共线式热电发电机在侧面散热情况下的性能

热电材料是一种环境友好型功能材料,其可以实现热能与电能的相互转化,在热电发电、热电制冷中具有许多应用.传统的热电发电机为π型结构,要求热电腿的长度相等,在某些情况该结构不利于热电发电机的优化设计.热电发电机在高温工况下会引起强烈的热应力甚至应力集中,从而缩短了其工作寿命.另外,热电发电机的工作温度于环境温度,这样必然会有一部分热量散失到环境中,从而影响热电发电机的性能.针对该现象,本文建立了考虑散热的新型共线式热电发电机模型,该模型的热电腿可以独立进行优化,基于有限元方法,对考虑侧面散热的共线式热电发电机进行了仿真模拟,分析了其在狄利克雷边界条件下的热电性能和力学性能,得到了热电发电机的温度场、电势场、应力场,探究了不同强度的对流散热系数对热电发电机热电性能和力学性能的影响.结果表明,对流散热会降低热电发电机的能量转化效率,当对流换热系数达到100 W/(m~2·°C)时,效率为0.047 9,该值比绝热状态的转化效率0.066 7低28%.对流散热使热电发电机侧面热损失增加,降低了热应力.在实际应用中,应合理优化设计隔热系统,提高能量的转化效率.     

共线式热电发电机在侧面散热情况下的性能

热电材料是一种环境友好型功能材料,其可以实现热能与电能的相互转化,在热电发电、热电制冷中具有许多应用.传统的热电发电机为$\pi$型结构,要求热电腿的长度相等,在某些情况该结构不利于热电发电机的优化设计.热电发电机在高温工况下会引起强烈的热应力甚至应力集中,从而缩短了其工作寿命.另外,热电发电机的工作温度于环境温度,这样必然会有一部分热量散失到环境中,从而影响热电发电机的性能.针对该现象,本文建立了考虑散热的新型共线式热电发电机模型,该模型的热电腿可以独立进行优化,基于有限元方法,对考虑侧面散热的共线式热电发电机进行了仿真模拟,分析了其在狄利克雷边界条件下的热电性能和力学性能,得到了热电发电机的温度场、电势场、应力场,探究了不同强度的对流散热系数对热电发电机热电性能和力学性能的影响.结果表明,对流散热会降低热电发电机的能量转化效率,当对流换热系数达到~100W/(m$^{2}\cdot$\textcelsius) 时,效率为~0.0479,该值比绝热状态的转化效率0.066 7 低28%.对流散热使热电发电机侧面热损失增加,降低了热应力.在实际应用中,应合理优化设计隔热系统,提高能量的转化效率.      

风浪联合发电系统水动力学研究进展

随着化石能源枯竭和全球变暖等环境问题的日益严重,海洋可再生能源(海上风能、波浪能和潮流能)成为研究热点. 为了有效开发海洋可再生能源,降低成本,多种能源综合开发成为现阶段的趋势. 海上风能与波浪能结合具有广阔的应用前景,联合发电系统不断创新. 水动力性能是联合发电系统与波浪相互作用的重要基础. 本文简要介绍多种应用在联合发电系统上的水动力学数值模拟方法,包括线性频域、线性时域、势流非线性方法标识码基于 Navier-Stokes 方程的黏性方法,对现有文献的水动力学数值模拟方法进行综述,从计算效率和精度标识码析其优缺点,且进一步阐述水动力控制优化的技术原理与实验技术主要科研难点,为联合发电系统的水动力设计提供依据. 得到以下主要结论:从计算效率上看,线性频域方法最优,其次为线性时域、势流非线性、黏性方法,从计算精标识码,与前者恰好相反;综合考虑计算效率和精度,采用考虑黏性修正的势流方法来研究是一个切实可行的方案;模标识码方法和优化控制技术目前还不够成熟,尚处于探索阶段.      

利用斜齿离合升频机制实现瓦级输出的超低频电磁式振动能量收集器

目前,大多数的能量收集器从低频运动中只能收集到较少的能量,且能量收集效率较低.低频激励下发电输出能量低是当前限制电磁俘能器多场景应用的关键问题,而电磁感应发电作为目前应用广泛且较为成熟的发电技术,具有高功率输出,被广泛应用于能量收集领域,有望解决这一技术瓶颈.文章提出了一种基于斜齿离合传动系统的电磁式振动俘能器,以系统性解决输出频率低和能量转化时间短的问题.俘能器的机械传动系统由直线-旋转转化模块、牙嵌离合模块和能量存储/释放模块3部分构成,可将外界低频、不规则的瞬时激励(约0.2～5 Hz)转化为高频、连续的单向旋转运动以实现能量转换效率最大化.对所提出的俘能器建立了机电耦合动力学模型并进行实验验证.研究结果表明,俘能器在外界脉冲激励下可以实现开路状态长达30 s的输出;接入负载后惯性旋转运动的最高转速可达750 r/min,并实现了运动频率从0.17～50 Hz的近300倍提升;单层发电模块的峰值功率可达1.25 W,两层发电模块并联输出2.5 W的峰值功率,可实现134 mW平均输出功率.此外,其紧凑高效的传动结构设计使得俘能器可以进一步集成到可穿戴设备中,在人体能量收集领域和构...     

风浪联合发电系统水动力学研究进展

随着化石能源枯竭和全球变暖等环境问题的日益严重,海洋可再生能源(海上风能、波浪能和潮流能)成为研究热点.为了有效开发海洋可再生能源,降低成本,多种能源综合开发成为现阶段的趋势.海上风能与波浪能结合具有广阔的应用前景,联合发电系统不断创新.水动力性能是联合发电系统与波浪相互作用的重要基础.本文简要介绍多种应用在联合发电系统上的水动力学数值模拟方法,包括线性频域、线性时域、势流非线性方法,以及基于Navier-Stokes方程的黏性方法,对现有文献的水动力学数值模拟方法进行综述,从计算效率和精度方面分析其优缺点,且进一步阐述水动力控制优化的技术原理与实验技术主要科研难点,为联合发电系统的水动力设计提供依据.得到以下主要结论:从计算效率上看,线性频域方法最优,其次为线性时域、势流非线性、黏性方法,从计算精度上看,与前者恰好相反;综合考虑计算效率和精度,采用考虑黏性修正的势流方法来研究是一个切实可行的方案;模型实验方法和优化控制技术目前还不够成熟,尚处于探索阶段.     

谐振光学陀螺小型化半导体光源温控模块设计

半导体激光器以其窄线宽、驱动电路简单以及易于集成化等优势被广泛应用于谐振式光学陀螺 系统中。针对谐振光学陀螺小型化需求,设计了半导体激光器热电制冷器（TEC）温控模块。首先在 分析激光器管芯 TEC 模块传递函数特性的基础上,引入 PID 反馈模块,设计并确定合适的反馈参数。 结果表明补偿后闭环系统相位裕量为 76 °,增益裕量为 44.8 dB,具有较好的直流响应和动态性能,并 测得稳定工作时温度波动量小于 0.01℃。最后对激光器输出光学性能进行测试,中心频率漂移在 10 MHz 量级,激光器线宽为 3.1 kHz,结合谐振式光学陀螺的典型参数计算得到谐振腔精细度为 33, 极限灵敏度为 0.14 °/h。满足高性能谐振式光学陀螺中小型化光源的使用需求。     

三稳态尾流驰振能量捕获系统发电性能研究

利用流体动能能量发电为微电子器件供电已逐渐成为非线性振动领域的研究热点。利用永磁铁产生非线性回复力，将非线性回复力引入到悬臂梁压电能量捕获装置中，提出了一种三稳态尾流驰振能量压电发电装置，获得力学模型及系统控制方程，获得了三稳态系统的稳定和不稳定平衡点表达式，给出了发电系统存在三稳态运动时的结构参数的取值范围。重点研究了等平衡点不同势阱深度、等势阱深度不同平衡点位置对系统的动力学响应及发电性能的影响。结果表明，等平衡点条件下浅阱系统的起振折合流速更低、发电性能更好。     

遗传算法在结构优化中的研究进展

遗传算法(genetic algorithm)是基于Darwin的进化论和Mendal遗传学说而形成的新算法,具有全局收敛性和并行性,适用性广,并要求较少的先验知识,现在已广泛应用于优化、模式识别等方面.本文简要地介绍了简单遗传算法的基本过程及其数学基础;并从编码机制、收敛性和算子的研究等方面详细地阐述了遗传算法理论的发展;对约束处理方式、适应值函数的选取等方面的研究进行分析和评论;最后还提出遗传算法存在的主要问题和展望.      

球形摩擦纳米波浪能发电机的多物理场耦合建模方法研究

球形摩擦纳米发电机因其对低频、高随机性的波浪能具有优异的捕获性能，日益受到波浪能研究者的青睐. 为了实现对其在特定波况条件下发电性能的定量研究，基于COMSOL Multiphysics多物理场仿真软件，本文作者提出了一种针对球形摩擦纳米波浪能发电机的高保真多物理场耦合建模方法. 该模型可以兼顾准确性和高效性地模拟球形摩擦纳米发电机在特定波况下的多物理场耦合作用及电能输出情况，是对当前国内外普遍采用的基于静电场的静态仿真方法的发展和改进. 基于该方法，本研究针对四电极型的球形摩擦发电机进行了建模和性能研究，实现了从推板造波到电能输出的全过程、高保真、实时、定量仿真，为对其开展结构优化设计并最终走向实用化提供了一种有效手段.      

关于极端力学

随着前沿科学和新技术不断发展,工程材料与结构的超常规尺度、密度、硬度、刚度等性能以及在超常规温度、速度、场强和恶劣天气等极端服役环境中的力学响应规律,需要力学提供更为有效的理论和方法. 本报告从极端力学的基本定义和科学内涵出发,结合重大工程问题和大科学问题,从极端性能、极端载荷、学科发展等三个方面系统介绍了极端力学的研究现状,并总结了极端力学的特点及其对力学理论、计算方法和实验技术的挑战,最后对极端力学未来的发展进行了展望.      

Experimental investigation of the performance of a thermoelectric generator based on Peltier cells

An experimental investigation is carried out to characterize the performance of thermoelectric modules used for electric power generation over a range of different resistance loads. The performance of a Peltier cell used as a thermoelectric generator is evaluated in terms of power output and conversion efficiency. The results show that a thermoelectric module is a promising device for waste heat recovery.     

Intelligent design of waste heat recovery systems using thermoelectric generators and optimization tools

Optimal design of thermal systems that effectively use energy resources is one of the foremost challenges that researchers almost confront. Until now, several researches have been made to enhance the performance of major thermal systems. In this investigation, the authors try to make a conceptual design to maximize the electricity demand of Damavand power plant as the biggest thermal system in Middle East sited in Iran. The idea of designing is laid behind applying a number of thermoelectric modules within the condenser in order to recover the waste heat of the thermal systems. Besides, the authors have developed some intelligent tools to elaborate on the performance of their proposed model. Firstly, an artificial neural network has been utilized to estimate the potential power generation of the thermoelectric modules. At the second step, computational fluid dynamic solver, FLUENT is used to determine the variation of the temperature through the length of the thermoelectric module assembly. Based on the gained results, an intelligent multi-objective optimization algorithm called Pareto based mutable smart bee is developed to optimize the properties of the thermoelectric component.     

Development of a modular zeolite-water heat pump

The working pair zeolite-water has very good characteristics for the heat pump application. It is non-poisonous, non-flammable and low-corrosive so that the use of a zeolite-water heat pump in the large field of domestic heating is very promising. The poor heat and mass transfer of the zeolite has to be considered by an appropriate design of the adsorber heat exchanger. Compact zeolite layers directly linked with the heat exchanger enable a high specific thermal output (thermal output related to the mass of zeolite) which is the main shortcoming of these machines. Additionally the coefficient of performance (COP) can be improved significantly by a modular design of the machine consisting of six to eight heat pump modules. Due to the periodical operating mode which is required by the zeolite-water pair the single module is built up in a simple way without any moving parts. The different modules, each of them operating in another phase of the sorption cycle, are connected in series by a heat transfer medium circuit so that a continuous thermal output together with high COP is achieved by this zeolite-water heat pump. First experimental investigations focus on the layout of the different components of the heat pump, e.g. the single module, the adsorber/desorber and the evaporator/condenser. The paper will present the design of these components as well as the design of the entire modular machine. Furthermore there will be a theoretical discussion of the COPs of the modular heat pump depending on the ambient temperature, on the number of modules and on the heating system. Received on 12 November 1998     

Development of a Miniaturized Energy Converter Without Moving Parts

New developments in portable electrical and mechanical devices have created demand for increasing amounts of energy and thus new ways of supplying energy. The high energy density of hydrocarbon fuels are a possible way to solve this issue. This paper deals with the development of an adapted thermodynamic concept for a micro energy converter based on the thermoelectric effect. Developing a PowerMEMS device that does not contain any moving parts is the main design feature. In the proposed concept liquid hydrocarbon fuel, such as methanol, is evaporated in a micro evaporator, mixed with air, and combusted in a micro combustion chamber. The combustion process is assisted by catalytically coated microfibers. Electrical power can be generated by a thermoelectric generator, which is located between the hot combustion zone and the cold micro evaporator. This arrangement leads to large temperature differences between hot and cold junctions, which is necessary for efficient thermoelectric energy conversion and hence power generation. For a more detailed investigation of thermal boundary conditions and interior thermal management, in-situ temperature measurements of the combustor walls are performed using thermographic phosphors.     

High-density circulating fluidized bed gasifier for advanced IGCC/IGFC—Advantages and challenges

Coal-fired Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle （IGCC） and Integrated coal Gasification Fuel-cell Com- bined cycle （IGFC） are being developed as high-efficiency electric power generation technology. However, the highest theoretical gross thermal efficiency of the conventional IGCC]IGFC is still below 52~. In order to obtain higher power generation efficiency, an advanced IGCC （A-IGCC） or advanced IGFC （A-IGFC） sys- tem making use of the exergy recuperation concept by recycling waste heat from gas turbine or fuel cells for steam gasification of coal and biomass was proposed in our laboratory, Corresponding to this system, a novel high-density triple-bed combined circulating fluidized bed （TBCFB） gasifier, composed of a downer pyrolyzer, a bubbling fluidized bed char gasifier, and a riser combustor, was proposed to replace traditional gasifiers such as the entrained flow bed gasifier. The new system is expected to more effectively utilize the waste heat from gas turbines or fuel cells and the heat produced by the combustion of the unreacted char in the riser combustor for pyrolysis and gasification of coal and biomass. In this short review, the advantages and future challenges in the development of high-density TBCFB gasifier are presented and discussed.     

Application of nanofluids to a heat pipe liquid-block and the thermoelectric cooling of electronic equipment

Microprocessor power dissipation is constantly increasing. An increase in microprocessor size has also resulted in higher heat fluxes. The growth of information technology has rapidly increased over the past few years, causing an increase in the demand for a microprocessor that has a very high computing ability. The previous generation of central processing units (CPU) had 1.17 billion transistors planted in it, which indicates that a significant amount of heat was generated. The total heat dissipation resulting from a high end CPU is approximately 110-140 W, which will increase if the CPU voltage and frequency increase. Conventional air-cooled cooling systems are no longer adequate to remove these heat fluxes. For a number of applications, direct air-cooling systems will have to be replaced or enhanced by other high performance compact cooling techniques. In this study, the application of nanofluids as the working fluid on a heat pipe liquid-block combined with thermoelectric cooling is investigated. The type and effect of volume concentrations of nanofluids, coolant temperature, and thermoelectricsystem as heat pumps of a PC on the CPU’s temperature are considered. The results obtained from this technique are compared to those from other conventional cooling techniques. The heat pipe liquid-block combined with the thermoelectric system has a significant effect on heat transfer from the CPU. The higher thermal performance heat pipe liquid-block and thermoelectric cooled system with nanofluids proved its potential as a working fluid.     

Shell-and-double concentric-tube heat exchangers

This study concerns a new type of heat exchangers, which is that of shell-and-double concentric-tube heat exchangers. These heat exchangers can be used in many specific applications such as air conditioning, waste heat recovery, chemical processing, pharmaceutical industries, power production, transport, distillation, food processing, cryogenics, etc. The case studies include both design calculations and performance calculations. It is demonstrated that the relative diameter sizes of the two tubes with respect to each other are the most important parameters that influence the heat exchanger size.     

桩基础优化设计的模块化方法

采用改进的自动分组遗传算法,按现行规范实现了在概念设计阶段的桩基础优化设计。根据工程设计和施工的实际情况,提出了模块化方法,将整个基础划分为一定数量的模块,各模块以所含桩的数量、长度和直径为特征,兼顾桩距及布局等因素,能够实现桩基础拓扑、形状和尺寸的协同优化。在此基础上,建立了以桩基材料用量最少为目标,考虑承载力、沉降、偏心、软弱下卧层及分组等多个设计约束的桩基优化模型。求解上述优化问题,可获得具有最优设计变量取值和设计变量分组的可行设计。本文方法用于两个算例的优化,取得了良好效果。     

Thermoelectric field for a coated hole of arbitrary shape in a nonlinearly coupled thermoelectric material

We study the thermoelectric field for an electrically and thermally insulated coated hole of arbitrary shape embedded in an infinite nonlinearly coupled thermoelectric material subject to uniform remote electric current density and uniform remote energy flux. A conformal mapping function for the coating and matrix is introduced, which simultaneously maps the hole boundary and the coating-matrix interface onto two concentric circles in the image plane. Using analytic continuation, we derive a general solution in terms of two auxiliary functions. The general solution satisfies the insulating conditions along the hole boundary and all of the continuity conditions across the perfect coating-matrix interface. Once the two auxiliary functions have been obtained in the elementary-form, the four original analytic functions in the coating and matrix characterizing the thermoelectric fields are completely and explicitly determined. The design of a neutral coated circular hole that does not disturb the prescribed thermoelectric field in the thermoelectric matrix is achieved when the relative thickness parameter and the two mismatch parameters satisfy a simple condition. Finally, the neutrality of a coated circular thermoelectric inhomogeneity is also accomplished.