分形表面接触变形对部分膜润滑的影响

在M-B分形接触模型的基础上,利用引入接触因子的平均流动模型,分别计算在考虑和不考虑分形表面接触峰变形情况下的流量因子和接触因子,研究分形表面接触变形对润滑状态的影响.结果表明:接触变形使得各因子减小,其中对剪切流量因子的影响最大,对压力流量因子和接触因子的影响相对较小,尺度系数越大,接触变形对剪切流量因子最大值的影响越大,剪切流量因子变化越缓慢,弹塑性变形的转化范围越宽;对于一定的名义膜厚,随着分形维数增加,接触弹塑性的转变会使变形对各因子的影响先增后减;对于相同的尺度系数,接触变形对流量因子的影响在相同的分形维数范围内达到最大值.     

多粗糙峰弹塑性接触的有限元分析

采用具有一定数目圆形粗糙峰的刚性表面对弹塑性半元限体进行压下的模型来模拟多粗糙峰接触,并用有限元法对该模型进行了弹生分析,揭示了我地接触区应力状态的影响规律,发现中心接触区的变莆主要受到一定数目邻近粗糙峰的影响,而处于较远自找影响较小,同弹性接触相比,在弹塑性接触过程中有更多的邻近粗糙对中心接触区发生作用,改变粗糙的间距、曲率半径和压下深度都会对其产生影响。     

分形粗糙表面弹塑性接触力学模型

为了建立更为精准的粗糙表面接触模型,基于分形理论提出一种修正的弹塑性接触模型,该模型同时考虑了微凸体的弹性、弹塑性、完全塑性三种变形状态;建立了临界第一弹塑性接触面积、临界第二弹塑性接触面积与临界弹性接触面积之间的关系,分别推导出三种变形阶段的接触载荷与接触面积之间的关系式;结合海洋岛屿面积分布密度函数,获得了接触表面上总接触载荷与真实接触面积之间的表达式。计算结果表明:单个微凸体的临界弹性接触面积不但与材料属性和分形参数有关,也与微凸体的尺寸有关;分形参数一定时,随着接触载荷的增大,真实接触面积也在增大,弹性接触面积与真实接触面积的比值逐渐减小。该模型的建立为进一步研究粗糙表面的摩擦、磨损、润滑提供了理论依据。     

基于微凸体接触压力分布的粗糙表面法向接触建模

提出一种考虑微凸体弹塑性接触变形影响的粗糙表面法向接触力学模型。采用有限元模拟微凸体弹塑性接触过程,分析不同塑性屈服条件对微凸体接触载荷和实际接触面积的影响。再根据微凸体接触面上压力分布的变化规律,将微凸体的接触状态分为完全弹性接触阶段、弹塑性接触阶段、完全塑性接触阶段。分析接触面压力变化规律对微凸体法向接触载荷-变形的影响,再利用GW模型的数理统计分析的方法得到粗糙表面的法向接触载荷。将本文提出的模型与完全弹性模型、CEB模型、ZMC模型、KE模型、JG模型进行对比,并且研究了塑性指数对粗糙面接触载荷-平均高度距离的影响。结果表明,本文提出的模型能够更好地描述微凸体法向接触载荷与接触变形的变化趋势,模型预测粗糙表面法向载荷与ZMC、KE模型具有较好的一致性;粗糙面接触载荷随着平均接触距离增加而减少,随着塑性指数的增加,不同模型预测的法向接触载荷差异逐渐增大。     

单峰接触研究及其在分形表面接触中的应用

基于有限元方法,建立了弹塑性单峰的接触模型.粗糙峰为理想的弹塑性材料,为了考虑不同的材料特性对微凸体变形的影响,分别对9种不同的材料进行了分析.根据有限元计算结果,分析了接触面积,平均接触压力和接触力与变形干涉量之间的关系,并进行了经验公式的拟合.单峰接触所经历的4个不同的阶段,以及不同阶段之间的转化点均作了明确的表达.然后,根据分形理论,将单峰接触模型扩展到了三维的粗糙表面的接触,并提出了一个计算接触表面法向刚度的模型.通过与实验数据和以往模型的结果对比,证明本文中所提出的模型具有较高的精度.     

基于平均膜厚和压力流量因子的机械密封泄漏分形模型

研究接触式机械密封端面泄漏模型建立问题.采用分形参数表征机械密封端面形貌,通过引入压力流量因子来反映实际粗糙表面对泄漏通道的影响,推导出了压力流量因子的分形表达式,建立了基于平均膜厚和压力流量因子的泄漏分形模型.通过理论计算对机械密封泄漏率的影响因素进行了分析,并在自制的试验装置上对2套B104a-70型机械密封进行了试验,试验密封流体为20℃清水,压力为0.5 MPa,转速为2 900 r/min,弹簧比压分别为0.15和0.30 MPa.研究结果表明:泄漏率随着弹簧比压的增大略有下降,随着密封流体压力及转速的增大而增大,且端面越粗糙增大的幅度越大;当端面较粗糙时,泄漏率随着端面分形维数的增大或特征尺度系数的减小而迅速减小,而当端面较光滑时,泄漏率的变化很小;泄漏率的理论计算值与试验值吻合较好,特别是在进入正常磨损阶段后相差很小.     

点接触弹塑性流体动力润滑研究

建立了点接触混合润滑模型,根据下表面应力分布迭代求解出下表层的塑性应变,将下表面塑性应变等效转化为本征应变,结合半无限体内本征应变对弹性场的应力扰动解法求解残余应力,表面塑性变形根据本征应变采用半解析方法求解.计算结果表明:本混合润滑模型在塑性计算模块、弹塑性流体动力润滑计算均表现出了很好的准确性以及高效性;本模型能够模拟真实机加工粗糙表面下弹塑性混合润滑问题;能够模拟由全膜润滑、混合润滑、边界润滑以及干接触全工况下的润滑情况,当滚动速度逐渐减小时,平均油膜厚度逐渐减小,接触区由全膜润滑转变为混合润滑,最终演变干接触.     

非牛顿流体有限长粗糙轴承分析

本文采用H.Christense力提出的随机粗糙模型,推导了幂律型流体纵向粗糙型和横向粗糙型润滑雷诺方程和相应的承载力、流量系数和摩擦系数的计算公式.对有限长动载径向轴承纵向粗糙型雷诺方程,用差分方法进行数值求解,得到了粗糙度和幂律指数对轴承的压力分布、承载力、流量系数和摩擦系数影响曲线,并有表面粗糙度和润滑油的非牛顿特性独立地影响轴承油膜力学特性的结论.     

珩磨缸套与活塞环表面弹塑性接触分析

缸套-活塞环表面接触分析，能够对船用发动机设计决策提供重要支持.由于缸套珩磨网纹表面具有双高斯分布特征，基于高斯分布假设建立的统计接触力学模型无法反映缸套-活塞环表面的真实接触状态.本文中基于边界元理论，采用快速傅里叶变换和共轭梯度法，开发了粗糙接触弹塑性接触数值仿真分析方法，并对缸套珩磨网纹表面与活塞环接触状态进行了仿真计算，获得了表面真实接触压力、接触面积、弹塑性变形和应力等接触特性参数，研究了不同载荷作用下珩磨网纹表面接触演变规律，为活塞环缸套摩擦学设计奠定了基础.     

关联表面分形特性的润滑模型

在分配有面粗糙度与材料表面分形特性关系的基础上，将分形特性引入润滑方程，提出了关联表面分形特性的润滑模型，并分析了润滑模型中压力流量因子和剪切流量因子与表面分形维数之间关系。计算结果表明：在相同分形维数（D）下，随着微突体纵横比v的增大，压力流量因子和剪切流量因子相应增大，且其随分形维数D的变化同随油膜粗糙度比H的变化相比呈现出更强的不规则特性，出现局部最大和最小值，并且分辨率较高。     

Hydrodynamic lubrication in fully plastic asperity contacts

A line contact inlet zone analysis is carried out for the hydrodynamic lubrication in a fully plastic asperity contact. A governing equation of the central film thickness i.e. the film thickness in the fully plastic contact area is derived. An equation predicting this film thickness is also derived. It is found that for the fully plastic contact, under relatively light loads the prediction accuracy for the central film thickness is good, while at the load heavy enough the prediction equation greatly overestimates the central film thickness and the central film thickness solved from the analytical governing equation is significantly low showing the asperity in boundary layer lubrication. For the fully plastic contact, the central film thickness is nearly half of that obtained based on the elastic contact assumption for relatively light loads or even lower for heavier loads. The hydrodynamic lubrication is found difficult to form in the fully plastic asperity contact for the carried load heavy enough or the significantly low sliding speed between the asperities. To achieve a high hydrodynamic lubrication film thickness in the fully plastic asperity contact it is recommended to employ a high sliding speed or a high fluid viscosity. However, in the fully plastic asperity contact, the potential hydrodynamic load-carrying capacity is limited and much smaller than that based on the elastic contact assumption or predicted by conventional line contact elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication theory.     

固-液结合面法向动态接触刚度及阻尼的理论模型与实验分析

固-液接触状态广泛存在于机床核心单元关键零部件的接触运动副中,精确获得固-液结合面法向接触刚度及阻尼参数是高档数控机床产品在研发阶段就存在的一个关键理论与技术问题,并且仍然尚未根本解决。固-液结合面在介观层面上表现为两个粗糙表面的接触,在微观层面上表现为微凸体之间的接触,并在中/重载荷作用下微凸体可能会发生弹性/弹塑性/塑性变形。为了揭示静动态外载荷对固-液结合面接触刚度及阻尼的影响,分别基于GW模型、KKE模型和AF模型对接触微凸体弹性/弹塑性/塑性变形展开研究,并结合流体动力润滑REYNOLDS方程,建立了考虑接触微凸体弹性/弹塑性/塑性变形的固-液结合面接触刚度及阻尼模型。并对其进行实验验证,结果表明：随着预载荷的增大固-液结合面法向动态接触刚度表现出先减小后增大的规律,当接触载荷小于某阈值时动态接触刚度较大,反之静态接触刚度较大;法向动态接触刚度随着法向相对位移幅值的增大而增大,在低载荷时呈线性规律,而高载荷呈非线性规律;法向动态接触刚度随激振频率增大呈线性增大,且载荷越大线性斜率越小。对于法向接触阻尼,随着法向相对位移幅值和接触载荷增大呈非线性增大,随着激振频率增大几乎不变。精确获得固-液结合面法向接触刚度和阻尼及其关键因素的影响规律,对机械系统的分析、设计、优化以及静、动态性能控制都具有重要的理论意义。     

孔隙度对湿式离合器局部润滑及摩擦特性影响研究

针对湿式离合器局部润滑及摩擦特性的影响因素,建立了摩擦副微观混合润滑模型.考虑了微凸峰接触和局部温升的影响,分析了孔隙度对湿式离合器局部压强分布、油膜和微凸峰承压比、实际接触面积、局部温升的影响.同时,利用摩擦磨损试验机(UMT)进行小试样销-盘试验,分析了不同孔隙度下离合器摩擦副局部摩擦系数的变化.结果表明:在混合润滑中,随着孔隙度的增大,润滑油膜动压作用减小,局部微凸峰接触压强增大,微凸峰法向压力承载比增大,摩擦副实际接触面积增加,因此摩擦系数增大.     

A slip-line plasticity analysis of abrasive wear of a smooth and soft surface sliding against a rough (fractal) and hard surface

Abrasive wear of a soft and smooth surface sliding against a rough (fractal) and hard surface was analyzed by the slip-line theory of plasticity. The analysis is based on a slip-line model of a rigid spherical asperity (wear particle) plowing through a soft surface and removing material by microcutting. Integration of this single-contact model into a three-dimensional contact mechanics analysis of an abrasive surface exhibiting multi-scale roughness described by fractal geometry yielded relationships of the abrasive wear rate and wear coefficient in terms of the interfacial shear strength (adhesion), topography (fractal) parameters of the hard/rough surface, elastic–plastic material properties of the soft/smooth surface, and total normal load. Analytical results from the single-contact analysis provide insight into the deformation of a perfectly plastic material caused by the abrasive action of a rigid asperity/wear particle under different normal load and interfacial friction (adhesion) conditions. The dependence of the abrasive wear rate and wear coefficient on normal load (global interference), roughness of the abrasive surface, elastic–plastic material properties of the abraded surface, and interfacial shear strength (lubrication effect) is interpreted in the context of numerical results obtained for representative ceramic/ceramic, ceramic/metallic, and metal/metal sliding systems.     

Finite element analysis of large contact deformation of an elastic–plastic sinusoidal asperity and a rigid flat

Normal contact deformation of an asperity and a rigid flat is studied within an axisymmetric finite element model. The asperity features a sinusoidal profile and is elastic–plastic with linear strain hardening. Influences of geometrical (asperity height and width) and loading (the maximum interference) parameters on frictionless contact responses are explored for both loading and unloading. Dimensionless expressions for contact size and pressures covering a large range of interference and asperity ratio values are obtained in power-law forms. Results show the mean contact pressure after fully-plastic contact reaches a plateau only for small asperity ratios, while it continues increasing for large asperity ratios. The residual depth is found to be associated with plastically dissipated energy.     

粗糙表面接触力学问题的重新分析

为了克服基于统计学参数的接触模型的尺度依赖性以及现有接触分形模型推导过程中初始轮廓表征受控于接触面积或取样长度的不足,基于粗糙表面轮廓分形维数$D$、尺度系数$G$ 和最大微凸体轮廓基底尺寸$l$,建立了新的粗糙表面接触分形模型,探讨了微凸体变形机制、粗糙表面的真实接触面积和接触载荷的关系,揭示了接触界面的孔隙率和真实接触面积随端面形貌、表面接触压力等参数变化的规律,给出了不同形貌界面被压实的最大变形量. 结果表明:微凸体变形从弹性变形开始,并随着平均接触压力$p_{\rm m}$ 的增大逐步向弹塑性变形和完全塑性变形转变;接触界面的初始孔隙率$\phi_{0}$ 随$D$ 的增大而增大,压实孔隙所需要的最大变形量$\delta $ 也随之增大;接触压力$p_{\rm c}$ 增大,孔隙率$\phi$ 减小,并随着$D$ 的增大和$G$ 减小,$\phi$ 快速减小,直至填实,变为零;$D$ 较小时,$G$ 的增大对真实接触面积的增大影响较小;$D$ 较大时,$G$ 的增大对真实接触面积的增大作用明显. 研究成果为端面摩擦副的润滑与密封设计提供了理论基础.      

机械结合面切向接触阻尼计算模型

针对两粗糙表面在法向力和切向力共同作用下相互接触时结合面切向阻尼的问题进行了研究。首先,根据KE模型对单个微凸体在弹性、弹塑性、塑性变形阶段的切向接触行为进行了分析,获得了微凸体在三个变形阶段的黏滑特性;然后,基于GW统计模型建立了一种在微凸体法向弹性、弹塑性和塑性变形机制基础上,考虑微凸体黏滑摩擦行为的机械结合面切向接触阻尼统计模型;最后,分别讨论了机械结合面的法向预载荷、切向激振频率和切向动态位移幅值对机械结合面切向阻尼的影响。研究表明:结合面切向接触阻尼系数随着结合面法向载荷的增大而增大,随着切向激振频率和切向动态位移幅值的增大而减小;在高频率、大幅值下,结合面切向接触阻尼系数几乎与动态位移幅值和激振频率无关。为了验证模型的准确性,构建了动态切向力作用下的结合面切向阻尼试验,其试验结果与理论仿真变化规律与量级基本一致,从而证明了本文所提出的切向阻尼模型的有效性。      

A Simplified Model for Calculating Hydrodynamic Lubrication Film Thickness in Elastoplastic Line Contacts

The present paper proposes a simplified model for calculating hydrodynamic lubrication film thickness in elastoplastic line contacts. According to the Saint-Venant’s principle, the pressure in the contact is taken as uniformly distributed, this gives the contact surface elastic deformations in the inlet zone far away from the contact center close to real ones while gives those close to the contact center greater than real ones. This treatment is validated for hydrodynamic lubricated elastic contacts for relatively light loads and high rolling speeds. It gives the film thickness at the contact center a little higher than that calculated based on the real elastic model. The treatment is extended to a hydrodynamic lubricated elastoplastic line contact. The contact surfaces in the inlet zone are assumed as elastic and their deformations are calculated based on the uniform pressure distribution in the elastoplastic contact area. An inlet zone analysis is taken for obtaining the calculating equation of the hydrodynamic film thickness at the contact center. The equation overestimates the central film thickness but gives a satisfactory film thickness prediction for the heavy load which gives significant plastic deformations in the elastoplastic contact. It is found that when the load is lighter than 0.6 w _pc , the contact can be taken as elastic when calculating the central film thickness, while when the load is heavier than 0.6 w _pc , the contact can be taken as fully plastic; Here w _pc is the critical load for the contact fully plastic deformation. The plastic deformation in an elastoplastic line contact is found to reduce the hydrodynamic lubrication film thickness in the contact. This reduction is greater for higher rolling speeds and heavier loads. However, it is significantly dropped with increasing surface hardness.