热循环对碳纤维/双马来酰亚胺复合材料的影响

碳纤维/双马来酰亚胺复合材料比强度和比模量高,热稳定性良好,因此在航空航天飞行器中广泛应用。在低地球轨道空间,卫星和航天飞机穿梭于地球阴影内外,会受到外界温度的周期性影响。本文研究了高温环境(200℃)中和受到热循环老化(-120℃~200℃)的复合材料力学性能和微观形貌的变化。经过热循环处理之后,试样层间剪切强度降低;通过将横截面和侧面打磨抛光并使用扫描电镜进行观测,在横截面和侧面上均发现了细观微裂纹。大部分微裂纹萌生于基体及界面上,界面脱粘和碎屑明显可见,基体与界面处产生微裂纹是层间剪切强度下降的主要原因。因此,在复合材料的应用中应该关注热循环诱发微裂纹的现象。     

缝纫复合材料层合板面内弹性模量分析

基于对缝纫孔附近局部细观结构的分析，提出了一种预测缝纫复合材料层合板面内力学性能的理论模型．从分析缝孔单胞的纤维弯曲几何特征入手，最终得到单向板及层合板的弹性常数．通过有限元分析研究了缝纫参数对复合材料层合板面内等效模量的影响．研究结果表明，缝纫造成单向板及层合板面内材料性质的不均匀，随着缝纫密度和缝纫线直径的增加，层合板的等效模量逐渐降低．     

环氧树脂/泡沫铝一体型复合夹层板压缩及弯曲试验研究

提出了一种环氧树脂/泡沫铝一体型复合夹层板,通过准静态试验以及与纯泡沫铝、传统蒙皮夹层板的对比研究了其破坏过程、破坏形貌、破坏机理及压缩和弯曲力学性能。分别通过压缩应力-应变曲线和弯曲荷载-挠度曲线分析了复合层厚度对压缩及弯曲力学性能的影响,并与传统夹层板的力学性能进行了比较。结果表明,随着夹层板中环氧树脂/泡沫铝复合层厚度增加,其压缩弹性模量和抗压强度增加,弯曲承载力提高。相比传统蒙皮夹层板,由于表层和芯层之间没有明显界面,大大提高了夹芯板的整体性,在受力过程中不会出现表层剥离等现象。     

纤维增强聚合物布加固裂纹木梁的稳定性

梁中横向裂纹等效为无质量内部转动弹簧，假定纤维增强聚合物(FRP)布与梁表面紧密粘贴，建立了考虑轴向压力二阶效应FRP 布加固裂纹梁线性弯曲的控制方程，并得到其显式解析通解．在此基础上，研究了FRP加固简支裂纹木梁的稳定性，通过数值求解方程，分析了纤维增强聚合物(CFRP)布含量、裂纹深度和位置以及数量等因素对CFRP 布加固简支裂纹杉木梁临界载荷的影响，结果表明：CFRP 加固可明显减小裂纹深度和数量等对裂纹杉木梁临界载荷的影响，且裂纹处弯矩较大或裂纹较深时加固效应愈加显著；CFRP 加固裂纹木梁临界载荷随CFRP 布加固层含量的增加而增加，但当CFRP 布含量达到一定值后，进一步增加CFRP 含量对CFRP加固裂纹梁临界载荷提高并不明显．     

含微裂纹和椭球颗粒介质的强度及本构关系

针对含随机分布微裂纹及椭球颗粒的复合材料，通过考虑椭球颗粒内的本征应变及其与微裂纹的相互作用，利用等效夹杂方法研究了微裂纹损伤对材料有效模量和强度的影响，推导了复合材料的细观应力场及本构关系，并导出了材料破坏的临界条件．     

含冰率影响下冻结道砟集料的三点弯曲试验研究

寒区有砟轨道中碎石道床在低温冰冻条件下的力学性能与常温明显不同，道砟颗粒间的冻结强度是影响道床动力学特性的一个重要参数。为进一步探究级配碎石在冻结条件下的弯曲力学性能，设计并制备了不同含冰率的冻结碎石集料试样，通过开展室内低温三点弯曲试验，研究了含冰率对冻结试样加载力-挠度曲线及弯曲强度的影响，并分析了冻结试样的断裂行为及断裂耗能情况。试验结果表明，试样的弯曲断裂失效过程可以分为脆性断裂和峰后应变软化型断裂两部分，加载力-挠度全曲线在脆性断裂时出现明显加载力跌落现象，而在应变软化型断裂过程中曲线下降趋势平缓。含冰率的提高显著增大了试样的弯曲强度，含冰率与弯曲强度之间的关系可近似线性表示。高含冰率试样弯曲脆性断裂时试样中部下方可观察到明显的受拉裂纹，并沿着道砟接触面向上不断扩展。含冰率较低时，试样脆性断裂耗能略高于应变软化型断裂耗能，其耗能占总消耗能量的70%以上，试样以脆性断裂为主；随着含冰率增大，试样脆性断裂能占比急速下降，应变软化型断裂逐渐占主体且不容忽视。     

晶须增韧陶瓷基复合材料中微裂纹演化规律的描述

本文利用作者改进的等效夹杂理论和内容量理论，研究了晶须增韧陶瓷基复合材料中随机分布微裂纹的演化规律及其对材料力学性能的影响，同时考虑了热残余应变、晶须含量及长径比的影响，预报了材料的模量、非线性起始点、材料强度及非线性本构关系，给出了许多有意义的结论。     

冰在低温下的单轴压缩力学行为和破坏机制

利用带有低温装置的Instron5848材料实验机和分离式Hopkinson压杆装置（SHPB）,在-10℃、-20℃和-30℃温度下,对多晶冰进行了应变率为10-4~102S-1范围内的单轴压缩力学性能实验,分析了实验结果的可靠性和有效性。研究发现：冰的压缩强度具有明显的温度和应变率敏感性,随应变率的增大、温度的降低而提高;压缩强度与应变率对数呈线性关系,应变率的升高会增强降温对压缩强度的强化效应。在研究的应变率和温度范围内,冰主要有径向膨胀、纵向劈裂和整体破碎三种破坏模式,裂尖能量得不到及时释放、冰体内氢键强度和裂纹滑移摩擦阻力增大是导致冰破坏模式不同和压缩强度增大的原因。     

基于全场位移测量技术的微悬臂梁面内弯曲性能测试

基于自制的微力试验机和全场位移光学测量仪,建立了微尺度力学性能原位测试系统。其中微力试验机基于电磁驱动兼载荷计量原理设计,载荷量程和噪音分别为±1N和50μN。全场位移光学测量仪基于白光数字散斑相关方法研制。采用该系统对MEMS单晶硅(001)微悬臂梁进行了面内弯曲力学性能原位测试,获得了微悬臂梁末梢施力点的力-位移关系曲线,以及全场变形情况。结果显示,微悬臂梁表现出很好的弹性弯曲行为,最后在根部发生脆性断裂。根据弹性弯曲理论计算出单晶硅弹性模量为123.8GPa(±3.2%)。该技术为研究MEMS微构件的力学性能提供了一种有效的手段。     

爆炸荷载作用下UHPC板的弯曲损伤评估

为构建爆炸荷载作用下超高性能混凝土（UHPC）板弯曲损伤等级评估的p-I（压力-冲量）曲线：采用条带法进行截面分析,建立了考虑UHPC材料拉/压软化和塑性铰影响的UHPC简支单向板的非线性抗力方程和等效单自由度（ESDOF）理论模型;通过与六炮次爆炸实验中UHPC板的挠度时程,以及UFC 3-340-02和FHWA规范推荐方法的计算结果对比,验证了本文理论模型的可靠性;基于验证的ESDOF模型,构建了评估UHPC板的不同弯曲损伤等级的p-I曲线并开展了参数影响分析,提出并验证了UHPC板弯曲损伤评估的p-I曲线经验公式。结果表明：提高混凝土强度等级和钢筋屈服强度、增加受拉钢筋配筋率和板厚,以及减小净跨均可提升UHPC板的抗爆性能。     

Effects of Environmental Degradation on Flexural Failure Strength of Fiber Reinforced Composites

Fiber-reinforced composite laminates are often used in harsh environments that may affect their long-term durability as well as residual strength. In general, environmental degradation is observed as matrix cracking and erosion that leads to deterioration of matrix-dominated properties. In this work, cross-ply laminates of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy were subjected to environmental degradation using controlled ultraviolet radiation (UV) and moisture condensation and the post-exposure mechanical properties were evaluated through elastic modulus and failure strength measurements. Additionally, both degraded and undegraded were subjected to cyclic fatigue loading to investigate possible synergistic effects between environmental degradation and mechanical fatigue. Experimental results show that the degradation results in reduced failure strength. Greater effects of degradation are observed when the materials are tested under flexural as opposed to uniaxial loading. Based on strength measurements and scanning electron microscopy, we identified various damage modes resulting from exposure to UV radiation and moisture condensation, and cyclic loading. The principal mechanisms that lead to reduction in mechanical properties are the loss of fiber confinement due to matrix erosion, due to UV radiation and moisture condensation, and weakened/cracked ply interfaces due to mechanical fatigue. An empirical relationship was established to quantify the specific influence of different damage mechanisms and to clarify the effects of various degradation conditions.     

Wave propagation in transversely impacted composite laminates

An experimental investigation was conducted to determine wave-propagation characteristics, transient-strain distributions and residual properties for unidirectional and angle-ply boron/epoxy and graphite/epoxy laminates impacted with silicon-rubber projectiles at velocities up to 250 ms^?1 (820 ft/s). Tests were conducted at normal and 45-deg oblique impact. Strain signals obtained from surface and embedded strain gages were recorded and analyzed to determine the types of waves, propagation velocities, peak strains, strain rates and attenuation characteristics. The predominant wave is a flexural on propagating at different velocities in different directions. The flexural wave velocity is higher in the higher-modulus direction. In general, measured wave velocities were higher than theoretically predicted. The amplitude of the in-plane wave is less than ten percent of that of the flexural wave. Peak strains and strain rates in the transverse to the (outer) fiber direction are much higher than those in the direction of the fibers. Strain rates up to 640 s^?1 were measured. Under oblique 45-deg impact, the flexural wave is still the predominant one. Peak strains under this oblique impact range between 36 and 56 percent of those under normal impact of the same velocity. Residual elastic properties and strength were measured around the point of impact. The most significant result was a reduction in the transverse strength of the unidirectional laminates. The dynamics of impact were also studied with high-speed photography. The projectile is completely flattened within 50–70 μs and the total contact time is of the order of 300 μs.     

Time and Temperature Dependent Fatigue Strengths for Three Directions of Unidirectional CFRP

This paper is concerned with the characterization of time and temperature dependent fatigue strengths for three loading directions of unidirectional CFRP, that is, the longitudinal tensile and compressive directions as parallel to the fiber direction and the transverse tensile direction as transverse to the fiber direction, within the plane of the unidirectional ply, which are the most basic directions for fiber composites. These three kinds of fatigue strengths were measured at various frequencies and temperatures. The master curves of these fatigue strengths were constructed using measured data based on the time-temperature superposition principle. As results, it was cleared that each of three kinds of fatigue strength shows characteristic time and temperature dependent behavior. The tensile fatigue strength for the longitudinal direction of unidirectional CFRP moderately depends on time and temperature as well as the number of cycles to failure. The compressive fatigue strength for the longitudinal direction strongly depends on time and temperature, however this strength scarcely depends on the number of cycles to failure. The tensile fatigue strength for the transverse direction strongly depends on time and temperature as well as the number of cycles to failure.     

Fatigue damage in centrally notched GR/EP laminates

The fatigue properties of graphite/epoxy (Gr/Ep) T300/5208 composite laminates of 16 plies with a central circular hole subjected to tension-tension (T-T) constant-stress amplitudes at room temperature and low humidity have been fully investigated. Studied are four types of notched laminates which are classified as unidirectional, off-axis, orthotropic shear and quasi-isotropic. Some of them were precracked to initiate and guide the crack growth transversely. Our work is experimental and the analysis is based on a semiempirical approach. We have experimentally measured S-N curves, failure surfaces, crack lengths and their corresponding growth directions, delamination areas and transverse delamination lengths for the above series of composites. The fatigue failure mechanism was observed and expressed schematically. To analyze the experimental results, we have categorized the S-N curves by three common equations. The effective transverse crack length of quasi-isotropic laminates was found to be independent of the applied stress. For simplicity, it was modeled by a power law of applied cycles. It was also found that the delamination area could be expressed by a power law of applied cycles. Hence, the so-called modified Paris law, i.e., the power law of cycles, proposed here has been verified as satisfactorily acceptable.     

Experimental study and analysis of RC beams strengthened with CFRP laminates under sustaining load

Six reinforced concrete beams strengthened in flexure using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates subjected to different sustaining loads were tested. The main goal of the test is to examine the effects of initial load and load history on the ultimate strength of strengthened reinforced concrete beams by externally bonded CFRP laminates. The main experimental parameters include different levels of sustaining load at the time of strengthening and load history. To explain the experimental results in quantitative terms, a theoretical model for flexural behavior of the strengthened reinforced concrete beam is also developed. Test results in the current study show that sustaining load levels at the time of strengthening have important influence on the ultimate strength of strengthened reinforced concrete beams. If the initial load is basically same, the ultimate strength of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with CFRP laminates is almost same regardless of load history at the time of strengthening.     

Development and characterization of orthotropic-birefringent materials

Materials were selected and fabrication procedures developed for orthotropic-birefringent materials. An epoxy resin (Maraset 658/558 system) was selected as the matrix material. Fibers obtained from Style 3733 glass cloth and Type 1062 glass roving were used as reinforcement. Two different fabrication procedures were used. In the first one, layers of unidirectional fibers removed from the glass cloth were stacked, impregnated with resin, bagged and cured in an autoclave at elevated temperature. In the second procedure, the glass roving was dry-wound over metal frames, impregnated with resin and cured at room temperature under vacuum and pressure in the autoclave. Unidirectional, angleply, and quasi-isotropic laminates of two thicknesses were fabricated. The matrix and the unidirectional glass/epoxy material were fully characterized. The density, fiber-volume ratio, mechanical, and optical properties were determined. The fiber-volume ratio was over 0.50. Birefringent properties were in good agreement with predictions, based on a stress-proportioning concept and also, with one exception, with properties predicted by a finite-element analysis.     

冻融循环下预应力CFRP板加固钢筋混凝土梁的耐久性研究

预应力CFRP加固混凝土结构技术由于具有显著优势,越来越多地被应用在桥梁加固中,本文针对冻融循环作用下预应力CFRP板加固钢筋混凝土梁的耐久性能进行了实验研究。通过12片加固梁试件的实验研究了不同次数冻融循环作用下预应力CFRP板加固梁的破坏形态和承载性能,分析了混凝土强度等级、冻融循环次数、CFRP初始应力水平等因素对加固梁耐久性能的影响。实验结果表明:经历冻融循环后试件的开裂荷载和极限承载能力都有了不同程度的下降,冻融侵蚀对CFRP加固混凝土结构产生了明显的不利影响;随着冻融循环次数的增加,加固试件的破坏模式逐渐由混凝土保护层剥离转变为界面剥离的破坏形态;冻融循环作用对预应力加固试件的整体不利影响要大于非预应力试件;混凝土强度为C60的预应力CFRP加固试件在冻融侵蚀作用下的退化要较强度为C30的加固试件显著。     

Statistical Assessment of Tensile Static,Creep and Fatigue Strengths for Unidirectional CFRP

Background

The tensile strength along the longitudinal direction of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRPs) constitutes important data for the reliable design of CFRP structures. Our earlier reports proposed the formulations for the statistical static, creep, and fatigue strengths of CFRP based on Christensen’s model of the viscoelastic crack kinetics.

Objective

This study is concerned with the statistical assessment of the tensile static, creep, and fatigue strengths of unidirectional CFRPs by using the proposed formulations and the characterization of the long-term strengths of unidirectional CFRPs.

Method

First, the proposed formulations for the time-dependent and temperature-dependent statistical static, creep, and fatigue strengths of CFRP are introduced. Second, the tensile static, creep and fatigue strengths of unidirectional CFRP are measured statistically at various temperatures using resin-impregnated CFRP strands as tensile test specimens by measuring the viscoelasticity of the matrix resin. Finally, the master curves showing the long-term life of these strengths are constructed by substituting these measured data into the formulations.

Results

The results clarify that the formulations are applicable with high reliability over wide ranges of time and temperature for the statistical tensile static, creep and fatigue strengths of unidirectional CFRP except above the glass transition temperature of the matrix resin. Therefore, the fatigue strength degradation phenomena of unidirectional CFRPs can be expressed by the time- and temperature-dependent part due to the viscoelastic behavior of the matrix resin and the number of load cycle-dependent parts.

Conclusions

The long-term life prediction of unidirectional CFRPs under static, creep and fatigue tension loadings can be determined by ascertaining the mechanical properties of the CFRP and matrix resin in the proposed formulations.

     

Analysis of progressive fiber debonding in elastic laminates

The evolution of fiber debonding, and sliding, in fibrous laminates is modeled by a coupled micro/macro-mechanical analysis scheme. The laminates under consideration have a symmetric layup, and are subjected to mechanical loads. The individual plies are elastic, have a unidirectional reinforcement, and can suffer local damage at the fiber/matrix interface when the resolved normal and shear stresses exceed their ultimate magnitudes. The local fields in the plies are assumed to be periodic, and are approximated by the finite element method for overall loads and local resolved stresses that are in excess of the interface strength. Local effects in the individual plies are scaled up to the laminate analysis through stress transformation factors, which are a function of the elastic properties of the plies and their stacking configuration.The proposed analysis was implemented for a periodic array model of the laminas, and for in-plane loading of the laminate. The model predictions for a unidirectional steel/epoxy system subjected to transverse loading compare remarkably well with experimental measurements. This result, and several other examples given for axial and off-axis loading of SiC/CAS laminates, illustrate the model capabilities in predicting the overall strains in the presence of simultaneous, progressive debonding in the individual plies.     

碳纳米管/碳纤维增强复合材料层合板低速冲击响应和破坏的数值模拟

碳纳米管/碳纤维增强复合材料（carbon nanotube/carbon fibre reinforced plastic,CNT/CFRP）是一种多尺度复合材料,比传统CFRP有更好的综合性能和更广阔的应用前景。对CNT/CFRP在低速冲击下的响应和破坏进行了数值模拟研究。首先,基于先前的研究通过引入基体增韧因子、残余强度因子并改进损伤耦合方程,建立了新的FRP动态渐进损伤模型;然后,利用新建立的本构模型并结合黏结层损伤模型,对4种碳纳米管含量的增韧碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料层合板在5个能量下的冲击实验进行了数值模拟;最后,将模拟结果与文献中的相关实验结果进行了比较,并讨论了冲击速度的影响。结果表明:新建立的FRP本构模型能够预测CNT/CFRP层合板在低速冲击载荷作用下的响应、破坏过程和分层形貌,模拟得到的载荷-位移曲线和破坏形貌与实验吻合较好;冲击速度会影响CNT/CFRP层合板拉伸和压缩破坏的比例,相同的冲击能量下,更大的冲击速度会造成更多的拉伸破坏。