几种内燃机磨合油的摩擦学性能评价及在缸套和活塞环摩擦副上的应用

在分析内燃机缸套和活塞环摩擦副的运行环境和运行机制的基础上,针对内燃机频繁出现的缸套和活塞环摩擦副擦伤现象,研制出了2种内燃机磨合油,在四球摩擦磨损试验机上评价了其磨合效果,采用扫描电子显微镜对磨合表面进行了形貌观察,并通过热分析考察了其热稳定性和热氧化安定性,结果表明,在物理化学指标符合内燃机油的前提条件下,所研制的2种磨合油的承载和抗磨能力较高,经其磨合后的缸套-活塞环表面光滑,磨合效果良好,两种磨合油的热稳定性和热氧化安定性亦较坑,是潜在的优良的内燃机磨合油。     

评定磨合表面的最佳形貌参数

磨合是新机器设备投入使用之前的必经过程，而且对摩件的表面形貌都要发生明显的变化，因此，如何评定磨合表面形貌值得深入研究，实际上，磨合是对摩件的表面形貌由初始状态逐渐趋于相互吻合的过程，因而磨合之后配对表面的形貌具有相关性，在此基础上上，研究提出了利用互相关结构函数评定磨合，这种评定方法具有能够同时反映两个表面形貌和对表面形貌变化反映敏感，以及能够将表面轮廓的峰和谷分开考虑等优点，理论分析和应用实例     

磨合表面形貌特征参数的提取及分析

在销-盘式摩擦磨损试验机上对船用柴油机活塞环-缸套材摩擦副进行磨合磨损试验,采用光学显微镜对不同磨损阶段的磨损表面形貌进行观察分析,应用小波分析和奇异值分解提取磨损表面统计特征的低频特征参数和高频特征参数.结果表明:低频特征参数和高频特征参数刻画了磨合表面的形貌特征,可以作为磨合表面的特征参数;低频特征参数反映了磨合表面的接触面积,其值愈大,接触面积愈大;高频特征参数反映了磨合表面的粗糙度,其值愈大,粗糙度愈小.     

内燃机磨合与表面改性实验研究

针对EQ6100型汽油机,利用内燃机磨合台架试验装置对所研制的内燃机专用磨合油与普通15W／40内燃机油进行对比磨合试验,对磨合油液进行直读铁谱分析,对缸套－活塞环磨合表面形貌及元素组成进行测试分析。结果表明：专用磨合油的磨合效果明显优于普通内燃机油;超细金刚石微粉可以加速磨合进程,分化并减小磨屑尺寸,从而避免缸壁拉伤和改善缸套－活塞环摩擦副的摩擦学特性。     

影响内燃机活塞环—缸套擦伤的因素及防擦伤的摩擦学设计

阐述了内燃机活塞环－缸套擦伤的机理。分析了磨合，缸套表面形貌，活塞环外形，活塞组件的热变形与机械变形，润滑油，材料和表面覆层等因素对活塞环擦伤的影响。指出可以采用内燃机强化系数ｐｅｖｍ作为活塞环防擦伤摩擦学设计的判别特征值，从而为从设计上防止活塞环擦伤提供了思路。     

内燃机缸套-活塞环磨合过程中微凸体承载研究

为获得内燃机缸套-活塞环磨合磨损过程中微凸体的承载情况,利用粗糙峰的接触模型推导出磨合过程中微凸体承载方程,其中对弹性变形部分微凸体承载和塑性变形部分微凸体承载分别进行了研究,重点比较了内燃机缸套-活塞环磨合过程中假定接触微凸体全部为弹性变形与考虑接触微凸体产生弹?塑性变形时承载能力的不同.研究结果表明,在磨合磨损的中后期,即当h/σ大于0.5,ψ小于0.9时,两者差别不大,可以假定微凸体变形全部为弹性变形进行微凸体载荷的计算;而在磨合磨损初期,即当h/σ小于0.5,ψ大于0.9时,假定微凸体变形全部为弹性变形时的承载为考虑弹?塑性变形时的50%~85%左右.考虑到内燃机缸套-活塞环磨合过程中初期磨合的重要性,在计算缸套-活塞环磨合过程中微凸体承载时,应将塑性变形部分微凸体和弹性变形部分微凸体承载分别进行研究.也说明了本文所建立的微凸体承载方程更有益于缸套-活塞环磨合过程的摩擦学状态分析.     

磨合过程摩擦力单重分形和多重分形的研究

分别在CD40润滑油和加入添加剂的CD40润滑油润滑条件下,通过销-盘摩擦磨损试验机对船用柴油机活塞环和缸套进行磨合磨损试验,提取摩擦力的时间序列信号,应用分形维数和多重分形谱研究了摩擦力的分形行为.结果表明:摩擦力信号具有分形特征;随着磨合磨损过程的进行,信号的分形维数和多重分形谱出现规律性的变化;不同阶段信号的分形维数趋于减小,与磨损表面粗糙度的变化规律一致;不同阶段信号的多重分形谱呈现出递增或递减趋势,反映了磨损表面的动态变化过程.因此,摩擦力信号的分形维数和多重分形谱可以对磨合磨损过程进行定量分析.     

基于Nyquist稳定判据的磨合过程稳定性研究

在销-盘摩擦磨损试验机上进行了船用柴油机缸套-活塞环摩擦配副磨合磨损试验,采集磨合过程中摩擦振动信号,应用Nyquist稳定判据,通过摩擦振动Nyquist曲线对磨合系统稳定性进行分析.结果表明:摩擦振动Nyquist曲线反映了磨合系统稳定性变化.当摩擦副磨合开始时(0～10 min),摩擦振动Nyquist曲线不包围(-1,j0)点,磨合系统处于稳定磨损阶段;在摩擦副磨合进行过程中(10～40 min),摩擦振动Nyquist曲线包围(-1,j0),磨合系统处于不稳定磨损阶段;当摩擦副达到磨合时(40 min后),摩擦振动Nyquist曲线不包围(-1,j0),磨合系统处于稳定磨损阶段.因此,磨合系统的特性可揭示磨合过程稳定性变化规律.     

珩磨缸套与活塞环表面弹塑性接触分析

缸套-活塞环表面接触分析，能够对船用发动机设计决策提供重要支持.由于缸套珩磨网纹表面具有双高斯分布特征，基于高斯分布假设建立的统计接触力学模型无法反映缸套-活塞环表面的真实接触状态.本文中基于边界元理论，采用快速傅里叶变换和共轭梯度法，开发了粗糙接触弹塑性接触数值仿真分析方法，并对缸套珩磨网纹表面与活塞环接触状态进行了仿真计算，获得了表面真实接触压力、接触面积、弹塑性变形和应力等接触特性参数，研究了不同载荷作用下珩磨网纹表面接触演变规律，为活塞环缸套摩擦学设计奠定了基础.     

磨损数值仿真技术的研究进展

综述了近年来国内外磨损数值仿真技术研究进展和现状，重点评述了数值仿真方法在磨粒磨损、疲劳磨损、磨损表面形貌模拟和实际摩擦副磨损研究方面的应用．指出磨粒磨损仿真主要集中于二体磨损的磨损表面形貌分析和磨损预测;疲劳磨损仿真主要集中基于断裂力学方法的建模以及基于有限元方法的参数定量计算和疲劳裂纹行为数值模拟；实际摩擦副磨损仿真主要侧重于齿轮、凸轮和缸套-活塞环等典型摩擦副的磨损研究．就当前磨损数值仿真研究的主要问题和发展方向提出了建议。     

Experimental Investigation on the Filtering Flow Law of Pre-gelled Particle in Porous Media

Pre-gelled particle (PPG) is a new profile control agent showing high heat resistance and salt tolerance. Single- and double-tube PPG flow experiments were carried out to study the flow law in porous media, the mechanism of profile control, surface deposition and re-migration, plugging deposition and restart, and the permeability variation due to the retention of PPG using sand-packed model. The results showed that PPG, when encountered with throats in the porous media flow, were deformed due to a higher pressure to go through the throats and pressure would reduce once PPG passed through. In this case, the purpose of dynamic profile control was achieved without damage to the formation. The results further showed that PPG owned a smaller coefficient of surface deposition and a higher coefficient of re-migration, so PPG would migrate to the deep formation rather than deposit near the well bore which was favorable to the deep dynamic profile control. The diameter of the re-migration particles increased with the increase in the viscosity and the flow rate of the PPG-carrying fluid and showed a exponential relationship with the product of viscosity and real flow rate of the carrier flow. The pressure gradient needed by the plugged PPG to re-migrate exponentially increased with the ratio of diameters of PPG and throats. The residual permeability coefficient showed a relationship with the amount of particles deposited on the surface in the function of Carman?CKozeny, and it exponentially decreased with an increasing amount of throats blocked by PPG.     

陶瓷润滑油添加剂对镀铬缸套磨损自修复特性的影响

将羟基硅酸铝类陶瓷润滑油添加剂长时间（26万公里）作用后的实际发动机缸套解体，通过原子力显微镜、纳米压痕仪、扫描电子显微镜、扫描俄歇微探针以及显微共焦拉曼光谱仪等对其摩擦表面进行分析，探讨了该添加剂的作用机理．结果表明：该陶瓷添加剂表现出明显的磨损自修复功能，可以很好地覆盖和修补缸套表面原有的裂纹，显著降低缸套表面的粗糙度，改善缸套的润滑性能；摩擦表面生成由富C层和过渡层组成、厚度250—450nm左右且分布不均匀的修复改性层，初步推测其中富C层为类金刚石结构；该陶瓷添加剂本身并不参与修复改性层的构建，但能够发挥关键而复杂的催化作用。     

Mechanical action of a traveling hydraulic jump on a vertical cylinder

The technique and the results of an experimental investigation of the longitudinal force component and the vertical coordinate of the point of its application when bore-type waves impinge on a vertical cylinder are presented. The bore was generated by removing a vertical gate providing a difference of free surface levels in a channel with a smooth horizontal bottom. It was found that the presence of a free surface in the incident flow has a considerable effect on the force and its moment about the channel bottom.     

Transient heat conduction in two-dimensional functionally graded hollow cylinder with finite length

In this paper a thick hollow cylinder with finite length made of two dimensional functionally graded material (2D-FGM) subjected to transient thermal boundary conditions is considered. The volume fraction distribution of materials, geometry and thermal boundary conditions are assumed to be axisymmetric but not uniform along the axial direction. The finite element method with graded material properties within each element is used to model the structure and the Crank–Nicolson finite difference method is implemented to solve time dependent equations of the heat transfer problem. Two-dimensional heat conduction in the cylinder is considered and variation of temperature with time as well as temperature distribution through the cylinder are investigated. Effects of variation of material distribution in two radial and axial directions on the temperature distribution and time response are studied. The achieved results show that using two-dimensional FGM leads to a more flexible design so that transient temperature, maximum amplitude and uniformity of temperature distributions can be modified to achieve required specifications by selecting a suitable material distribution profile in two directions.     

珩磨缸套表面粗糙度预测及多目标优化研究

为了对粗珩阶段缸套内孔表面粗糙度R_k粗糙度集中的R_k、R_pk和R_vk进行预测,进而对粗珩加工参数进行优化,以珩磨压力(P)、珩磨头旋转速度(V_R)和往复速度(V_Re)为决定因素,R_k粗糙度集为目标响应,进行多目标优化. 建立基于广义回归神经网络(Generalized regression neural network, GRNN)与响应曲面法(Response surface methodology, RSM)的粗糙度预测模型,并采用三因素三水平的全因子珩磨试验进行验证,结果表明所建立模型的预测结果与试验结果具有很好的一致性. GRNN预测模型决定系数R2的均值为0.959,RSM多元回归预测模型决定系数R2的均值为0.963,与RSM所建立的多元回归预测模型相比,GRNN预测模型在预测R_k和R_pk时,预测精度更高,预测误差更小,R2分别提高了0.025和0.020,在预测R_vk时RSM多元回归模型更优,R2提高了0.057. 进一步结合响应曲面法分析了3个决定因素对粗糙度的影响显著性并进行了排序,对于R_k:V_Re>P>V_R;对于R_pk:P>V_Re>V_R;对于R_vk:P>V_Re>V_R. 结合多元回归模型与NSGA-Ⅱ (Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm Ⅱ)优化算法进行多目标优化,获得Pareto最优解的Pareto前沿.      

Solution of shallow-water equations using least-squares finite-element method

A least-squares finite-element method （LSFEM） for the non-conservative shallow-water equations is presented. The model is capable of handling complex topography, steady and unsteady flows, subcritical and supercritical flows, and flows with smooth and sharp gradient changes. Advantages of the model include： （1） sources terms, such as the bottom slope, surface stresses and bed frictions, can be treated easily without any special treatment; （2） upwind scheme is no needed; （3） a single approximating space can be used for all variables, and its choice of approximating space is not subject to the Ladyzhenskaya-Babuska-Brezzi （LBB） condition; and （4） the resulting system of equations is symmetric and positive-definite （SPD） which can be solved efficiently with the preconditioned conjugate gradient method. The model is verified with flow over a bump, tide induced flow, and dam-break. Computed results are compared with analytic solutions or other numerical results, and show the model is conservative and accurate. The model is then used to simulate flow past a circular cylinder. Important flow charac-teristics, such as variation of water surface around the cylinder and vortex shedding behind the cylinder are investigated. Computed results compare well with experiment data and other numerical results.     

非稳态热应力测试及屈服后应力峰值的确定

在汽轮机调峰运行方式中,由于启动或负荷大幅度波动,都将在汽缸壳体等部件上产生较大的热应力。其应力分布非常复杂,而且有超过材料屈服应力的应力峰值。这些屈服后应力峰值的有效确定,直接关系到机组安全运行与寿命的正确评估。本文就调峰机组汽缸壳体热应力测试结果,根据工程塑性理论,进行了分析处理。讨论了导致汽缸翘曲变形和疲劳损伤的力学因素,为制定机组调峰运行控制指标,提供了力学试验依据。     

Ablation of a hydrogen pellet in a light-gas gun bore

An ablation model for a hydrogen pellet accelerating in a thermonuclear facility fuel-injector bore is developed. The model is based on the Lagrange internal-ballistic problem complemented by the Stefan conditions on the ablating surface of the pellet Calculations demonstrate that, during pellet motion in the bore under the action of the gas, the pellet length remains almost unchanged, while due to the heat exchange with the bore walls the pellet diameter decreases by 4–10% St. Petersburg. Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 3–11, January–February, 1999.