基于光纤智能夹层传感结构的应力测量研究

制作了一种模块化的光纤传感夹层,对夹层内的光纤传感器的应力特性进行了实验研究。分析了应变对传感系数的影响,对埋入到光纤智能夹层中的两种光纤传感器的输出特性进行了比较。实验结果表明:光纤Bragg光栅传感器的波长漂移与应变之间具有理想的线性关系,但应变灵敏度由1.2pm/με降至1.15pm/με;由于制作工艺的局限,对于非本征F-P光纤传感器,当应变达到350με后,应变与载荷具有较好的线性响应。与非本征F-P光纤传感器相比,光纤Bragg光栅传感器是光纤智能夹层首选的应变传感器。将埋入了Bragg光栅传感器的智能夹层粘贴于某型飞机的翼-身连接构件内部进行监测,实验结果为光纤智能夹层应用于复合材料结构的应变监测提供了参考。     

一种基于动态参考瑞利散射谱的分布式光纤大应变解调方法

基于光频域反射计(OFDR)的分布式光纤系统在结构健康监测领域得到广泛关注,通过对参考瑞利散射谱和测量瑞利散射谱进行互相关分析来确定谱偏移量,进而转化为结构应变。这种分布式光纤的应变解调方法具有较高的空间分辨率和测量精度,但在光纤受到较大应变时(超过3000με)会出现瑞利散射谱信号急剧衰减,从而导致互相关分析无法解调应变。本文提出了一种OFDR分布式光纤的大应变分步解调方法,采用动态参考瑞利散射谱取代固定参考瑞利散射谱的方法来突破大应变测量的限制。通过对复合材料层合板拉伸实验的大应变测量表明,本文所提出的光纤应变解调方法能稳定和可靠地测量10000με以上的大应变情况。     

基于光纤光栅传感器的玻璃纤维复合材料层间应变测试的实验分析

通过对内埋未封装光纤光栅传感器(Fiber Bragg Grating,FBG)的玻璃纤维增强复合材料进行力学实验分析,得到不同试件层间的应变曲线与试件断面的微观截面图.探讨了玻璃纤维复合材料固化过程中温度和压力对FBG传感器的传感性能的影响,深入分析了FBG传感器与玻璃纤维复合材料的融合度以及弯曲实验中FBG传感器检测精度.在试件三点弯曲实验中,与传统电测方法不同,应用新型未封装FBG传感器进行复合材料的层间应变测量,得到的层间应变与载荷数据,拟合直线的线性相关系数均在0.99以上,并且传感器在监测不同试件同一层的层间应变的相对误差不超过5％.为应用FBG传感器检测实际的复合材料构件内部应变以及形成FBG传感网络损伤监测系统提供了实验基础.     

光纤光栅传感器对钢筋混凝土内部应变的测量及温度效应的研究

本文应用光纤光栅传感器实现了对钢筋混凝土试件内部应变的测量．试验不仅就应用光纤光栅进行混凝土结构内部应变测量的技术、工艺进行研究，还通过设计温度控制试验，考察了光纤光栅传感器的温度补偿问题，以及横向应变对测量结果的影响．     

短路电流石英传感器及其动态标定

本文讨论了用于测量应力-时间历史的短路电流石英传感器的原理,设计及标定问题。我们的标定结果指出:全电极型传感器在25kbar以内,电流系数等于2.0410-8Ccm-2kbar-1.保护环型传感器在8-25kbar应力范围,电流系数是2.1510-3Ccm-2kbar-1。     

基于OFDR分布式光纤传感器的应变测试试验研究

利用光频域反射技术(OFDR)测试应变时在空间分辨率、灵敏度、传感精度、响应度和测量距离上的显著优势,以铝合金梁三点弯曲试验为载体,开展了基于OFDR分布式光纤传感器的应变测试,并通过与电阻式应变片测试结果、梁三点弯曲试验有限元模拟结果进行对比分析,论证了分布式光纤传感器应变测试的可行性和准确性.试验揭示了铝合金梁在三...     

三维数字图像测量系统稳定性的实验研究

基于双目立体视觉原理的三维数字图像相关方法已被广泛应用于平面或曲面物体的表面形貌和三维变形测量。然而因相机自热、环境温度变化等内外部因素的影响,同一三维数字图像相关测量系统在不同时间,其内部参数会不可避免地发生微小改变,从而或多或少地引起额外的形貌和变形测量误差。为获得高精度的测量结果,需对由相机自热或环境温度变化引起的变形测量误差进行表征,并采用措施予以减小或消除此类误差。本文以石英玻璃平板为研究对象,利用三维数字图像相关测量系统对其位移和应变分布进行了连续5小时的测量,分析了测量结果随相机温度变化的关系曲线。研究结果显示,本文所用相机通电后其机壳温度一般约上升8~10℃甚至更高,所搭建的三维数字图像相关测量系统因相机温度变化所引起的应变测量误差在50~200με(约15~21με/℃)之间。本文还给出了相应建议来减小和消除相机或环境温度变化对三维变形测量的影响。     

PP/PA共混高聚物在高应变率下的热粘弹性本构关系和时温等效性

采用Instron1342电液伺服试验机和改进的SHPB技术对以113材料为例的PP/PA共混高聚物进行了应变率在10-4~103 s-1宽广范围,温度为25、40、60、80 ℃下的一维应力力学性能试验。结果表明,这类共混高聚物的力学响应对温度和应变率都是敏感的。以朱-王-唐非线性粘弹性本构方程来描述这类PP/PA共混高聚物的力学响应,并拟合得到了其热粘弹性本构参数,理论预言与试验结果在应变小于7%时吻合良好。对113材料20~80 ℃温度范围内不同应变率下的试验结果进行分析,证明PP/PA共混高聚物存在率温等效关系,提高温度和增加作用时间（减小应变率）的效果相当,反之,降低温度与减少作用时间（提高应变率）的效果相当。通过引入量纲一参量Z,使应变率d/dt、温度T这2个参量归结为统一的Z参量,从而得到了体现时温等效性的统一曲线。     

压力脉动信号相关三维烟速测量方法研究

利用互相关法测速无需正确测量信号绝对值的优点，研制了应有和电子微压计提取高温烟气压力脉动信号的水冷三维取压探针，及相关法三维高温烟气流速测量装置。实验室台架测试，在烟气温度500℃-800℃，流速10．22m/s-20.49m/s范围，速度相对误差在4．26％－8．61％之间，方向相对误差为－1．79％－3．47％，有较高的精度度。是实现炉内高温烟气速度场准连续测量的好方法。     

光纤光栅传感器在大体积混凝土基础温度监测中的应用

光纤光栅传感器具有体积小、质量轻、灵敏度高、耐腐蚀、抗电磁干扰、传输频带较宽、易于进行分布式测量等诸多其他传感器所不具备的优点,更适用于现场的长期健康监测。大体积混凝土在施工过程中的温度问题如处理不当将会引起混凝土开裂。利用温度计、热电耦等作为传感器的传统的检测手段已经大大的制约了数据的准确性与精度。寻求一种高精度温度检测手段已经成为用于现场结构监测的前提。本文结合具体的工程实例介绍了光纤光栅传感器在基础混凝土温度监测中的应用,介绍了监测系统的组成,传感器的构造和标定,并利用实测温度预测基础混凝土底板中温度应力,及时采取措施防止混凝土的开裂。     

Measurement of inhomogeneous strain fields by fiber optic sensors embedded in a polymer composite material

Experimental results of strain field measurement in polymer composite specimens by Bragg grating fiber optic strain sensors embedded in the material are considered. A rectangular plate and a rectangular plate with “butterfly” shaped cuts are used as specimens. The results of uniaxial strain experiments with rectangular plates show that fiber optic strain sensors can be used to measure the strains, and these results can be used to calculate the calibration coefficients for fiber optic strain sensors. A gradient strain field is attained in a plate with cuts, and the possibility of measuring this field by fiber optic strain sensors is the main goal of this paper. The results of measurements of gradient strain fields in the plate with cuts are compared with the results obtained by using the three-dimensional digital optic system Vix-3D and with the results of numerical computations based on finite element methods. It is shown that the difference between the strain values obtained by these three methods does not exceed 5%.     

A fiber optic sensor for transverse strain measurement

A fiber optic sensor capable of measuring two independent components of transverse strain is described. The sensor consists of a single Bragg grating written into high-birefringent, polarization-maintaining optical fiber. When light from a broadband source is used to illuminate the sensor, the spectra of light reflected from the Bragg grating contain two peaks corresponding to the two orthogonal polarization modes of the fiber. Two independent components of transverse strain in the core of the fiber can be computed from the changes in wavelength of the two peaks if axial strain and temperature changes in the fiber are zero or known. Experiments were performed to determine the response of the sensor by loading an uncoated sensor in diametral compression over a range of fiber orientations relative to the loading. The results of these experiments were used with a finite element model to determine a calibration matrix relating the transverse strain in the sensor to the wavelength shifts of the Bragg peaks. The performance of the sensor was then verified by measuring the transverse strains produced by loading the fiber in a V-groove fixture.     

Model for measurement of thermal expansion coefficient of concrete by fiber optic sensor

The existence of a coating on an optical fiber results in a difference between the strain of the matrix concrete and that sensed by the embedded fiber optic sensor. This paper deals with the theoretical model for measurement of thermal expansion coefficient of concrete by embedded fiber optic sensor. The fiber core, the coating of the optical fiber, and the matrix concrete were all supposed to be elastic. And the bonding surfaces were supposed to be intact, that is to say, there is no relative slip deformation at the interface between the matrix concrete and the coating of the optical fiber, and that between the coating and the fiber core. Based on these assumptions, a theoretical model was developed for measurement of thermal expansion coefficient of concrete. Some experiments were done to verify the validation of the theoretical model. And the comparison indicates a good agreement between the experimental and theoretical results.     

Extended range pseudo-heterodyne demodulation for fiber optic sensors

This article describes a pseudo-heterodyne demodulation technique for interferometric fiber optic sensors that has a larger measurement range than is currently possible with pseudo-heterodyne demodulation. This sensor demodulation technique has a bandwidth of 30 Hz to 2.5 kHz, is capable of resolving optical phase angles as small as 5×10⁻⁴ rad, and has a maximum measurement range of tens of radians in a bandwidth of 30–500 Hz. A comparison between the response obtained from a resistance strain gage and a fiber optic sensor using this demodulation is favorable.     

两位置法快速测定近钻头惯性测量模块的温漂模型

近钻头惯性测量模块(Near-bit Inertial Measurement,NIM)用于石油钻井中实时测量导向外套的姿态角,是导向钻进闭环控制中的重要组成部分。它采用三轴加速度计组合测量重力加速度实现姿态角测量。为了提高加速度计在工作温度范围内的测量精度,需对其进行温漂模型标定。针对三轴加速度计组合的传统12位置翻滚温度模型测定方法存在耗时长、操作效率低的局限性,提出一种新的加速度计三轴组合温度模型标定方法——两位置法,并通过实验验证了温度补偿的效果。在10℃~150℃的温度范围内,补偿后加速度的测量精度达5×10~(-4)g,完全满足NIM测量姿态角的要求。     

Sensitivity of in-Plane Strain Measurement to Calibration Parameter for out-of-Plane Specimen Rotations

In practice, out-of-plane motions usually are not avoidable during experiments. Since 2D–DIC measurements are vulnerable to parasitic deformations due to out-of-plane specimen motions, three-dimensional digital image correlation (StereoDIC or 3D–DIC) oftentimes is employed. The StereoDIC method is known to be capable of accurate deformation measurements for specimens subjected to general three-dimensional motions, including out-of-plane rotations and displacements. As a result, there has been limited study of the deformation measurements obtained when using StereoDIC to measure the displacement and strain fields for a specimen subjected only to out-of-plane rotation. To assess the accuracy of strain measurements obtained using stereovision systems and StereoDIC when a specimen undergoes appreciable out of plane rotation, rigid body out-of-plane rotation experiments are performed in the range ?40⁰?≤?θ?≤?40⁰ using a two-camera stereovision system. Results indicate that (a) for what would normally be considered “small angle” calibration processes, the measured normal strain in the foreshortened specimen direction due to specimen rotation increases in a non-linear manner with rotation angle, with measurement errors exceeding ±1400με and (b) for what would normally be considered “large angle” calibration processes, the magnitude of the errors in the strain are reduced to ±300με. To theoretically assess the effect of calibration parameters on the measurements, two separate analyses are performed. First, theoretical strains due to out-of-plane rigid body rotation are determined using a pinhole camera model to project a series of three-dimensional object points into the image plane using large angle calibration parameters and then re-project the corresponding sensor plane coordinates back into the plane using small angle calibration parameters. Secondly, the entire imaging process is also simulated in order to remove experimental error sources and to further validate the theory. Results from both approaches confirmed the same strain error trends as the experimental strain measurements, providing confidence that the source of the errors is the calibration process. Finally, variance based sensitivity analyses show that inaccuracy in the calibrated stereo angle parameter is the most significant factor affecting the accuracy of the measured strain.     

A CALIBRATION APPROACH FOR SMART STRUCTURES USING EMBEDDED SENSORS

This paper has presented an overview of fiber-optics technology, sensors, and interferometric sensing systems. The potential use of fiber optics either continuous (distributed) or segmented (quasi-distributed) has the potential for use as embedded sensors in 'smart-structures/skins' made of composites. Mechanical stress and strain can be correlated to fiber-optic indications. For continuous fibers, the indicated stress or strain is averaged over the embedded fiber length. Strains at discrete points can best be measured using embedded fibers which are segmented and contain initial gaps of equal length. A segmented fiber with a misalignment will show a change in γ (wavelength). If the fiber rotates and the distance between the fiber remains constant there will apparently be no change in γ. The separation of the segment coupling coefficient will be the axial strain indicator.     

埋入式封装的光纤光栅传感器应变传递分析

推导了布拉格光纤光栅传感器所测应变与实际结构应变的关系,得出了平均应变传递率并与实际试验结果进行比较. 根据应变传递率确定了光纤的临界粘接长度，并推导了多层粘接时的应变传递情况，讨论了影响应变传递率的因素. 结果表明，光纤光栅的粘贴长度必须大于临界粘贴长度，且光纤光栅传感器所测应变需要加以修正才能得到实际结构应变.     

Residual Strains using Integrated Continuous Fiber Optic Sensing in Thermoplastic Composites and Structural Health Monitoring

The evolution of spatially resolved internal strain/stress during the manufacturing of thermoplastic composites and subsequent relaxation from water intake are evaluated using an in-situ fiber optic sensor corresponding to a coated optical glass fiber with a nominal diameter of 160 μm. Unidirectional carbon fiber-polyamide 6 composites are produced using compression molding with an embedded fiber optic for strain measurement. The distributed fiber optic based strain sensor is placed in an arrangement to capture 0, 45, and 90° strains in the composite to resolve in-plane strain tensor. Strains are monitored in the direction of fiber optic sensor along its length at high resolution during the various stages of compression molding process. Results indicate considerable internal strains leading to residual stress at the end of processing step along the off-axis (45°) and transverse (90°) directions, and small strains in the carbon fiber pre-preg (0°) direction. At the end of compression molding process, an average of 7000 and 10,000 compressive micro-strains are obtained for residual state of strain in the off-axis and transverse direction. Since water/moisture infusion affects the mechanical properties of polyamide-6 matrix resin, these composite panels with embedded sensors targeted for marine applications are monitored in a water bath at 40 °C simulating accelerated testing conditions. Using the same fiber optic sensor based technique, the strain relaxation was observed during water uptake demonstrating in-situ strain monitoring during both manufacturing and subsequent composite implementation/application environment. The technique presented in this paper shows the potential of optimizing time-temperature-pressure protocols typically utilized in thermoplastic manufacturing, and continuous life-cycle monitoring of composite materials using a small diameter and inexpensive distributed fiber optic sensing.     

Temperature and strain measurement by combining ILFE and bragg grating optical fiber sensors

This paper presents two optical fiber sensor configurations that are capable of simultaneously measuring temperature and strain. These sensor configurations use serial and parallel combinations of in-line fiber etalon (ILFE) and in-fiber Bragg grating sensors, along with wavelength division multiplexing concepts. The results obtained while simultaneously varying the temperature over 130°C and strain field over 1500 με showed favorable agreement with thermistors and resistance strain gages.