调控燃烧室燃料初始分布建立稳定旋转爆轰波的方法

旋转爆轰发动机具有比传统航空航天发动机更高的燃烧效率，近年来引起人们的关注。其中，点火启动过程尤为重要。为达到一次点火就能在燃烧室内建立稳定旋转爆轰波的目的，本文提出通过控制点火前燃料初始分布来建立稳定旋转爆轰波的方法，并基于纳维-斯托克斯方程与10组分27可逆反应基元化学反应模型的数值模拟验证了该方法的可行性。对旋转爆轰波传播特性的研究表明，燃料在发动机燃烧室中的分布是影响旋转爆轰波建立的关键。在燃料喷注压力较低时此影响尤为明显，它决定了爆轰波发展第一周期内波前燃料层厚度。而波前燃料层与波的稳定传播密切相关。基于该方法，本文对燃烧室初始流速为360 m/s，喷注总压0.4 MPa的旋转爆轰发动机实现了点火至稳定爆轰，得到的爆轰波传播平均速度为1 604 m/s，频率为5 347.6 Hz。此外，燃料初始填充率作为燃料初始分布的量化指标，文中给出了它建立稳定旋转爆轰时的临界范围。     

可燃气体非稳定爆轰波通过90°圆弯管传播特性的实验研究

对丙烷-氧气-空气的混合气体非稳定爆轰波通过90°圆弯管传播特性的变化进行了初步的实验研究.同时实验研究了预混气体的初始浓度和初始压力对非稳定爆轰波经过弯管前后传播特性的影响.实验结果表明,可燃气体非稳定爆轰波经过90°圆弯管后传播速度和压力与直管中相比有了显著地提高.这一研究结果对于工业上安全使用管道阻火器具有重要的实际意义.     

煤油液滴直径对两相旋转爆轰发动机流场的影响

为探究煤油液滴不同初始直径对气液两相旋转爆轰发动机流场的影响,假设初始注入的煤油液滴具有均匀直径,考虑雾化破碎、蒸发等过程,建立了非定常两相爆轰的Eulerian-Lagrangian模型,进行了液态煤油/高温空气爆轰的非预混二维数值模拟。结果表明：在初始液滴直径为1～70μm的工况范围,燃烧室内均形成了单个稳定传播的旋转爆轰波;全局当量比为1时,爆轰波前的空气区域大于液滴煤油的蒸气区域,导致波前燃料空气混合不均匀,波前均存在富油区和贫油区,两相速度差导致分离出的空气形成低温条带;当煤油液滴的初始直径较小时,波前的反应物混合过程主要受蒸发的影响,爆轰波可稳定传播;当直径减小至1μm时,煤油液滴在入口处即蒸发,旋转爆轰波表现为气相传播的特性,爆轰波结构平整;当煤油液滴的初始直径较大时,波前的反应物混合过程主要受液滴破碎的影响;对于相同的燃料质量流量,在不同初始煤油液滴直径工况下,煤油液滴最大的停留时间均占爆轰波传播时间尺度的80%以上;爆轰波前燃料预蒸发为气相的占比越高,爆轰波的传播速度越高;初始液滴直径为10～70μm的工况范围内,爆轰波的速度随初始直径的增大先升高后降低。     

周期性非均匀介质中气相爆轰波演变模式研究

气相爆轰波在周期性非均匀介质中的起爆, 稳态传播和失效机制都极为复杂, 很多物理机制尚不明确, 是当前爆轰物理领域研究的热点和难点. 本文使用反应欧拉方程和两步化学反应模型对爆轰波在非均匀介质中的传播机理进行了数值模拟研究, 非均匀性由横向周期性分布的温度扰动体现, 重点分析不同波长、不同幅度的温度扰动对波阵面波系结构的影响. 计算结果表明, ZND爆轰波在温度扰动下向胞格爆轰波的转变主要受制于两种竞争性因素: 一是爆轰波内在的不稳定性; 二是温度扰动的波长和幅度, 前者是内因, 后者是外因. 温度扰动的存在抑制横波的发展, 延迟了ZND爆轰波向胞格爆轰波的演化, 并且内在不稳定性的增加可以减慢这种延迟现象. 这说明, 温度扰动可以在一定的范围内抑制胞格不稳定性的发展, 但是不能够终止这一过程. 温度的不连续性使得爆轰波阵面更为扭曲, 并在横波附近存在较弱的三波点结构, 即温度扰动可增加爆轰波固有的不稳定性, 改变爆轰波阵面的传播机理. 幅值较大的人工温度扰动可抑制爆轰波的传播和爆轰波自身的不稳定性. 爆轰波阵面胞格结构的形成取决于温度扰动与其自身的不稳定性.      

5.12汶川大地震诱发大型崩滑灾害动力特征初探

对乙炔氧气混合气体中爆轰波与激波的正面对撞现象的实验研究是以高速摄影获 取两波对撞的x-t纹影图,以烟迹板记录对撞中的爆轰胞格图案,并基于激波 理论和经典CJ爆轰理论求解了两波对撞的稳态解并探寻其规律. 研究发现透射波系包括一道激波和爆轰波, 以及紧随爆轰波后的稀疏波区,这一结果对应于一维理论分析中的CJ解. 透射波系基本不受 初始压强影响;初始温度也只成比例地改变流场整体速度,温度越高,速度越快;对波系起 实质影响作用的是入射激波强度,激波越强,则整个透射流场呈现偏向激波的趋势;理论分 析还指出,稀疏波区的出现不可避免,当激波强度趋于声波稀疏波区趋于消失,激波越强则 疏波区趋于扩大. 两波对撞存在一个有限的转变阶段,透射爆轰首先减缓,接着迅速迸发为 过驱爆轰,然后再逐渐平衡为CJ爆轰. 对于强不稳定的燃气,对撞后爆轰波在空间上的发展 极不均衡,一些区域发生火焰面与诱导激波的严重脱离,随后的火焰面失稳发展为诱导激波 区内的爆轰波,实验观察到了这种爆轰在烟迹板上留下的极为精细的迹线.     

爆轰波与激波对撞的实验研究

对乙炔氧气混合气体中爆轰波与激波的正面对撞现象的实验研究是以高速摄影获取两波对撞的x-t纹影图,以烟迹板记录对撞中的爆轰胞格图案,并基于激波理论和经典CJ爆轰理论求解了两波对撞的稳态解并探寻其规律. 研究发现透射波系包括一道激波和爆轰波,以及紧随爆轰波后的稀疏波区,这一结果对应于一维理论分析中的CJ解. 透射波系基本不受初始压强影响;初始温度也只成比例地改变流场整体速度,温度越高,速度越快;对波系起实质影响作用的是入射激波强度,激波越强,则整个透射流场呈现偏向激波的趋势;理论分析还指出,稀疏波区的出现不可避免,当激波强度趋于声波稀疏波区趋于消失,激波越强则疏波区趋于扩大. 两波对撞存在一个有限的转变阶段,透射爆轰首先减缓,接着迅速迸发为过驱爆轰,然后再逐渐平衡为CJ爆轰. 对于强不稳定的燃气,对撞后爆轰波在空间上的发展极不均衡,一些区域发生火焰面与诱导激波的严重脱离,随后的火焰面失稳发展为诱导激波区内的爆轰波,实验观察到了这种爆轰在烟迹板上留下的极为精细的迹线.      

圆柱形爆轰波的二维数值模拟

基于带化学反应的二维Euler方程,对圆柱形爆轰波的直接起爆和传播过程进行了二维数值模拟研究,拟分析起爆条件和初始压强对圆柱形爆轰波形成和传播的影响。研究发现,圆柱形爆轰波起爆成功向外传播的过程中,新的三波结构的生成标志着爆轰波进入稳定传播阶段。在起爆能量足够的情况下,起爆半径(曲率)的大小决定着三波结构初始形成时的数目和传播半径,起爆压强对其基本不产生影响;起爆半径大(曲率小)时,三波结构初始形成时的传播半径大、数目多,圆柱形爆轰波进入稳定传播阶段的传播距离长;数值模拟中,初始压强的提高,有助于圆柱形爆轰在较短的传播距离内进入稳定传播阶段。     

爆轰波与金属的斜相互作用

应用二种截然不同的炸药PBX 95 0 1和T2 ,计算了爆轰波在不同入射角下与金属平板的斜相互作用。在正规反射区 ,计算结果与激波极线理论基本一致 ;应用燃烧模型 ,分别计算了Fe球壳装药JB90 0 3(HE)及JB90 14 (IHE)散心爆轰波的绕射传播 ,计算结果与实验很好地符合。在非正规反射区 ,二维拉氏程序计算结果明显地不同于经典理论结果 ,计算中没有出现Mach反射。计算结果显示 ,毗邻介质影响节点附近的爆轰波阵面形状及爆轰波速度 ;不同的反应率函数计算的节点图像不同。     

爆轰波在突扩通道中传播的数值模拟研究

建立了描述甲烷 空气混合物爆轰波传播的单步化学反应爆轰模型 ,通过数值模拟研究了在二维突扩通道中爆轰波的强度变化和各种波行为。结果表明 :爆轰波在进入突扩通道初始阶段的衍射使爆轰波局部向爆燃转变 ;爆炸波在壁面发生马赫反射形成的高温高压区域将直接诱导自持爆轰波的重新形成。     

用环形激波聚焦实现爆轰波直接起爆的数值模拟

利用基元反应模型和有限体积法对环形激波在可燃气体中聚焦实现爆轰波直接起爆进行了数值模拟。研究结果表明，标准状态下的氢气-空气混合气体在马赫数为3.1以上的环形激波聚焦产生的高温高压区作用下会诱发可燃气体的直接起爆形成爆轰波，爆轰波与激波和接触间断相互作用产生了复杂的波系结构；爆轰波爆点位置在对称轴上并不是固定的点，而是随着初始激波马赫数的变化而发生移动；可燃气体初始温度和压力对起爆临界马赫数都有影响，但是初始温度的影响大得多。     

Dynamics study of detonation-wave cellular structure 1. Statistical properties of detonation wave front

We have investigated the evolution of cellular detonation-wave structure as a gaseous detonation travels along a round tube and measured cell lengths as a function of the initial pressure of the gas. We have tested acetylene-containing combustible gas mixtures with different degrees of regularity. Along with the smoked-foil technique, an emission method has been used to the measure current and average values of the detonation cell length. The method is based on the detection of an emission spectrum behind the detonation front in the spectral range corresponding to local gas temperatures that are much higher than those for the Chapman-Jouguet equilibrium condition. This technique provides quasi-continuous cell-length measurements along the normal to the detonation front over the length of several factors of ten times the tube. Our study has experimentally identified the steady states of detonation structure in round tubes, referred to here as the single detonation modes. When the state of a single mode is fully established, then both the flow structure and the energy release at detonation front develop strictly periodically along the tube at a constant frequency inversely proportional to the cell length of the mixture. The mixture regularity has had no influence on the occurrence of the detonation mode, which is defined by the value of initial pressure or the total energy release of the mixture. Outside of the pressure range where a detonation mode was most likely to occur, the detonation front is unstable and may exhibit an irregular cellular pattern. Monitoring the evolution of cells over a long distance revealed that the local gas emissivity, which is time dependent and corresponds to axial pulsations of the detonation structure, has the appearance of a superposition of separate harmonics describing the states of emissivity oscillations and cell structure of single detonation modes. Received 18 October 1999 / Accepted 10 June 2001     

气相爆轰波反应区结构的平面激光诱导荧光测量

基于平面激光诱导荧光(PLIF)技术对2H2 O2 10Ar的预混气体爆轰波反应区结构进行实验研究.采用高浓度的氩稀释有利于减小爆轰化学反应自发辐射光对OH荧光的影响.合理设置PLIF系统、爆轰波和ICCD之间的同步控制触发延时,得到爆轰波阵面附近的OH荧光分布图像.结果表明:诱导激波后反应阵面不是平面且不稳定.荧光图像上能清晰地看到类似拱顶石的结构,它位于两马赫杆之间,以入射激波、剪切层和反应阵面为边界.无论是在马赫杆后还是在入射激波后,OH浓度分布在诱导区末端急剧增加至最大值.随着离开反应阵面的距离增加,OH浓度快速减小.由于爆轰模式和激光片光方向的影响,从PLIF图像上测得的横波间距值较离散,均小于胞格宽度.     

用二维欧拉方法模拟滑移爆轰作用下金属圆筒的收敛运动

本文用二维流体-弹塑性欧拉编码对金属圆筒在滑移爆轰作用下的收敛运动作了数值模拟。文中考虑了起爆端对金属圆筒运动的影响,给出了圆筒自由面不同时刻的运动姿态和自由面速度随时间变化规律。计算结果与实验结果符合较好。     

Effect of initial disturbance on the detonation front structure of a narrow duct

The effect of an initial disturbance on the detonation front structure in a narrow duct is studied by three-dimensional numerical simulation. The numerical method used includes a high-resolution fifth-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory scheme for spatial discretization, coupled with a third-order total variation diminishing Runge-Kutta time-stepping method. Two types of disturbances are used for the initial perturbation. One is a random disturbance which is imposed on the whole area of the detonation front, and the other is a symmetrical disturbance imposed within a band along the diagonal direction on the front. The results show that the two types of disturbances lead to different processes. For the random disturbance, the detonation front evolves into a stable spinning detonation. For the symmetrical diagonal disturbance, the detonation front displays a diagonal pattern at an early stage, but this pattern is unstable. It breaks down after a short while and it finally evolves into a spinning detonation. The spinning detonation structure ultimately formed due to the two types of disturbances is the same. This means that spinning detonation is the most stable mode for the simulated narrow duct. Therefore, in a narrow duct, triggering a spinning detonation can be an effective way to produce a stable detonation as well as to speed up the deflagration to detonation transition process.     

研究爆速直径效应的爆轰冲击波动力学方法

利用爆轰冲击波动力学（ＤＳＤ）的广义几何光学模型，得到了圆杆药柱中拟定态二维爆轰波阵面形状的解析解。在两步反应模型假定下建立了ＤＳＤ的边界条件，用爆速亏损表示阵面上炸药未反应分数，就可得到渐近爆速与药柱直径的关系，即得到计算爆速直径效应的模型。本文模型的实际意义是利用直径效应已有的大量实验数据，给定ＤＳＤ方法所需要的、又难以实验测定的各种常用炸药的爆速曲率常数（ｄＤｎ／ｄ）０，以及渐近状态下爆轰波与药柱边界的夹角。     

Bi-stable states of initially stressed elastic cylindrical shell structures with two piezoelectric surface layers

A theoretical model is proposed in this paper to predict the bi-stable states of initially stressed cylindrical shell structures attached by surface anisotropic piezoelectric layers.The condition for existence of bi-stability of the shell structural system is presented and analytical expressions for corresponding rolled-up radii of the stable shell are given based on the principle of minimum strain energy.The resulting solution indicates that the shell system may have two stable configurations besides its initial state under a combined action of the actuating electric field and initial stresses characterized by the bending moment.If the piezoelectric layer materials act as only sensor materials without the actuating electric field,initial stresses may produce the bi-stable states,but one corresponding to its initial state.For the shell without initial stresses,the magnitude in the actuating electric field determines the number of the stable states,one or two stable configurations besides the initial state.The theoretical prediction for the bi-stable states is verified by finite element method(FEM) simulation by using the ABAQUS code.     

快速热点火熔奥梯铝炸药燃烧转爆轰实验研究

以熔铸型含铝混合炸药熔奥梯铝为对象，研究铸装含铝混合炸药快速热点火后的燃烧转爆轰特性。建立了快速热点火燃烧转爆轰实验平台，由实验装置（加热装置、约束钢管、炸药）、压力测试系统、光纤测速系统组成；加热装置加热15 mm厚45钢钢板，峰值温度大于1 100 ℃，温升速率为85～95 ℃/s。开展了快速热点火带壳熔奥梯铝炸药燃烧转爆轰实验，由加热装置加热约束钢管内熔奥梯铝炸药，炸药化学反应阵面压力和传播速度分别由压电性高压压力传感器和光纤探针测定；实测阵面压力约1 GPa，传播速度最大约2 600 m/s。由光纤数据获得炸药化学反应阵面传播轨迹，通过特征线方法获得冲击形成点，半定量给出冲击形成距离大于850 mm；并比较了管体破片质量实测值与炸药完全爆轰时破片平均质量计算值，实测值远小于计算值。综合实测化学反应阵面传播速度和压力、冲击形成距离分析、破片质量比较，可确定熔奥梯铝炸药没有发生完全爆轰，其化学反应状态为爆燃。另外，采用Adams和Pack模型、CJ燃烧模型，都能够半定量的预估冲击形成距离和燃烧波后压力，为实验设计提供依据，但CJ燃烧模型的计算结果更接近于实测值。     

Numerical study of three-dimensional detonation structure transformations in a narrow square tube: from rectangular and diagonal modes into spinning modes

Three-dimensional (3-D) detonation structure transformations from rectangular and diagonal modes into spinning modes in a narrow square tube are investigated by high-resolution simulation. Numerical simulations are performed with a Riemann solver of the HLLC-type, new cell-based structured adaptive mesh refinement data structure, high-order, parallel adaptive mesh refinement reactive flow code. A simplified one-step kinetic reaction model is used to reveal the 3-D detonation structure. The four different types of initial disturbances applied in the ZND profiles lead to the structures of rectangular in phase, rectangular out of phase, rectangular partial out of phase and diagonal, respectively, during the initial stages of detonation propagation. Eventually, all these detonation structures evolve into the self-sustained spinning detonations. The asymmetric disturbance leads to a stable spinning detonation much faster than the rest. The important features in the formation of spinning detonation are revealed using a 3-D visualization, and a remarkable qualitative agreement with experimental and numerical results is obtained with respect to the transverse wave dynamics and detonation front structures. The transverse wave collisions produce the unburnt gas pockets and the energy to sustain the detonation front propagation and distortion. The periodic pressure oscillation of front plays a complex role as it shifts the reaction zone structure with an accompanying change in the driving energy of transition and the detonation parameters which result in the more distorted front and the unstable detonation. Eventually, the unstable distorted detonation evolves into a spinning detonation.