低雷诺数下弹性圆柱体涡激振动及影响参数分析

利用Fluent软件数值求解不可压缩粘性流体的N-S方程,研究均匀来流Re=200时弹性圆柱体的涡激振动.圆柱体运动简化为质量-弹簧-阻尼系统,将Newmark-β方法代码写入用户自定义函数(UDF)求解运动方程,柱体与流体间的非线性耦合作用通过动网格技术实现.详细分析了涡激力系数、柱体位移特征值和尾流涡结构随频率比的变化关系,获得"相位开关"、"拍"等现象.考虑流向振动对横向振动影响时,圆柱体最大横向振幅为0.65倍直径.当固定频率比,而质量比或折合阻尼增大时,圆柱体流向与横向振动均呈非线性衰减趋势,但增大质量比对流向平均位移的偏离起到更好的控制效果.     

大柔性圆柱体两自由度涡激振动试验研究

基于模型试验研究了柔性圆柱体两自由度涡激振动问题, 研究了顺流向涡激振动和横向涡激振动的频率与振幅关系, 提出了考虑流固耦合的两自由度涡激振动非线性分析模型. 研究表明, 在不同的流速(雷诺数)范围, 柔性圆柱体顺流向涡激振动与横向涡激振动的频率比和幅值比是不同的; 在非锁定区, 圆柱体的顺流向振动频率与横向振动频率相同, 在锁定区, 圆柱体的顺流向振动频率是横向振动频率的两倍; 在非锁定区, 顺流向振幅与横向振幅比约为1, 而在锁定区, 顺流向振幅与横向振幅比约为1/3~2/3.      

两端铰接的细长柔性圆柱体涡激振动响应特性数值研究

目前细长柔性圆柱体涡激振动响应的研究方法主要包括实验方法、计算流体动力学方法以及半经验模型方法. 鉴于实验方法研究成本较高、计算流体动力学方法计算时间较长,本文基于尾流振子模型对线性剪切来流下两端铰接的细长柔性圆柱体涡激振动响应特性进行了半经验模型方法研究. 先建立了柔性圆柱体结构振子以及尾流振子之间的耦合模型,紧接着基于二阶精度中心差分格式对耦合模型先离散后迭代进行求解. 对不同剪切参数下柔性圆柱体涡激振动响应的振动波长、振动频率、振动位移以及响应频率随时间的变化特性等参数进行了分析. 分析结果表明:圆柱体的涡激振动响应由驻波和行波混合组成. 当无量纲弯曲刚度较小时,在圆柱体两端附近,驻波占主导;而在圆柱体中间段附近,行波占主导. 当无量纲弯曲刚度较大时,在圆柱体整个长度区间上均为驻波占主导. 随着剪切参数的增大,振动位移以及振动波长均逐渐减小,而振动频率和频率带宽均逐渐增大.      

不同类型水平弹簧组合刚度非线性吸振器的性能分析及稳定性研究

动力吸振器作为一种振动控制单元被广泛运用于各种工程场合,但传统的线性吸振器只能实现窄带振动控制.文章在线性吸振器的基础上引入对称水平弹簧构建线性刚度与非线性刚度相结合的组合刚度非线性吸振器,以提升吸振器的吸振性能.考虑实际工程中可能的安装方式,分别建立水平弹簧接地安装和不接地安装的组合刚度非线性吸振器模型,利用谐波平衡法结合弧长延拓法解析求解动力学响应,并与数值结果相互验证,证明了求解结果的准确性.随后分析比较两种组合刚度非线性吸振器与线性吸振器以及非线性能量阱之间的吸振性能,发现水平弹簧接地安装类型的组合刚度非线性吸振器在保留线性吸振器优势的同时又改善其吸振频带窄的缺点,且与非线性能量阱相比在主共振频率附近的较宽频内吸振性能更优.在此基础上,讨论了水平弹簧参数以及吸振器阻尼对主结构振动幅频响应和稳定性的影响,最后观察分析主结构幅频响应曲线不稳定区内的复杂动力学行为.研究结果表明合适的设计参数能够使得主结构振动峰值较低的同时,频响曲线不稳定运动区域的范围也较小.     

两端铰接的细长柔性圆柱体涡激振动响应特性数值研究

目前细长柔性圆柱体涡激振动响应的研究方法主要包括实验方法、计算流体动力学方法以及半经验模型方法.鉴于实验方法研究成本较高、计算流体动力学方法计算时间较长,本文基于尾流振子模型对线性剪切来流下两端铰接的细长柔性圆柱体涡激振动响应特性进行了半经验模型方法研究.先建立了柔性圆柱体结构振子以及尾流振子之间的耦合模型,紧接着基于二阶精度中心差分格式对耦合模型先离散后迭代进行求解.对不同剪切参数下柔性圆柱体涡激振动响应的振动波长、振动频率、振动位移以及响应频率随时间的变化特性等参数进行了分析.分析结果表明:圆柱体的涡激振动响应由驻波和行波混合组成.当无量纲弯曲刚度较小时,在圆柱体两端附近,驻波占主导;而在圆柱体中间段附近,行波占主导.当无量纲弯曲刚度较大时,在圆柱体整个长度区间上均为驻波占主导.随着剪切参数的增大,振动位移以及振动波长均逐渐减小,而振动频率和频率带宽均逐渐增大.     

近壁面柱体涡激振动的迟滞效应

柱体涡激振动是典型的流固耦合问题,其响应规律标识码在升速流动和远离壁面条件下获得的. 而自然环境流动通常不断经历升速和降速过程,近壁面柱体的涡激振动可呈现与远离标识码体不同的响应特征. 本研究结合大型波流水槽,设计了具有微结构阻尼的柱体涡激振动装置. 基于量纲分析,开展系列水槽标识码验,通过同步测量柱体涡激振动位移时程和绕流流场变化,研究了升降流速作用下柱体涡激振动触发和停振的临界速度(即上临标识码临界速度)变化规律,探究了近壁面柱体涡激振动迟滞效应. 采用自下向上激光扫射的 PIV 流场测量系统,对比分析了固定柱体标识码振动柱体的绕流特征. 实验观测表明,近壁面柱体涡激振动触发的临界速度呈现随壁面间距比减小而逐渐减小的变化趋势;但标识码速条件下的涡激振动停振所对应的下临界速度却明显小于升速时的涡激振动触发所对应的上临界速度. 采用上临界与下临界约标识码差值可定量表征涡激振动迟滞程度,研究发现该值随着柱体间距比减小呈线性增大趋势. 涡激振动迟滞现象通常伴随振幅阶跃标识码阶跃值则随着间距比减小而非线性减小.      

海洋热塑性增强管(RTP)涡激振动数值计算

基于Van der Pol尾流振子模型和多体系统传递矩阵法(transfer matrix method for multibody systems, MSTMM), 建立了可以快速预测海洋热塑性增强管(reinforced thermoplastic pipe, RTP)振动特性和涡激振动响应的动力学模型. 仿真结果与ANSYS软件仿真结果以及文献实验数据对比, 验证了本文模型的准确性. 研究了考虑RTP立管刚性接头, 不同顶张力, 不同来流分布等情况对RTP立管涡激振动响应的影响. 计算结果表明: 流速越大, 立管涡激振动激发出的模态越高; 立管涡激振动主要受低阶模态控制; 立管的刚性接头对立管的湿模态影响较小, 但是对较高阶模态为主所激发出的涡激振动振幅分布影响较大; 剪切流对沿立管轴向的涡激振动振幅分布影响较大, 低流速能量小所引起的涡激振动幅值较小, 但是当剪切流流速达到能激发出较高阶模态时, 相比同等流速的均匀流所引起的涡激振动振幅要大.      

海洋柔性结构涡激振动的流固耦合机理和响应

对近几十年来国内外在涡激振动的基础研究包括机理认识和动响应分析等方面的进展进行了论述,尤其针对海洋油气平台中的立管、隔水管等细长柔性结构的涡激振动.描述了涡激振动这种典型的非线性流固耦合现象所具有的特征,包括自激、自限制、展向相关、尾迹水动力与结构动力的流固耦合等及其主要影响参数.介绍了目前常用的结构响应预测方法和相关实验.通过讨论当前理论研究和实际工程中的热点问题,诸如多模态宽带振动、浮体运动与水下立管的耦合、响应抑制措施、双向振动、高雷诺数下的大尺度物理实验等,对今后该领域的研究方向进行了力所能及的展望.     

主动振动控制中的非线性研究

本文采用磁致伸缩作动器进行了主动隔振的研究,分析,试验的结果表明,由于磁致缩材料的伸长率与磁场强度之间的非线性特性,导致了该作动器的输出具有谐波成分,激励激的运动亦可表示为杜芬方程的形式,试验证实,由于非线性的存在,主动振动控制效果受到影响。文中通过对激励源的振动信号进行分析,发现这一运动可能是混沌的。     

时滞非线性动力吸振器的减振机理

对一个带有时滞非线性动力吸振器的两自由度结构,采用多尺度法研究了时滞非线性动力吸振器对主系统的减振性能,得到了主系统的振幅-时滞响应曲线.研究结果表明,对时滞非线性动力吸振器,可以通过调节反馈增益系数和时滞控制主系统的振动. 研究还发现,对确定的反馈增益系数,可以存在时滞的一些调节区域,时滞非线性动力吸振器可以减小主系统的振动. 并且在时滞的这些可调区域里,存在一个``最大减振点'对应这一反馈增益系数下主系统振幅的最小值.对不同的反馈增益系数,``最大减振点'对应的主系统的振幅也不同.因此能够找到一组反馈增益系数和时滞量的最佳值,最大程度地减小主系统的振动.研究结果表明,当反馈增益系数和时滞量调到最佳值时,主系统的振动较无时滞非线性动力吸振器可以减少90{\%}左右, 数值模拟也证实了解析结果的正确性.      

Numerical study of flow-induced vibrations of cylinders under the action of nonlinear energy sinks (NESs)

An isolated two-dimensional circular cylinder with two linear degrees of freedom, parallel and perpendicular to the free-stream direction, and owning a nonlinear energy sink (NES) is investigated by fluid–structure interaction (FSI) simulations to assess vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) at moderate Reynolds numbers. Subsequently, the wake-induced vibration (WIV) of a pair of identical cylinders under the action of two NES in a tandem arrangement and in a proximity–wake interference regime is explored using the same approach. The NES parameters (mass, nonlinear stiffness and damping) are investigated to determine their effects on the dynamic response of a single degree of freedom (in transverse flow direction) coupled system by a reduced-order model based on an experimentally validated van der Pol oscillator. The CFD model coupled with FSI method is also validated against VIV experimental data for an isolated cylinder in a uniform flow. The study is aimed to investigate the effect of the passive suppression NES device on VIV and WIV. The amplitude response, trajectories of cylinder motion and temporal evolutions of vortex shedding are obtained by conducting a series of numerical simulations. It is found that placing a tuned NES in the cylinders can provide good suppression effect; however, the effectiveness is function of the reduced velocity.     

接地惯容式减振器对悬臂输流管稳定性 和动态响应的影响研究

输流管道广泛应用于机械、航空、核电和石油等重要工程领域.为防止管道结构因流致振动破坏造成的损失, 很有必要对其稳定性、动力学响应及其调控进行深入研究.本文提出一种由惯容器、弹簧和阻尼器并联组成的减振器模型, 研究了这种接地惯容减振器对悬臂输流管稳定性和非线性振动的影响. 首先, 基于哈密顿原理给出了带有接地惯容减振器非保守系统的非线性动力学模型; 然后, 利用高阶伽辽金方法对非线性方程进行离散化; 最后, 分别从线性和非线性角度分析了不同减振器参数下输流管道的被动控制效果, 着重讨论了惯容系数和减振器安装位置对悬臂管稳定性和动态响应的影响机制.线性理论模型的研究结果显示, 接地惯容减振器可显著影响悬臂管的失稳临界流速, 故通过调节减振器参数能有效提高输流管道的稳定性;惯容系数和弹簧刚度对系统稳定性的控制效果还与减振器的安装位置密切相关.非线性理论模型的分析结果显示, 惯容系数和减振器位置对输流管的非线性动态响应也有显著影响, 且这种影响还依赖于管道的流速取值; 在某些参数条件下, 减振器还可使输流管道由周期运动演化为复杂的混沌行为. 本文研究结果表明, 通过设计合理的惯容式减振器参数, 可提升悬臂输流管道的稳定性并有效抑制其颤振幅值.      

不同控制角下附加圆柱对圆柱涡激振动影响

在弹性支撑的圆柱周围布置直径更小圆柱会影响剪切层发展以及旋涡脱落,进而改变其涡激振动状态.通过不同的布置形式和附加小圆柱个数可以实现对圆柱涡激振动的促进或抑制.激励更大幅值的振动可以更好地将水流动能转化为可利用的机械能或电能,抑制其振动则可以实现对海洋平台等结构物的保护.采用基于迭代的嵌入式浸入边界法对前侧对称布置两个小圆柱的圆柱涡激振动进行数值模拟研究,系统仅做横向振动,其中基于主圆柱直径的雷诺数为100,质量比为2.0,折合流速为3~11.小圆柱与主圆柱的直径比为0.125,间隙比为0.125.结果表明,在研究的控制角范围内(30°~90°),附加小圆柱可以很大程度上改变圆柱涡激振动的状态.当控制角较小(30°)时,附加小圆柱对主圆柱的振动起抑制作用;当控制角为45°~60°时,圆柱的振动分为涡振和弛振两个阶段,在弛振阶段,圆柱振幅随折合流速增加而持续增加;当控制角较大(75°~90°)时,附加小圆柱的促进作用随着控制角增加而减小.进一步地,结合一个周期内不同时刻旋涡脱落以及圆周压强分布,解释了附加小圆柱对主圆柱涡激振动的作用机制.应用能量系数对圆柱系统的进一步分析发现,弛振阶段由流体传递到主圆柱的能量系数随折合流速的增加逐渐下降,旋涡结构的改变是产生这种变化的直接原因.      

Vortex-induced vibrations of two mechanically coupled circular cylinders with asymmetrical stiffness in side-by-side arrangements

Vortex-induced vibrations of two mechanically coupled circular cylinders with asymmetrical stiffness in side-by-side arrangements are numerically investigated in a uniform flow at a low Reynolds number of 100. The oscillation system is restricted to the cross-flow direction, giving rise to a coupled two-degree-of-freedom response. Attention is placed on the two cylinders with a center-to-center gap ratio of 4 and a mass ratio of 10. The flow dynamics are described by the two-dimensional incompressible Navier–Stokes equations and resolved by the Characteristic-Based-Split finite element method. The stiffness of the first spring that connects the lower cylinder to the wall is chosen such that the vortex-induced vibration of the associated single cylinder with the same stiffness undergoes a pre-synchronization (state A), synchronization (state B) and post-synchronization (state C), respectively. In each state, the stiffness of the second spring connecting the lower and upper cylinders is varied to cover both synchronization and de-synchronization regimes. Numerical results show that the mechanically coupled system locks on the first-mode natural frequency in state A, while on the second-mode natural frequency in states B and C. In such a lock-in regime, the amplitude ratios of the two oscillating and coupled cylinders collapse well onto the corresponding first or second free-vibration mode. The overall coupling mechanism is further explained in terms of the hydrodynamic coefficients, frequency characteristics, wake patterns and effective added mass, quantifying the associated fluid-structure interactions against those governing a single-degree-of-freedom, single-cylinder system.     

Effects of a non-linear energy sink (NES) on vortex-induced vibrations of a circular cylinder

We investigate in detail the passive control of vortex-induced vibrations of a freely oscillating circular cylinder using a non-linear energy sink consisting of a secondary system having linear damping and an essential non-linear cubic stiffness. The loads on the cylinder are calculated using a direct numerical simulation of the incompressible flow over the cylinder using a parallel computational fluid dynamics code. A strongly coupled fluid structure control numerical model is used to determine the responses of the cylinder and the sink as well as the flow. We vary the sink parameters (mass and damping) and determine their effects on the response of the coupled system. We find multiple stable responses of the coupled system for different mass ratios and damping coefficient of the sink, depending on the initial conditions.     

基于能量传递规律的海洋立管涡激振动抑制研究

涡激振动是造成海洋立管疲劳损伤的重要因素, 抑制振动能够保障结构安全, 延长使用寿命. 多数涡激振动抑制方法基于干扰流场的方式, 但在复杂环境条件下, 仅通过干扰流场对振动的抑制效果有限. 因此, 从结构层面考虑开展了海洋立管涡激振动抑制研究. 基于能量传递的理论, 阐述了立管涡激振动过程中的能量传递规律. 振动能量以行波形式由能量输入区传播至能量耗散区, 主要在能量耗散区被消耗. 通过局部增大能量耗散区的阻尼, 增加振动能量在传播过程中的消耗, 实现涡激振动抑制. 为了求解立管涡激振动响应, 构建了尾流振子预报模型, 并根据实验结果验证了理论模型的可靠性. 基于理论计算得到的能量系数, 判定立管涡激振动的能量输入区和能量耗散区. 通过对比立管增大阻尼前后的响应, 分析了涡激振动抑制效果. 研究结果表明: 在能量输入区增大阻尼对涡激振动的抑制效果并不显著; 在能量耗散区增大阻尼使能量衰减系数达到临界值之后, 能够显著降低立管上部和底部的涡激振动位移; 当能量衰减系数超过临界值后, 继续增大耗散区阻尼对涡激振动抑制效果的提升不明显.      

非线性振动能量俘获技术的若干进展

随着工程中低功耗电子设备和自供能无线传感网络的迅速发展, 使得振动能量俘获在航空航天工程、机械工程、生物医学工程和可持续能源工程等领域得到了广泛地应用. 振动能量俘获不仅可以将振动能转化为可用的电能为微电子设备供电, 还能减少有害振动保护仪器设备. 根据振动能量不同转换机制, 可以将振动能量俘获系统分为静电式、电磁式、压电式、磁致伸缩式、摩擦起电式以及它们的混合式. 其中压电和电磁振动能量转化机制由于结构简单、容易组装、能量转换性能高等优点, 已被广泛应用于各种工程领域中. 受极端环境干扰, 工程中容易出现宽带、低频等振动, 迫使振动能量俘获技术向非线性方向迅猛发展, 进一步吸引了诸多学者对振动能量俘获系统的结构和电路进行优化设计研究. 本文首先综述了非线性振动能量俘获技术近十年来的研究进展, 主要包括设计技术基础、非线性结构设计、动力学分析等方面的研究现状. 其次, 重点阐述了振动能量俘获与振动抑制一体化的主要研究成果, 包括非线性准零刚度和非线性能量汇在振动能量俘获领域的应用. 最后, 总结了振动能量俘获外接电路和主动控制策略的优化设计, 分析了进一步提升非线性振动能量俘获效能的有效方法.      

Single-degree-of-freedom model of displacement in vortex-induced vibrations

In contrast to the approach of coupling a nonlinear oscillator that represents the lift force with the cylinder’s equation of motion to predict the amplitude of vortex-induced vibrations, we propose and show that the displacement can be directly predicted by a nonlinear oscillator without a need for a force model. The advantages of the latter approach include reducing the number of equations and, subsequently, the number of coefficients to be identified to predict displacements associated with vortex-induced vibrations. The implemented single-equation model is based on phenomenological representation of different components of the transverse force as required to initiate the vibrations and to limit their amplitude. Three different representations for specific flow and cylinder parameters yielding synchronization for Reynolds numbers between 104 and 114 are considered. The method of multiple scales is combined with data from direct numerical simulations to identify the parameters of the proposed models. The variations in these parameters with the Reynolds number, reduced velocity or force coefficient over the synchronization regime are determined. The predicted steady-state amplitudes are validated against those obtained from high-fidelity numerical simulations. The capability of the proposed models in assessing the performance of linear feedback control strategy in reducing the vibrations amplitude is validated with performance as determined from numerical simulations.

     

Circular cylinder wakes and vortex-induced vibrations

This paper presents a selective review of recent research on vortex-induced vibrations of isolated circular cylinders and the flow and vibration of circular cylinders in a tandem arrangement; a common thread being that the topics raised are of particular interest to the author. The influence of Reynolds number on the response of isolated cylinders is presented and recent developments using forced vibration are discussed. The response of a cylinder free to respond in the in-line and transverse directions is contrasted with that of a cylinder responding in only one direction. The interference between two circular cylinders is discussed and prominence given to the case of cylinders in a tandem arrangement. The origin of the time–mean lift force on the downstream cylinder is considered together with the cause of the large amplitude transverse vibration experienced by the cylinder above vortex resonance. This wake-induced vibration is shown to be a form of vortex-induced vibration.     

On the response and wake modes of a cylinder undergoing streamwise vortex-induced vibration

This brief communication elaborates on aspects of the free response and wake modes of a flexibly-supported cylinder undergoing vortex-induced vibration in the streamwise direction only in view of some recent studies in the literature. It discusses the meaning of the term ‘lock-in’ employed in the context of forced excitation and free response studies, the influence of added mass on the response frequency, the competition between alternating and symmetrical modes and associated excitation mechanisms, and the drop in amplitude in the range separating the two response branches. A few similarities between single-degree-of-freedom streamwise and transverse vibrations are brought to light. Finally, attention is drawn to some discrepancies between published results which call for further understanding of the complicated nature of vortex-induced vibration.