岩石爆破损伤断裂的细观机理

基于现有岩石爆破机理和岩石细观损伤力学 ,认为岩石爆破损伤断裂过程包含有爆炸应力波的初期动态损伤演化阶段和后期爆生气体作用下的准静态损伤演化阶段 ,并分别建立了这两个阶段的损伤模型和断裂准则 ,阐述了岩石爆破损伤断裂的细观理论。     

一个简化的空穴多级形核模型

1 引言为在细观机理基础上建立韧性材料在一定应力状态下宏观裂纹产生和发展的力学模型。一些学者已做了不少工作.人们力图通过细观研究找到一个较接近韧性材料损伤和断裂物理本质的材料破坏准则,以用来描述和预测韧性材料的损伤和断裂.直到现在,大多数研究都认为无裂纹体与裂纹体的破坏是两个截然不同的问题.人们一直是用不同的准则来判定无裂纹试件和含裂纹试件的破坏的.但若从细观角度来看,对     

损伤断裂的宏细观过程

损伤断裂的宏细观过程（１９９４—１９９６年工作总结）国家自然科学基金重大项目“材料损伤、断裂机理和宏微观力学理论”子课题国家自然科学基金委员会设立的重大项目“材料损伤断裂机理和宏微观力学理论”第２课题“损伤断裂的宏细观过程”自１９９４年１月至１９９６...      

动力损伤后的脆性岩石静力蠕变断裂模型研究

应力波动力扰动下脆性岩石的静力蠕变特性,对深部地下工程围岩变形的评价有重要的实践意义.动力载荷作用导致的局部细观裂纹损伤严重影响脆性岩石蠕变力学行为.基于细观裂纹扩展与应力关系模型、动力扰动损伤演化函数、静动力载荷演化路径函数与黏弹性本构模型,提出一种应力波动力扰动下脆性岩石蠕变断裂特性的宏细观力学模型.其中动力损伤通过控制岩石内部细观裂纹数量变化实现.模型描述了应力波动力扰动下岩石的应变时间演化曲线,解释了岩石动力扰动下蠕变失效特性.研究了不同应力波幅值及周期影响下的脆性岩石应变-时间关系曲线,并通过试验结果验证了模型的合理性.讨论了动力损伤变化形式,突变发生时刻,突变量的大小对岩石蠕变失效特性的影响.分析了应力波幅值、周期对岩石动态动力损伤效应以及蠕变失效特性的影响.主要研究结果:动力损伤的变化值越大,岩石蠕变失效发生时间越短.冲击载荷扰动期间,动力损伤发生的时刻及增加的形式,对动力扰动后的岩石应变及蠕变破坏时间影响很小.动力损伤变化量随应力波幅值增加、周期减小而加速增大.应力波幅值越大、周期越小,岩石发生蠕变失效时间越短.     

高强钢广义屈服和破坏理论

结合经典强度理论和现代损伤力学对金属屈服和断裂解释的力学原理,给出了高强钢在应力三轴空间广义屈服轨迹方程的新诠释.根据三向等拉伸应力状态下高强钢屈服和宏观脆断的重合性,提出了高强钢在应力三轴空间的开裂准则.通过对高强钢刻痕杆断裂试验的数值模拟分析,对比验证了该开裂准则的普适性及精度.最后,给出了高强钢广义强度理论的物理解释及抗断设防.建议的广义强度理论是解高强钢裂纹体和无裂体断裂的一个尝试.     

基于三角对称共晶团断裂的复相陶瓷极限应力预报模型

根据复相陶瓷内三角对称共晶团的特殊结构形式,基于共晶团细观损伤断裂机理建立复相陶瓷极限应力预报模型,为分析复相陶瓷的断裂机理提供理论依据。首先,基于共晶团内纤维端部的应力集中效应,考虑共晶团内基体出现微观塑性流动的特性,利用位错塞积理论和内聚键破裂条件,确定三角对称共晶团的本征断裂应力。然后,基于沿共晶团晶向的微观损伤应变,确定加载函数,考虑三角对称共晶团细观断裂过程中的中性加载条件,计算共晶团的细观损伤断裂应力。最后,考虑三角对称共晶团尺寸的随机性和方向任意性,引入"临界区"概念,在共晶团尺寸和方向服从二维完全随机分布条件下,得到复相陶瓷极限应力的理论预报模型。结果表明,复相陶瓷的极限应力主要由三角对称共晶团的细观损伤极限应力确定,三角对称共晶团内纤维夹杂体积含量和尺寸对极限应力有重要影响。     

压电介质损伤、断裂力学研究的现状

压电介质的损伤与断裂力学是现代固体力学的重要课题．本文简要地综述了压电介质损伤与断裂力学研究的现状,集中讨论了：（１）裂纹面电边界条件的不同模型及其求解的结果;（２）宏观连续力学与细观力学用于压电介质的损伤与断裂的静力学分析;（３）压电介质动态断裂分析的某些新结果．文末,指出了今后在压电介质损伤与断裂研究的某些有吸引力的研究方向     

损伤和断裂的统一

本文讨论了连续损伤力学基础的缺陷,从微裂纹随机演化出发给损伤概念作出新的普适的统计定义,导出了损伤断裂几率的动力学方程,使损伤、断裂、统计、微观机理及宏观特性五者有机地相结合,从而有可能形成一个统一的损伤断裂微观统计理论。     

材料构型力学及其在复杂缺陷系统中的应用

基于材料构型力学描述复杂缺陷力学系统中的破坏行为, 可以为预测材料临界失效载荷和评估结构完整性提供新的思路. 首先, 通过对拉格朗日能量密度函数的梯度、散度、旋度操作分别获取3 类材料构型应力张量的定义式、平衡方程、物理意义以及其对应的守恒积分表达式. 其次, 基于材料构型力学概念建立描述材料屈服的屈服准则、预测裂纹起裂的断裂准则、以及评估复杂缺陷系统最终失效的破坏准则. 然后, 利用数字散斑图像相关技术, 开发材料构型力学相关参量的无损测量方法. 最后, 将材料构型力学概念应用于纳米损伤力学和铁电多晶材料的断裂力学中, 为此类新型材料的损伤水平评估提供理论支撑.      

压缩载荷作用下岩石的细观损伤和塑性研究

建立岩石微裂纹扩展的细观力学模型,研究了岩石的细观损伤和塑性性质.压缩载荷下微裂纹尖端翼裂纹稳定扩展表征岩石的细观损伤,采用应变能密度准则求解复合型断裂的翼裂纹扩展长度,微裂隙统计的二参数Weibull函数模型反映绝对体积应变对微裂纹分布数目影响,进而用翼裂纹扩展所表征的应力释放体积和微裂纹数目来表示含有微裂隙的岩石损伤演化变量;宏观塑性屈服函数采用Voyiadjis等的等效塑性应变的硬化函数,反映了塑性内变量对硬化函数的影响;建立岩石模型的本构关系及其数值算法,并用回映隐式积分算法编制了模型的本构程序.分析弹塑性损伤模型的围压对岩石损伤的影响,并从围压和短微裂隙长度等因素分析模型的岩石的损伤和宏观塑性特性.     

低合金结构钢及其焊缝热影响区的韧性损伤演化行为

采用损伤力学方法研究了低合金结构钢及其焊缝热影响区近缝粗晶区的韧性损伤演化行为。从不可逆热力学出发，建立了一般韧性损伤模型。然后用一种新的交流电住损伤测量系统，测得了该钢及其模拟粗晶区的韧性损伤演化规律，得出了相应的损伤演化方程。讨论了应力三轴度对损伤演化和破坏的影响。结果表明，粗晶区及其母材的损伤分别遵循非线性和线性规律；前者的损伤生长速度远高于后者，但其临界损伤值和断裂应变远低于后者。     

A new ductile fracture theory and its applications

This investigation discusses further the extent to which a new damage theory recently proposed by the author can serve as a unified theory to characterize various ductile failure problems. A general damage integral and corresponding criterion for ductile fracture are presented. A new parameter for ductile fracture is emphasized, which is experimentally verified as a material constant independent of stress state, has clear physical meaning, and can easily be determined. The applicability of this theory to evaluation of the ductility of welds and engineering materials under various conditions is examined. Also, it is used to predict the effect of residual stress on failure of welds, to predict sheetforming limits, and to correlate the variability of elasto-plastic fracture toughness valuesJ _1c and δ _c with different specimen geometries. A new constraint correction method is proposed, and constraint corrected new toughness parameterJ _dc and δ _dc are recommended. Experiments have shown that the toughness variation with different specimen geometries can effectively be removed by use of the method. The general applicability of the theory to characterization of various ductile failures provides a new design tool for engineering components or structures.     

Anisotropic damage–plasticity model for concrete

A material model for concrete is proposed here within the framework of a thermodynamically consistent elasto-plasticity–damage theory. Two anisotropic damage tensors and two damage criteria are adopted to describe the distinctive degradation of the mechanical properties of concrete under tensile and compressive loadings. The total stress tensor is decomposed into tensile and compressive components in order to accommodate the need for the above mentioned damage tensors. The plasticity yield criterion presented in this work accounts for the spectral decomposition of the stress tensor and allows multiple hardening rules to be used. This plastic yield criterion is used simultaneously with the damage criteria to simulate the physical behavior of concrete. Non-associative flow rule for the plastic strains is used to account for the dilatancy of concrete as a frictional material. The thermodynamic Helmholtz free energy concept is used to consistently derive dissipation potentials for damage and plasticity and to allow evolution laws for different hardening parameters. The evolution of the two damage tensors is accounted for through the use of fracture-energy-based continuum damage mechanics. An expression is derived for the damage–elasto-plastic tangent operator. The theoretical framework of the model is described here while the implementation of this model will be discussed in a subsequent paper.     

Prediction of creep rupture in 2.25Cr–1Mo notched bars

This paper re-examines the creep life methodology based on the continuum damage mechanics (CDM) of the Kachanov and Rabotnov theory. Uniaxial creep and multiaxial creep rupture formulations are presented taking into account the primary creep effect. The scalar damage parameter is computed up to time-to-rupture as a function of time and stress. The methodology implemented is based on the uniaxial time-to-rupture obtained experimentally. The times-to-rupture for bars with different notches are calculated. It is demonstrated that the use of the damage parameter is vital to indicate the critical damage location where failure occurs. Results are compared to those obtained experimentally. It is shown that the primary creep inclusion has a significant effect on the damage distribution zone.     

A study on the damage evaluation of weld heat affected zone

From the micro- and macroscopic points of view, the damage evolution of weld-simulated heat affected zone (HAZ) is studied. In the framework of continuum damage mechanics (CDM), the ductile and low cycle fatigue (LCF) damage evolution laws of HAZ have been examined. Two alternative laws of damage are proposed in this paper, which may meet the need for describing damage evolution of ductile rupture and LCF fracture, respectively.     

Fatigue criteria for integrity assessment of long-span steel bridge with health monitoring

A structural health assessment (SHA) methodology is developed using data acquired from structural health monitoring (SHM) system installed on long-span bridges. A set of fatigue criteria has been proposed for pre-determining the global state of the bridge structure failure due to fatigue. This involves finding the threshold of fatigue initiation, below which the rate of fatigue damage may be undetectable under current technology or it is economically unfeasible. The state-of-art for large structures corresponds to the initiation of macro-cracks caused by the accumulation of damage generated by actual service loads for the case of bridges. In what follows, consideration is given to developing fatigue crack growth criterion based on the concept of the continuum damage mechanics (CDM). Fatigue accumulative is included in the model where a fatigue limit for multi-axial stress state is considered. The proposed criterion advocates the evolution of micro-crack growth up to the stage of macro-crack formulation. Considered are the loading histories that correspond to normal traffic loading for highways and railways, incidental or accident loadings such as those caused by typhoons and effective environmental loadings. The potential sites of damage are determined are discussed. The proposed criterion is applied to analyze the fatigue damage of the Tsing Ma Bridge with online strain history data acquired by the SHM system that is permanently installed in the bridge.     

复合材料层合板面内渐进损伤分析的CDM模型简

基于连续介质损伤力学,提出了一个预测复合材料层合板面内渐进损伤分析的模型,它包括损伤表征、损伤判定和损伤演化3 部分. 模型能够区分纤维拉伸断裂、纤维压缩断裂、纤维间拉伸损伤和纤维间压缩损伤4 种损伤模式,定义了与4 个损伤模式对应的损伤状态变量,导出了材料主轴系下损伤前后材料本构之间的关系. 损伤起始采用Puck 准则判定,损伤演化由特征长度内应变能释放密度控制. 假定材料服从线性应变软化行为,建立了损伤状态变量关于断裂面上等效应变的渐进损伤演化法则. 模型涵盖了复合材料面内损伤起始、演化直至最终失效的全过程. 完成了含孔[45/0/-45/90]_2S 层合板在拉伸和压缩载荷下失效分析,结果表明该模型能合理进行层合板的强度预测和损伤失效分析.     

金属材料的非线性疲劳累积损伤模型及强度衰减分析

用连续介质损伤力学的方法推导得到了一个非线性的损伤发展方程，该方程计及了加载过程应力与损伤的完全耦合效应；又由损伤发展方程得到了一个计及加载循环周内和循环周间损伤积累非线性效应的完全非线性疲劳累积损伤模型，已有的部分非线性疲劳累积损伤模型成为它的特例。由损伤发展方程确定了材料剩余强度随损伤发展的衰减规律和临界损伤值。     

基于一类非局部宏-微观损伤模型的裂纹模拟

结合近场动力学和统一相场理论的基本思想, 最近提出了一类非局部宏-微观损伤模型, 为固体裂纹扩展模拟提供了新途径. 本文在此基础上改进了微观损伤准则, 并给出损伤的$\bar{\lambda}-\ell$语言以刻画固体破坏过程中位移场的不连续程度. 在改进模型中, 首先根据两物质点(即物质点对)之间的变形量, 基于相对临界伸长量的历史最大超越程度, 给出表征物质键性能退化的微细观损伤. 进而, 对影响域内的物质键损伤进行空间局部加权平均, 获得宏观拓扑损伤. 通过引入能量退化函数, 建立基于能量的损伤与宏观拓扑损伤之间的关系, 由此将其嵌入连续损伤力学基本框架, 形成了问题求解的基本方程. 该模型是一类非局部化模型, 可采用有限单元法进行离散求解, 避免了经典局部损伤力学所面临的网格敏感性问题. 文中, 进一步将其应用于具有强非线性回弹特性的裂纹扩展模拟问题. 实例分析表明, 本文方法不仅可以把握裂纹扩展模式, 而且能够定量刻画裂纹扩展过程中的载荷-变形关系. 最后指出了需要进一步研究的问题.      

填药柱壳在内部爆炸载荷下的变形和破坏

采用一种计及三轴因子的损伤模型,以本构关系的内变量理论为基础得到了热塑性本构关系的普适显武表达式;得到了改进的Johnson-Cook本构模型的增量形式; 考虑温度和损伤对材料参数的影响,计入温度和损伤对材料塑性变形发展的耦合作用,给出完备的计算方程组;用Lagrange显示差分的方法对填药柱壳在内部爆炸载荷下的变形和破坏进行了数值模拟,并对结果进行分析,与实验结果进行了比较.