On the group velocity of symmetric and upwind numerical schemes

Dissipative numerical approximations to the linear advection equation are considered with respect to their behaviour in the limit of weak dissipation. The context is wave propagation under typical far-field conditions where grids are highly stretched and waves are underresolved. Three classes of schemes are analysed: explicit two-level (i) symmetric and (ii) upwind schemes of optimal accuracy are considered as well as (iii) (symmetric) Runge-Kutta schemes. In the far-field the dissipation of all schemes diminishes. Group speeds of high-frequency modes assume the incorrect sign and may admit ‘backward’ wave propagation if waves are not damped. A fundamental difference arises between the symmetric and upwind cases owing to the different rates at which the dissipation diminishes. In the upwind case, while the amount of damping per time step diminishes, the accumulative damping remains exponential in time. In the symmetric case the accumulative damping tends to unity, yielding in practice non-dissipative schemes. In this light, parasitic modes constitute much less of a problem in the upwind case than in the symmetric case. Numerical tests confirm these findings.     

Visco-elastic effects on wave dispersion in three-phase acoustic metamaterials

This paper studies the wave attenuation performance of dissipative solid acoustic metamaterials (AMMs) with local resonators possessing subwavelength band gaps. The metamaterial is composed of dense rubber-coated inclusions of a circular shape embedded periodically in a matrix medium. Visco-elastic material losses present in a matrix and/or resonator coating are introduced by either the Kelvin–Voigt or generalized Maxwell models. Numerical solutions are obtained in the frequency domain by means of $\mathbf{k}\left(\omega \right)$-approach combined with the finite element method. Spatially attenuating waves are described by real frequencies ω and complex-valued wave vectors $\mathbf{k}$. Complete 3D band structure diagrams including complex-valued pass bands are evaluated for the undamped linear elastic and several visco-elastic AMM cases. The changes in the band diagrams due to the visco-elasticity are discussed in detail; the comparison between the two visco-elastic models representing artificial (Kelvin–Voigt model) and experimentally characterized (generalized Maxwell model) damping is performed. The interpretation of the results is facilitated by using attenuation and transmission spectra. Two mechanisms of the energy absorption, i.e. due to the resonance of the inclusions and dissipative effects in the materials, are discussed separately.It is found that the visco-elastic damping of the matrix material decreases the attenuation performance of AMMs within band gaps; however, if the matrix material is slightly damped, it can be modeled as linear elastic without the loss of accuracy given the resonator coating is dissipative. This study also demonstrates that visco-elastic losses properly introduced in the resonator coating improve the attenuation bandwidth of AMMs although the attenuation on the resonance peaks is reduced.     

Dispersion and attenuation of torsional wave in a viscoelastic layer bonded between a layer and a half-space of dry sandy media

Propagation of a torsional wave in a doubly-layered half-space structure of an initially stressed heterogeneous viscoelastic layer sandwiched between a layer and a half-space of heterogeneous dry sandy media is studied. A closed form complex expression for the velocity profile is obtained under effective boundary conditions. The real part of the complex expression provides a dispersion equation, and the imaginary part yields a damping equation. The derived dispersion and damped equations are in well agreement with the classical Love wave condition. In addition, to study the effect of the dissipation factor, the attenuation coefficient, the sandy parameters, the initial stress, the heterogeneity parameters, and the thickness ratio parameter, some noteworthy contemplations are made by numerical calculations and graphical visuals. The results of this paper may present a deeper insight into the behaviour of propagation phenomena in heterogeneous viscoelastic and heterogeneous dry sandy materials that can provide a theoretical guide for the design and optimization in the field of earthquake engineering. The study also reveals that the presence of a damping part due to viscoelasticity affects the torsional wave propagation significantly.     

多铁性扇环截面柱体中的波传播

论文基于线性磁电弹性理论,研究了具有扇环形截面的多铁性柱形波导中的弹性波传播问题.利用波动势函数法,解析推导获得波动特征方程,进而得到弥散关系.通过算例研究了波传播的关键特性,深入分析了弥散曲线、相速度曲线和截止频率变化情况.结果显示,波的相速度和截止频率非常依赖于波导结构的扇环截面半顶角、内外径比和层合界面的弱界面系数,对于给定材料的波导结构,这些参数也是控制其弥散特性的重要影响因素.值得指出的是,在柱面应力自由的边界条件下相速度曲线中存在独特的频率带隙,而这通常是在周期结构中才会出现.     

梁波传播的固有特性

以分布参数的理论为基础，分析了梁波传播的一些固有特性，说明了它们与周期性结构的关系，讨论了支持条件对波传播特性的影响，指出了如果把近似方法应用于波传播分析中，可能引起的一些问题．本文的结果可直接应用于周期性结构的分析中     

Symmetric and anti-symmetric Rayleigh–Lamb modes in sinusoidally corrugated waveguides: An analytical approach

The wave propagation analysis in corrugated waveguides is considered in this paper. Elastic wave propagation in a two-dimensional periodically corrugated plate is studied here analytically. The dispersion equation is obtained by applying the traction free boundary conditions. Solution of the dispersion equation gives both symmetric and anti-symmetric modes. In a periodically corrugated waveguide all possible spectral order of wave numbers are considered for the analytical solution. It has been observed that the truncation of the spectral order influences the results. Truncation number depends on the degree of corrugation and the frequency of the wave. Usually increasing frequency requires increasing number of terms in the series solution, or in other words, a higher truncation number. For different degrees of corrugation the Rayleigh–Lamb symmetric and anti-symmetric modes are investigated for their non-propagating ‘stop bands’ and propagating ‘pass bands’. To generate the dispersion equation for corrugated plates with a wide range of the degree of corrugation, appropriate truncation of the spectral orders has to be considered. Analytical results are given for three different degrees of corrugation in three plates. Resonance of symmetric and anti-symmetric modes in these plates, their ‘cut-off’, ‘cut-on’, ‘branch-point’, ‘change-place’, ‘mode conversion’ and ‘pinch points’ at various frequencies are also studied.     

Floquet–Bloch decomposition for the computation of dispersion of two-dimensional periodic,damped mechanical systems

Floquet–Bloch theorem is widely applied for computing the dispersion properties of periodic structures, and for estimating their wave modes and group velocities. The theorem allows reducing computational costs through modeling of a representative cell, while providing a rigorous and well-posed spectral problem representing wave dispersion in undamped media. Most studies employ the Floquet–Bloch approach for the analysis of undamped systems, or for systems with simple damping models such as viscous or proportional damping. In this paper, an alternative formulation is proposed whereby wave heading and frequency are used to scan the k-space and estimate the dispersion properties. The considered approach lends itself to the analysis of periodic structures with complex damping configurations, resulting for example from active control schemes, the presence of damping materials, or the use of shunted piezoelectric patches. Examples on waveguides with various levels of damping illustrate the performance and the characteristics of the proposed approach, and provide insights into the properties of the obtained eigensolutions.     

Axisymmetric free vibrations of infinite micropolar thermoelastic plate

The propagation of axisymmetric free vibrations in an infinite homogeneous isotropic micropolar thermoelastic plate without energy dissipation subjected to stress free and rigidly fixed boundary conditions is investigated. The secular equations for homogeneous isotropic micropolar thermoelastic plate without energy dissipation in closed form for symmetric and skew symmetric wave modes of propagation are derived. The different regions of secular equations are obtained. At short wavelength limits, the secular equations for symmetric and skew symmetric modes of wave propagation in a stress free insulated and isothermal plate reduce to Rayleigh surface wave frequency equation. The results for thermoelastic, micropolar elastic and elastic materials are obtained as particular cases from the derived secular equations. The amplitudes of displacement components, microrotation and temperature distribution are also computed during the symmetric and skew symmetric motion of the plate. The dispersion curves for symmetric and skew symmetric modes and amplitudes of displacement components, microrotation and temperature distribution in case of fundamental symmetric and skew symmetric modes are presented graphically. The analytical and numerical results are found to be in close agreement.     

Axisymmetric free vibrations of infinite thermoelastic plate

The propagation of axisymmetric free vibrations in an infinite homogeneous isotropic micropolar thermoelastic plate without energy dissipation subjected to stress free and rigidly fixed boundary conditions is investigated. The secular equations for homogeneous isotropic micropolar thermoelastic plate without energy dissipation in closed form for symmetric and skew symmetric wave modes of propagation are derived. The different regions of secular equations are obtained. At short wavelength limits, the secular equations for symmetric and skew symmetric modes of wave propagation in a stress free insulated and isothermal plate reduce to Rayleigh surface wave frequency equation. The results for thermoelastic, micropolar elastic and elastic materials are obtained as particular cases from the derived secular equations. The amplitudes of displacement components, microrotation and temperature distribution are also computed during the symmetric and skew symmetric motion of the plate. The dispersion curves for symmetric and skew symmetric modes and amplitudes of displacement components, microrotation and temperature distribution in case of fundamental symmetric and skew symmetric modes are presented graphically. The analytical and numerical results are found to be in close agreement.     

Rayleigh-type wave propagation in incompressible visco-elastic media under initial stress

Propagation of Rayleigh-type surface waves in an incompressible visco-elastic material over incompressible visco-elastic semi-infinite media under the effect of initial stresses is discussed. The dispersion equation is determined to study the effect of different types of parameters such as inhomogeneity, initial stress, wave number, phase velocity, damping factor, visco-elasticity, and incompressibility on the Rayleigh-type wave propagation. It is found that the affecting parameters have a significant effect on the wave propagation. Cardano’s and Ferrari’s methods are deployed to estimate the roots of differential equations associated with layer and semi-infinite media. The MATHEMATICA software is applied to explicate the effect of these parameters graphically.     

Structural damping identification method using normal FRFs

All structures exhibit some form of damping, but despite a large literature on the damping, it still remains one of the least well-understood aspects of general vibration analysis. The synthesis of damping in structural systems and machines is extremely important if a model is to be used in predicting vibration levels, transient responses, transmissibility, decay times or other characteristics in design and analysis that are dominated by energy dissipation. In this paper, new structural damping identification method using normal frequency response functions (NFRFs) which are obtained experimentally is proposed and tested with the objective that the damped finite element model is able to predict the measured FRFs accurately. The proposed structural damping identification is a direct method. In the proposed method, normal FRFs are estimated from the complex FRFs, which are obtained experimentally of the structure. The estimated normal FRFs are subsequently used for identification of general structural damping. The effectiveness of the proposed structural damping identification method is demonstrated by two numerical simulated examples and one real experimental data. Firstly, a study is performed using a lumped mass system. The lumped mass system study is followed by case involving numerical simulation of fixed–fixed beam. The effect of coordinate incompleteness and robustness of method under presence of noise is investigated. The performance of the proposed structural damping identification method is investigated for cases of light, medium, heavily and non-proportional damped structures. The numerical studies are followed by a case involving actual measured data for the case of a cantilever beam structure. The results have shown that the proposed damping identification method can be used to derive an accurate general structural damping model of the system. This is illustrated by matching the damped identified FRFs with the experimentally obtained FRFs.     

Wave propagation in double helical rods

The propagation of waves in helical rods has been studied extensively. However, studying the wave propagation in double helical rods have received less attention although this can be useful in multiple fields of science and engineering. Obtaining an analytical model for a double helical rod is challenging since the curvature and tortuosity are not constant. Thus, resolving the wave behaviour analytically is nearly impossible. In this paper, wave propagation in a double helical rod will be studied using the wave and finite element method which is a technique that can be used to model homogeneous and periodic one and two dimensional structures based on the periodic structure theory. For modelling a double helical rod, the finite element model of a single turn is processed using Bloch waves. The dispersion curves and wavemodes are obtained and the similarities and differences of waves in helical and double helical rods are highlighted.     

波能耗散的结构阻尼损耗因子度量方法

根据波动理论,用Timoshenko梁理论在高频范围内分析能量的耗散,通过重建作为频率函数的色散关系曲线,得到动力粘弹性模量及材料的损失因子。根据动力系统的固有特征方程与材料弹性特性的关系,研究利用阻尼损耗因子定量描述在高频情况下,波在结构中传播时的能量耗散效应以及结构阻尼损耗因子的表示方法,并通过实验利用波的色散关系估计结构的动力粘弹性模量,理论分析和实验结果表明了这种方法的可行性。     

Buckling analysis of fibers in composite materials by wave propagation analogy

The analogy between the governing equations for the analysis of buckling in elastic structures and the elastodynamic equations of motion for wave propagation is presented. By employing this analogy, the exact and approximate buckling stresses of periodic layered materials and continuous fiber composites, respectively, are established. This is performed by utilizing micromechanically based dispersion relations for elastic wave propagating in the composite materials, which provide for a given wave length the corresponding phase velocity. By a specific change of variables in these dispersion relations, the corresponding buckling stresses can be determined. Results are presented and compared with solutions based on the mechanics of materials approach as well as with the well known Rosen’s fiber buckling predictions.     

Internal wave reflections and transmissions arising from a non-uniform mesh. Part III: The occurrence of evanescent waves in the Crank-Nicolson linear finite element scheme

The numerical scheme upon which this paper is based is the 1D Crank–Nicolson linear finite element scheme. In Part I of this series it was shown that for a certain range of incident wavelengths impinging on the interface of an expansion in nodal spacing, an evanescent (or spatially damped) wave results in the downstream region. Here in Part III an analysis is carried out to predict the wavelength and the spatial rate of damping for this wave. The results of the analysis are verified quantitatively with seven ‘hot-start’ numerical experiments and qualitatively with seven ‘cold-start’ experiments. Weare has shown that evanescent waves occur whenever the frequency of a disturbance at a boundary exceeds the maximum frequency given by the dispersion relation. In these circumstances the ‘extended dispersion’ relation can be used to determine the rate of spatial decay. In the context of a domain consisting of two regions with different nodal spacings, the use of the group velocity concept shows that evanescent waves have no energy flux associated with them when energy is conserved.     

Wave propagation in circular cylindrical shells with periodic axial curvature

The propagation of longitudinal and flexural waves in axisymmetric circular cylindrical shells with periodic circular axial curvature is studied using a finite element method previously developed by the authors. Of primary interest is the coupling of these wave modes due to the periodic axial curvature which results in the generation of two types of stop bands not present in straight circular cylinders. The first type is related to the periodic spacing and occurs independently for longitudinal and flexural wave modes without coupling. However, the second type is caused by longitudinal and flexural wave mode coupling due to the axial curvature. A parametric study is conducted where the effects of cylinder radius, degree of axial curvature, and periodic spacing on wave propagation characteristics are investigated. It is shown that even a small degree of periodic axial curvature results in significant stop bands associated with wave mode coupling. These stop bands are broad and conceivably could be tuned to a specific frequency range by judicious choice of the shell parameters. Forced harmonic analyses performed on finite periodic structures show that strong attenuation of longitudinal and flexural motion occurs in the frequency ranges associated with the stop bands of the infinite periodic structure.     

一维声子晶体带隙的非局部辛分析

周期性弹性复合结构(声子晶体)中传播的弹性波存在特殊的色散关系:弹性波只能在某段频率范围内无损耗的传播,该频率范围称为通带.一维声子晶体的色散问题可以看作分层介质中弹性波的传播问题,利用二维弹性理论予以分析.为了研究非局部效应对声子晶体带隙特性的影响,将Eringen的二维非局部弹性理论引入到Hamilton体系下,利用精细积分与扩展的Wittrick Williams算法可获取任意频率范围内的本征解.通过对不同算例的数值计算,分析和对比了非局部理论方法与传统局部理论方法的差别.并进一步指出了该套算法的适用性和优势所在.     

Enhancement of wave damping within metamaterials having embedded negative stiffness inclusions

The wave dissipation properties of layered periodic structures are modelled by FE as well as analytical approaches. A linear oscillator incorporating a negative stiffness element and having exceptional energy dissipation properties is exhibited and incorporated within the modelled structures. The structural dynamic stability of both the oscillator and the modelled waveguides is discussed and ensured. The numerical results provide evidence of a drastic increase of several orders of magnitude for the damping ratio of the flexural waves propagating within the structures.     

Bloch theorem with revised boundary conditions applied to glide and screw symmetric,quasi-one-dimensional structures

Bloch theorem is useful for analyzing wave propagation in periodic systems. It has been widely used to determine the energy bands of various translationally-periodic crystals and with the advent of nanoscale structures like nanotubes, it has been extended to account for additional symmetries using group theory. However, this extension is restricted to Hamiltonian systems with analytical potentials. For complex problems, as for engineering structures, the periodic unit cells are often discretized and the Bloch method is restricted to translational periodicity.The goal of this paper is to generalize the direct and transfer-matrix propagation Bloch method to structures with glide and screw symmetries by deriving appropriate boundary conditions. Dispersion relations for a set of reduced problems are compared to results from the classical method, when available. It is found that (i) the dispersion curves are easier to interpret, (ii) the computational cost and error are reduced, and (iii) revisited Bloch method is applicable to structures as the Boerdijk–Coxeter helix that do not possess purely-translational symmetries for which the classical method is not applicable.     

非粘滞阻尼系统时程响应分析的精细积分方法

考虑一个具有非粘滞阻尼特性的多自由度系统响应的时程分析问题.该非粘滞阻尼模型假设阻尼力与质点速度的时间历程相关,数学表达式体现为阻尼力等于质点速度与某一核函数的卷积.在利用状态空间方法将系统运动方程转换成一阶的状态方程的基础上,采用精细积分方法对状态方程进行数值求解,得到一种求解该阻尼系统时程响应的精确、高效的计算方法.通过两个数值算例表明,采用该方法得到几乎精确的数值计算结果,而且计算效率有成数量级的提高.