载荷工况,比较了离散完全计算、经典连续介质等效和不同微极连续体等效本构的计算结果,建议了较好的微极本构参数值.数值模拟表明,集中点载荷和剪切载荷作用时,在加载点附近和边界部分,微极等效可以显著提高计算精度.最后,给出了一种映射算法,可以根据微极等效连续体分析的结果,快速计算出对应微观单胞构件的应力,以开有圆孔的方板应力集中为例,验证并考察了所提快速算法的有效性和计算精度.     

Study on the coalescence mechanism of splitting failure of crack-weakened rock subjected to compressive loads

It is of important significance to study the coalescence mechanism of splitting failure of crack-weakened rock masses under compressive loads. In this paper, a simplified mechanism of crack propagation, in which the crack grows along the direction of maximum principal compressive stress, is proposed. Thus, only mode I is taken into account in the formulation and solution. On the basis of the near crack line analysis method, the elastic–plastic stress field near the crack line is analyzed, and the law that the length of the plastic zone along the crack line is varied with an external loads have been established by the matching condition of the elastic- plastic fields on the boundary, the coalescence stress and the strength properties of rock masses have been determined. The solution is a function of the geometry of the crack array. The results show that the crack coalescence depends on the crack interface friction coefficient, the sliding crack spacing, orientation of the cracks, and the crack half-length. The conclusions are of important significance for rock mass engineering.     

瑞典爱斯泼硬岩实验场地应力研究

爱斯泼 (A..sp o..)硬岩实验场 (HRL)是瑞典拟建的永久储放核废料的场地。实测地应力结果表明, 应力的大小和方位变化较为复杂。通过初步分析认为, 场地附近地应力的变化与断裂构造的发育有关。应用离散元方法, 分别选择平面模型和剖面模型模拟了应力场。模拟结果表明, 地应力的量值和方位在断裂附近均发生明显变化, 且与实测结果较吻合。主应力在断裂附近发生不同程度的偏转, 偏转的幅度与断裂走向和区域应力方向之间的夹角有关。应力的量值在断裂附近也有明显变化。在剖面模型中, 较缓倾角断裂模型的模拟结果最接近实测结果。文中还探讨了断裂带法向刚度和切向刚度的计算方法。