基于近场动力学理论的准脆性材料的本构力函数的构建

近场动力学理论(PD)是基于非局部思想的连续介质力学新理论,用于研究材料破坏问题。根据准脆性材料破坏的线性和非线性的力学行为,在初始微观弹脆性材料(PMB)的本构力函数中引入了键的损伤模型,将键的断裂过程分成了线性的弹性变形阶段和非线性的损伤变形阶段,以此构建了准脆性材料的本构力函数的基本形式。以典型的准脆性材料为例构建了其本构力函数,通过在压缩载荷下对含预制不同角度单裂纹缺陷的类岩材料的裂纹扩展进行PD数值模拟仿真,裂纹起裂位置和扩展方向与试样试验结果在一定程度上保持了一致,证明了该基于近场动力学理论的典型准脆性材料的本构力函数可用于该类材料的破坏分析。     

多个模式联合失效的设计点及概率的计算

提出了多个模式联合失效设计点的概念，并以此设计点作为计算联合失效概率的重要抽样函数的密度中心，算例表明本文方法可大大提高求多阶失效概率重要抽样法的投点效率和收敛速度，从而提高系统失效概率的计算精度。     

准脆性材料断裂过程区中的圆饼微裂纹损伤计算

准脆性工程材料及结构在外力作用下，不仅引起内部缺陷变化和微裂纹的出现及发展，且使得其结构承载能力降低或性能劣化．在其材料失效过程中常存在裂缝与断裂损伤过程区．为研究材料细观缺陷或微裂纹与宏观破坏的规律，通过细观力学方法，对于代表性体积单元RVE中的圆饼型微裂纹的尺寸与密度变化，探讨其宏观断裂过程区力学参量与损伤之间的量化关系．借助宏观断裂过程区的黏聚裂纹模型，将损伤单元RVE嵌入到宏观裂缝端部的断裂过程区中，对其进行联接细观损伤到宏观破坏的力学多尺度研究．文中也通过实验数据，对其理论计算结果进行了算例的讨论与分析．     

基于模糊事件概率理论的模糊可靠性分析通用方法

讨论了从已知的模糊信息的隶属函数,确定模糊失效事件的隶属函数的方法,以便能利用模糊事件概率理论进行模糊可靠性分析,给出模糊可靠性分析通用而统一的方法;并给出了强度为几种常用模糊分布时,所确定的模糊失效事件的隶属函数的具体表达式,分析了模糊失效事件的隶属函数的曲线特性。由于获得的模糊失效事件的隶属函数的形式比较复杂,用模糊事件概率理论进行模糊可靠性分析时,不可能得到计算模糊失效事件概率的解析式,因此通过仿真所确定的模糊失效事件的隶属函数的数学期望的方法,估计模糊失效事件的发生概率。本文讨论的通过确定模糊事件的隶属函数,用模糊事件概率理论进行模糊可靠性分析的方法具有普遍意义。     

含模糊随机变量的多模式系统广义失效概率计算的内插迭代线抽样方法

通过正则化基本变量的度量空间,定义了单个基本变量同时具有模糊和随机双重不确定性时的广义失效概率.在广义失效概率的计算中,模糊随机变量被等价变换为随机变量.从而使得广义失效概率的计算变换为随机失效概率的计算.当模糊随机变量的密度函数和隶属函数均为正态型时,推导了其等价概率密度函数的形式和参数.采用自适应线抽样方法对基本变量同时具有模糊和随机不确定性时的多模式广义失效概率进行了计算,并采用数值算例对自适应线抽样广义失效概率计算方法的效率和精度进行了验证.算例分析表明该方法的计算结果是合理的,并且由于自适应线抽样法具有较高的效率和精度,因而所提方法具有一定的工程意义.     

质疑``复杂应力条件下脆性材料的受拉破坏准则''

对``复杂应力条件下脆性材料的受拉破坏准则'一文中所应用公式的2个例子提出讨论.     

岩石材料动态破坏的近场动力学方法数值模拟

裂纹的聚集、扩展、分叉是岩石等脆性材料破坏失效的关键因素，本文在验证了近场动力学方法在研究岩石类材料裂纹动态扩展方面的有效性之后，采用近场动力学方法分别对冲击载荷作用下含有双裂纹岩石材料和单轴压缩作用下含单斜裂纹的岩石材料进行数值模拟．结果表明，对于双垂直裂纹，其裂纹扩展路径大致与预制裂纹成70°夹角；对于单裂纹，裂纹的扩展路径随裂纹倾角的变化而变化，最终导致构件的整体破坏．数值模拟结果表明近场动力学方法可以很好地模拟岩石等脆性材料的裂纹扩展直至破坏的过程，反映裂纹扩展的物理机理；其作为一种新的基于非局部理论的数值方法，在地下岩体工程方面及页岩气的开采方面会有很好的发展前景．     

基于原位观测的泡沫金属细观与宏观压缩实验研究

采用原位观测的方法研究了脆性泡沫铝材料在压缩载荷下细观与宏观断裂破坏规律和吸能机理。针对多孔泡沫金属材料提出一种细观原位加载实验方法,采用特别设计与制备的试件,在S570扫描电镜下研究了特定胞孔在压缩过程中孔壁的失效顺序和破坏规律,并揭示了能量吸收的细观机理。对块体材料的宏观压缩实验表明,脆性泡沫铝是以多个断裂带的形式破坏。研究发现,孔壁缺陷和胞孔形态缺陷是诱发断裂带形成与发展的重要因素。依据尺寸效应对细观与宏观实验下泡沫铝的性能进行了比较。     

基于子集模拟和重要抽样的可靠性灵敏度分析方法

针对工程实际中大量存在的小失效概率问题,提出了基于子集模拟和重要抽样的可靠性灵敏度分析方法. 在子集模拟重要抽样可靠性分析方法中,通过引入合理的中间失效事件,将小的失效概率表达为一系列较大的条件失效概率的乘积,而较大的条件失效概率则可通过构造中间失效事件的重要抽样密度函数来高效求解. 基于子集模拟重要抽样可靠性分析的思想,论文将可靠性灵敏度转化为条件失效概率对基本变量分布参数的偏导数形式,推导了基于子集模拟和重要抽样的可靠性灵敏度估计值及估计值方差的计算公式,并采用算例对所提方法进行了验证. 算例结果表明所提方法具有较高的计算精度和效率,并且适用单个和多个失效模式系统.      

扩展重要抽样法及其在平尾转轴可靠性分析中的应用

提出了扩展重要抽样法，用以计算结构系统的多个失效模式中含有不全相同基本随机变量时的系统失效概率。通过构造扩展重要抽样法的抽样密度函数，给出该方法失效概率的估计值，以及其方差和变异系数的计算公式。并将此方法用于某型飞机平尾转轴的可靠性分析，算例结果表明其优越性。     

The cumulative stress hazard density as an alternative to the Weibull model

A simple, easily reproduced experiment based on artificial flaws has been proposed which demonstrates that the distribution of the minimum failure load does not necessarily follow a Weibull distribution. The experimental result presented in the paper clearly indicates that the Weibull distribution with its strictly increasing function, is incapable of approximating a constant probability of failure over a loading region.New fundamental concepts have been introduced referred to as ‘hazard stress density’ and ‘cumulative hazard stress density’. These concepts helped derive an equation giving the probability of failure without making use of the notions ‘flaws’ and ‘locally initiated failure by flaws’. As a result, the derived equation is more general than earlier models. The cumulative hazard stress density is an important fingerprint of materials and can be used for determining the reliability of loaded components. It leaves materials to ‘speak for themselves’ by not imposing a power law dependence on the variation of the critical flaws which is always the case if the Weibull model is used.An important link with earlier models has also been established. We show that the cumulative hazard stress density is numerically equal to the product of the number density of the flaws with a potential to cause failure and the probability that a flaw will be critical at the specified loading stress.We show that, predictions of the probability of failure from tests related to a small gauge length to a large gauge length are associated with large errors which increase in proportion with the ratio of the gauge lengths. Large gauge length ratios amplify the inevitable errors in the probability of failure associated with the small gauge length to a level which renders the predicted probability for failure of the large gauge length meaningless.Finally, a general integral has been derived, giving the reliability associated with time interval and random loading of a material with flaws. The integral has been validated by a Monte Carlo simulation.     

Nonstationary probability densities of system response of strongly nonlinear single-degree-of-freedom system subject to modulated white noise excitation

The nonstationary probability densities of system response of a single-degree-of -freedom system with lightly nonlinear damping and strongly nonlinear stiffness subject to modulated white noise excitation are studied.Using the stochastic averaging method based on the generalized harmonic functions,the averaged Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov equation governing the nonstationary probability density of the amplitude is derived. The solution of the equation is approximated by the series expansion in terms of a set...     

微裂纹演化过程中分岔与混沌现象的描述及若干问题探讨

本文分析了目前常用的两种疲劳断口分维测量方法存在的一些共同性问题,研究了等幅疲劳载荷谱作用下有效生长区微裂纹密度演化中的分岔与混沌现象,建立了描述这一现象的数学模型,探讨了这一现象的出现对合理地定义损伤内变量及确定其累积法则等的影响．      

Defect nucleation in SOI wafers due to hydrogen ion implantation

Hydrogen ion implantation in the Smart-Cut production process leads to fracture of Si–Si bonds, formation of microcavities and splitting of a single-crystal silicon wafer. In the present paper, an analysis model for defect nucleation induced by hydrogen ion implantation is established based on the continuum mechanics theory accounting for the crystal structure of silicon. Using this model and probability theory, an analytical expression is derived to calculate the defect density as a function of the hydrogen ion implantation dose and the temperature.     

脆性断裂的微观机理和非平衡统计特性

Ⅰ.引言如何才能将断裂的微观机理与宏观特性结合起来,把断裂理论建立于微裂纹演化的微观动力学基础上,从而统一导出所有重要的宏观力学量并以某些更基本的物理量表示之?这是人们为实现材料的强度和韧性设计必需解决的一个重要理论课题。就脆性断裂来说,尽管现有几个主要代表性的理论如断裂力学理论、位错理论和统计理论都各取得一定成就,但就其理论框架来说,由于明显的局限性,却难以发展成可供指导设计的理论。因此,人们在探索微观与宏观相结合的断裂理论。最近的工作表明:从微裂纹演      

Fracture resistance and strength of two-phase WC–Ni alloy

Microcracking near a crack tip in a material with microinhomogeneity is regarded as a stochastic process. Both the critical deformation energy density and minimum ligament size of a structural element at global failure are related to a fracture resistance parameter which depends also on the strength. This parameter is also known as the critical energy density factor. For composites it is shown that transition of material behaviour from one structural state to another could alter the fracture resistance depending on character of the critical defect size and strength. The theoretical result is shown to be in agreement with the experimental data.     

Reliability Against Defect Generated Fracture

ABSTRACT

The subject of this study is the reliability determination for structures that may fail due to fracture generated from some material defect among a random number of small random defects distributed in some way throughout the body of the structure. The considered failure mechanism may be characterized as a weakest link mechanism with a random number of links. The calculation technique is based on some previously published general narrow probability bounds for unions of small probability events. In the case of high reliability structures, as are usually of interest in structural engineering, some very useful conclusions may be drawn from the study. Given only the defect fracture probability corresponding to the actual stress field and the mean number of defects per unit volume both as functions of the space coordinates, a sufficiently accurate assessment of the total reliability may be calculated. With rare exceptions, no dependency information is needed and no information about the defect point process is needed except its mean function. The reliability is insensitive to very large variations of these properties. If there is doubt about the dependency level being too high to neglect it, conditioning followed by fast probability integration may be useful. This is illustrated in the last section of the paper.     

Dynamic Analysis of Linear and Nonlinear Oscillations of a Beam Under Axial and Transversal Random Poisson Pulses

This paper proposes an approximate explicit probability density function for the analysis of external and parametric oscillation of a simply supported beam driven by random pulses. The impulsive loading model adopted is Poisson white noise, which is a process having Dirac delta occurrences with random intensity distributed in time according to Poisson's law. The response probability density function can be obtained by solving the related Kolmogorov–Feller integro-differential equation. An approximate solution is derived by transforming this equation to a first-order partial differential equation. The method of characteristics is then applied to obtain an explicit solution. The theory has been validated through numerical simulations.     

To obtain approximate probability density functions for a class of axially moving viscoelastic plates under external and parametric white noise excitation

The probability density function plays an essential role to investigate the behaviors of stochastic linear or nonlinear systems. This function can be evaluated by several approaches but due to its analytical theme, the Fokker–Planck–Kolmlgorov (FPK) approach is preferable. FPK equation is a nonlinear PDE gives the probability density function for a stochastic linear or nonlinear system. Many researches have been done in literature tried to specify the conditions, in which the FPK equation gives an exact solution. Although, the exact probability density function can be achieved by solving the FPK equation even for some nonlinear systems, many types of systems cannot satisfy the conditions for exact solution. In this article, the axially moving viscoelastic plates under both external and parametric white noise excitation as one of the newest and applicable research areas are studied. Due to strong nonlinearities recognized in the governing equation of the system, the exact probability density function cannot be obtained, however, via an approximate method; some precise approximate solutions for different but comprehensive case studies are evaluated, validated, and discussed.     

Determination of Weibull's parameters on flexure strength of round beams of aluminum-copper alloy and cast iron

Weibull's parameters for the three-point bending of a round bar specimen made of aluminum-copper alloy and cast iron, both white and grey, are obtained to predict the cumulative probability of fracture. Unlike the rectangular beam specimens which are more sensitive to changes in the boundary conditions, results for the round bar specimens are better behaved and expressed in terms of the cumulative probabilities of fracture. Specimen size effects were overshadowed by variations in the material properties caused by unequal cooling rates and inhomogeneities in the material microstructure.