高速受电弓固有振动特性的实验研究

高速列车行驶过程中,弓网共振会增大受电弓与接触网振幅,这可能导致弓网离线、受流质量降低,甚至损坏受电弓和接触网。实验研究不同运行工况下受电弓的固有振动频率和模态振型,规避弓网共振,对于未来电气化铁路的弓网优化设计至关重要。本文针对DSA380型高速受电弓,用自由和橡胶边界模拟受电弓的两种运行工况,获得了弓头的固有振动频率和模态振型,实验结果表明弓头振动特性与弓网接触状态密切相关。     

高速弓网系统动力学参数敏度分析及优化

随着高速列车运行速度的提升, 弓网关系这一基础力学问题备受关注. 良好的弓网关系是确保列车安全高效运行、稳定可靠受流、降低接触线与受电弓滑板磨耗等的基本前提. 其中, 受电弓和接触网的动力学参数对弓网耦合作用起至关重要的作用. 本文采用弓网接触力随机统计特征作为优化目标函数,进行受电弓动力学参数的敏度分析和优化设计. 首先, 建立了二维弹性链悬挂接触网-三质量块受电弓动力学模型,根据EN50318: 2018标准验证了动力学建模和分析结果的正确性. 然后, 基于高速弓网系统的动力学仿真, 进行了DSA380型高速受电弓三质量块参数的动力学敏度分析, 确定了9个动力学参数的敏感度级别, 弓头等效质量敏度评级最高,下框架等效阻尼次之, 下框架等效质量和上框架等效阻尼第三. 最后, 研究了弓头等效刚度和等效阻尼联合变化对弓网耦合动力学性能的影响,给出了提升弓网耦合性能的弓头双参数优化方案, 建议同时减小弓头等效阻尼和增大弓头等效刚度, 能够实现比单参数优化更好的弓网耦合性能.      

高速弓网系统动力学参数敏度分析及优化

随着高速列车运行速度的提升,弓网关系这一基础力学问题备受关注.良好的弓网关系是确保列车安全高效运行、稳定可靠受流、降低接触线与受电弓滑板磨耗等的基本前提.其中,受电弓和接触网的动力学参数对弓网耦合作用起至关重要的作用.本文采用弓网接触力随机统计特征作为优化目标函数,进行受电弓动力学参数的敏度分析和优化设计.首先,建立了二维弹性链悬挂接触网-三质量块受电弓动力学模型,根据EN50318:2018标准验证了动力学建模和分析结果的正确性.然后,基于高速弓网系统的动力学仿真,进行了DSA380型高速受电弓三质量块参数的动力学敏度分析,确定了9个动力学参数的敏感度级别,弓头等效质量敏度评级最高,下框架等效阻尼次之,下框架等效质量和上框架等效阻尼第三.最后,研究了弓头等效刚度和等效阻尼联合变化对弓网耦合动力学性能的影响,给出了提升弓网耦合性能的弓头双参数优化方案,建议同时减小弓头等效阻尼和增大弓头等效刚度,能够实现比单参数优化更好的弓网耦合性能.     

CED400型高速受电弓精细动力学模型影响因素研究

受电弓精细动力学建模及固有振动特性分析对于进行结构优化设计,提高装备性能具有重要意义。对于结构可靠和性能优良的高速受电弓,不仅取决于整体动力学特性,局部振动特性也成为其中的关键环节。本文对受电弓精细动力学建模方法进行了研究,讨论了不同影响因素对受电弓固有振动特性的影响。研究表明,受电弓主要部件适当的质量分布和连接设置特性是获得符合实际结构固有振动特性的重要保证。     

STUDY ON INFLUENCING FACTORS OF FINE DYNAMIC MODEL OF CED400 HIGH SPEED PANTOGRAPH1)

受电弓精细动力学建模及固有振动特性分析对于进行结构优化设计,提高装备性能具有重要意义。对于结构可靠和性能优良的高速受电弓,不仅取决于整体动力学特性,局部振动特性也成为其中的关键环节。本文对受电弓精细动力学建模方法进行了研究,讨论了不同影响因素对受电弓固有振动特性的影响。研究表明,受电弓主要部件适当的质量分布和连接设置特性是获得符合实际结构固有振动特性的重要保证。     

高速列车制动闸片摩擦块形状对制动界面摩擦学行为的影响

在自行研制的高速列车制动缩比试验台上,对六边形、五边形和圆形摩擦块进行拖曳制动试验,研究摩擦块形状对高速列车制动界面摩擦学行为的影响,并采用有限元方法分析了不同摩擦块形状下制动界面接触行为的差异,探讨了摩擦块形状对接触压力分布及表面热分布的影响. 结果表明:摩擦块形状显著影响了制动界面磨损特性及接触压力分布,使得制动盘产生不同的温度分布现象. 在本试验条件下,六边形摩擦块表面磨损轻微,接触平台大小较为均匀,而五边形和圆形摩擦块表面呈现明显的犁沟和剥落特征,且大接触平台占比较高;六边形摩擦块与制动盘拖曳制动过程,界面具有较大的接触面积,使得接触压力分布较为均匀,表现出较好的接触行为,而五边形和圆形摩擦块的接触行为相对较为复杂,与之对摩的制动盘产生明显的热聚集现象.      

高速列车的关键力学问题

在过去10 年时间, 中国和谐号系列高速列车经历了一系列速度上的飞跃. 在最初引进消化吸收基础上, 研制了新一代高速列车并大规模投入运营, 伴随这一过程的大量试验与工程实践, 大大促进了对高速铁路这样一个车- 线- 网- 气流强耦合的复杂大系统中的关键力学问题的深入理解和全面研究. 该文将从6 个方面对高速列车研制和运行过程中的典型力学问题的研究进展以及未来的研究方向做一个梳理. 考虑到这样一个大系统的复杂性,同时也为了使对高速列车感兴趣的技术与科研人员对这些力学问题有一个比较全面的认识, 文中将分别就高速列车的空气动力学、弓网关系、车体振动与车体模态设计、车体运行稳定性、高速轮轨关系、关键结构的运行可靠性和列车噪声等方面的研究进行总结和展望. 同时也对中国及国际高速列车发展趋势及其中的力学问题做了一个简要介绍.      

高速受电弓下框架等效阻尼的实验研究

良好的弓网关系要求满足弓网接触力平均值的前提下,其标准差尽可能小。已有研究结果表明下框架等效阻尼增大可以有效降低接触力标准差。以DSA380型高速受电弓为研究对象,本文设计了悬挂弹簧法,结合文献中提出的下置弹簧法,实现了将各部件对下框架阻尼贡献的解耦测量分析,提出了采用双阻尼器这一可行的优化设计方案。     

高速干摩擦条件下铝基复合材料的摩擦磨损行为研究

在MMS-1G型高速干滑动摩擦磨损试验机上,采用铝基复合材料和蠕墨铸铁作为销试样,研究了速度和接触压力对摩擦副摩擦磨损特性的影响.结果表明:摩擦副的摩擦磨损特性受控于所产生的摩擦热、材料的导热能力以及材料保持一定塑性变形抗力的温度条件三者之间的耦合作用;随着速度与接触压力的增加,摩擦副的摩擦系数显著降低;不同材料表现出不同的磨损行为;接触压力愈高,材料的摩擦磨损性能差异愈小;在本文试验条件下,当摩擦速度较低(＜100 m/s)时,蠕墨铸铁表现出良好的摩擦磨损特性,而速度较高(＞100 m/s)时, 铝基复合材料表现出较优良的摩擦磨损性能.     

侧风风场特征对高速列车交会的影响研究

为了准确预测侧风环境下列车交会时的气动性能,考虑均匀风和大气底层速度边界型侧风,通过计算流体力学方法对比研究高速列车交会压力波特性和气动力特性. 结果表明,两种风场下交会压力波有所不同,但幅值差异不明显;采用均匀风场评估列车侧风环境下交会会高估列车所受气动力. 本文对高速列车行驶安全性评估和复杂运行场景的复杂流场的认识具有参考价值.     

Optimization of high-speed railway pantographs for improving pantograph-catenary contact

A crucial system for the operation of high-speed trains is the pantograph catenary interface as it is the sole responsible to deliver electrical power to the train. Being the catenary a stationary system with a long lifespan it is also less likely to be redesigned and upgraded than the pantographs that fit the train vehicles. This letter proposes an optimization procedure for the improvement of the contact quality between the pantograph and the catenary solely based on the redesign of the pantograph head suspension characteristics. A pantograph model is defined and validated against experimental dynamic characteristics of existing pantographs. An optimization strategy based on the use of a global optimization method, to find the vicinity of the optimal solution, followed by the use of a deterministic optimization algorithm, to fine tune the optimal solution, is applied here. The spring stiffness, damping characteristics and bow mass are the design variables used for the pantograph optimization. The objective of the optimal problem is the minimization of the standard deviation of the contact force history, which is the most important quantity to define the contact quality. The pantograph head suspension characteristics are allowed to vary within technological realistic limits. It is found that current high-speed railway pantographs have a limited potential for mechanical improvements, not exceeding 10%–15% on the decrease of the standard deviation of the contact force.     

高速列车车轮踏面剥离引起的轮轨冲击力学响应有限元模拟

车轮踏面剥离是轨道车辆车轮非圆化损伤的常见形式之一。轮轨滚动接触过程中,车轮踏面剥离会循环冲击钢轨,诱发异常大的轮轨动态相互作用,严重影响高速列车运行平稳性和安全性。基于三维轮轨滚动接触有限元模型,模拟了高速列车车轮踏面剥离引起的轮轨冲击力学响应,分析了轮轨冲击过程中的轮轨接触力/压力、接触斑及黏/滑特性、钢轨表面节点速度分布和应力/应变状态等响应特征,讨论了列车速度、剥离长度和剥离深度等关键参数对轮轨冲击响应的影响。结果发现,车轮踏面剥离引起的轮轨动态垂向接触力随列车速度的提高呈现出先增大后减小的变化趋势,并在列车速度为300 km/h出现最大值,约为轮轨准静态垂向接触力的1.35倍;随着剥离长度的增大,轮轨动态接触力、轮/轨von Mises应力和等效塑性应变均显著增大;随着剥离深度的增大,仅车轮von Mises应力和等效塑性应变显著增大。     

高速列车致声屏障风压变化和分布特性研究

高速列车致声屏障在极短的时间内受到交变气动力作用,一旦声屏障因强度或疲劳破坏而失效,有可能危及行车安全,因此准确评估高速列车致声屏障的脉动风压分布是结构设计需考虑的关键要素．利用数值风洞技术,模拟了道路及桥梁两侧分别布置5m、3.5m高声屏障,350km/h的列车通过时致声屏障的极值风压分布特性．研究结果表明列车驶过声屏障会产生气流挤压的正压波及气流填充的负压波,正压数值较负压数值大;极值风压随声屏障高度的增加而减小,且列车中心与声屏障的距离、声屏障的高度都会明显减弱极值风压的数值;两列车的交会相比单列车的通过,会更明显地挤压声屏障区域内的气流,从而在声屏障上产生更大的极值风压,且随着列车与声屏障距离的靠近,挤压增大极值风压的特性表现更为明显．最终通过选取京沪高铁试验段,进行相关的现场高速列车致声屏障极值风压试验测试,试验结果验证了数值模拟结果的准确性．     

高速列车头型长细比对气动噪声的影响

高速列车的头尾车外形对气动噪声具有重要的影响.工程实践中随着车速的增加,车辆头部越来越细长,日本高速磁悬浮列车实践中甚至出现了具有极端长细比的头部形状.本文以讨论头型长细比对列车气动噪声的影响规律为出发点,应用非线性声学求解器(NLAS)和FW-H声学比拟法的混合算法,在3种运行速度下对基于CRH380A高速列车头型概化的4种不同头型长细比的模型车的气动噪声进行了数值模拟.给出了不同头型长细比列车的流场特征、气动阻力和气动噪声.结果表明,列车的气动总阻力随头型长细比的增大而减小,且头型长细比对列车总气动阻力的影响随运行速度的增加而增强.而头型长细比对气动噪声的影响呈现出较为复杂的影响,并不存在单调的影响关系;综合考虑气动阻力和气动噪声,长细比最大的头型综合性能较优,但差异并不显著,因此在不考虑微气压波等因素的条件下,简单增加车头长细比并不一定能带来明显的气动噪声性能提升.     

Dynamics of trains and train-like articulated systems travelling in confined fluid—Part 2: Wave propagation and flow-excited vibration

Wave propagation and response of a train of flexibly interconnected rigid cars travelling in a confined cylindrical “tunnel” subjected to fluid dynamic forces are studied theoretically. For the wave propagation analysis, an infinite-length train represented by a lumped-parameter Timoshenko-beam (LTB) model is employed. The train response is simulated using a travelling sinusoidal aerodynamic force that mimics the features obtained during running experiments on real trains. In addition, the response of the system is examined when the velocity of the force approaches the minimum phase velocity of a travelling wave in the train. The principal aim of this study is to investigate the effect of aerodynamic forces on the dynamics of a high-speed train running in a tunnel, or more generally of a train-like system travelling in a coaxial cylindrical tube. The results of this study show that: (a) when aerodynamic forces act on a train, the frequency bands of the dispersion relation of wave propagation shift, and thus no classical normal modes (standing wave solutions) exist in the system; (b) the wavelength of the travelling sinusoidal force controls the phase differences between cars in the train; and (c) the response of the train can be considerably amplified when the speed of the travelling force coincides with the minimum phase velocity of travelling waves in the train.     

Wind tunnel and full-scale study of wind effects on a super-tall building

This paper presents the analyzed results from a combined wind tunnel and full-scale study of the wind effects on a super-tall building with a height of 420 m in Hong Kong. In wind tunnel tests, mean and fluctuating forces and pressures on the building models for the cases of an isolated building and the building with the existing surrounding condition are measured by the high-frequency force balance technique and synchronous multi-pressure sensing system under two typical boundary layer wind flow fields. Global and local wind force coefficients and structural responses are presented and discussed. A detailed study is conducted to investigate the influences of incident wind direction, upstream terrain conditions and interferences from the surroundings on the wind loads and responses of the high-rise structure. On the other hand, full-scale measurements of the wind effects on the super-tall building have been performed under typhoon conditions. The field data, such as wind speed, wind direction, structural acceleration and displacement responses have been simultaneously and continuously recorded during the passage of 12 typhoons since 2008. Analysis of the field measured data is carried out to investigate the typhoon effects on the super-tall building. Finally, the model test results are compared with the full-scale measurements for verification of the wind tunnel test techniques. The comparative study shows that the wind tunnel testing can provide reasonable predictions of the structural resonant responses. The resonant displacement responses are comparable to the background displacement responses so that the contribution of the background responses to the total displacement responses should not be underestimated. The outcome of the combined wind tunnel and full-scale study is expected to be useful to engineers and researchers involved in the wind-resistant design of super-tall buildings.     

On aerodynamic noises radiated by the pantograph system of high-speed trains

Pantograph system of high-speed trains become significant source of aerodynamic noise when travelling speed exceeds 300 km/h. In this paper, a hybrid method of non-linear acoustic solver （NLAS） and Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings （FW-H） acoustic analogy is used to predict the aerodynamic noise of pantograph system in this speed range. When the simulation method is validated by a benchmark problem of flows around a cylinder of finite span, we calculate the near flow field and far acoustic field surrounding the pantograph system. And then, the frequency spectra and acoustic attenuation with distance are analyzed, showing that the pantograph system noise is a typical broadband one with most acoustic power restricted in the medium-high frequency range from 200 Hz to 5 kHz. The aerodynamic noise of pantograph systems radiates outwards in the form of spherical waves in the far field. Analysis of the overall sound pressure level （OASPL） at different speeds exhibits that the acoustic power grows approximately as the 4th power of train speed. The comparison of noise reduction effects for four types of pantograph covers demonstrates that only case 1 can lessen the total noise by about 3 dB as baffles on both sides can shield sound wave in the spanwise direction. The covers produce additional aerodynamic noise themselves in the other three cases and lead to the rise of OASPLs.     

Fluttering flags: An experimental study of fluid forces

Unsteady fluid forces are measured at the onset of flutter and during the post-critical flutter of flags placed in a wind tunnel, focusing on the drag force and the moment around the flagpole. The evolution of these forces during flutter mode switches, induced by varying either the mass ratio or the wind velocity, is discussed by using additional high-speed imaging. For the highest wind velocities, losses of periodicity and snapping events are reported. Time-averaged and unsteady drag coefficients are reported and compared to previous works.     

Experimental study on wind loading on a complicated group-tower

This paper studied how wind pressures and forces affect rigid sectional models of a complicated group-tower using experimental wind tunnel tests. The group-tower was composed of five separate sub-towers with different diameters and heights. The basic characteristics of the mean and fluctuating wind pressure distributions on typical parts of the sub-towers were analyzed along the heights of each sub-tower, and their distribution trends are discussed. Also, the mean base shear and moment coefficients and their characteristics are presented. The wind pressure and wind force results showed that because the group-tower structure consisted of five separate lofty towers, the mutual aerodynamic interferences were serious; thus, the mean and fluctuating wind pressure, wind force distributions and the mean base shear and moment coefficients were quite complicated.