NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION ON FLOW-INDUCED VIBRATION OF TWO CYLINDERS IN TANDEM ARRANGEMENTS AND ITS COUPLING MECHANISMS

对雷诺数Re= 100 条件下串列双圆柱的流致振动进行了数值模拟. 圆柱的质量比m^*均为2.0,间距比L/D 为2.0 5.0. 考虑两种工况:(a) 上游圆柱固定,下游圆柱可沿横流向自由振动;(b) 上、下游圆柱均可沿横流向自由振动. 结果表明:无论上游圆柱静止或者振动,下游圆柱横向振幅明显大于单圆柱的. 工况(b) 的下游圆柱最大振幅要大于工况(a) 的,这是由于两圆柱均振动时,两圆柱之间耦合作用增强,上游圆柱的尾流和下游圆柱的振动之间“相互调节” 作用显著. 对工况(b) 的下游圆柱振动和间隙流之间的作用机制进行了详细的研究,发现当上游圆柱脱落的自由剪切层重新附着于下游圆柱上并且完全从间隙之间通过时,下游圆柱的振幅最大.     

圆角化对受迫振动方柱绕流特性影响机理分析

为分析圆角化对低雷诺数下受迫振动方柱绕流特性的影响机理, 对Ansys Fluent软件进行二次开发, 即通过用户自定义函数中的DEFINE_ CG_MOTION宏对柱体周期性受迫振动的函数进行编程, 并对流场计算域进行区域划分以便利用动网格技术中动态层法实现柱体受迫振动, 从而实现对受迫振动柱体绕流流场的流固耦合模拟.在雷诺数Re = 200时, 考虑方柱截面不同圆角的影响, 对均匀流作用下5种圆角化r/D = 1/2, 1/4, 1/5, 1/8和0受迫振动方柱的绕流进行数值模拟, 分析了这5种参数下受迫振动方柱的升阻力系数、尾流涡量和锁定区间的变化规律, 澄清了圆角化对受迫振动方柱稳定性的影响机理.研究表明: 与尖角方柱相比, 圆角化方柱升阻力系数有了明显的减小, 且升力、阻力系数随圆角增大而减小; 低振幅比下圆角方柱的涡旋脱落模式均为2S模态, 涡旋尾迹变窄; 锁定区间范围基本关于F = 1对称, 锁定区间的变化趋势与圆柱类似.      

代数多重网格方法在紊流数值预测中的应用

机械和矿山工程中广泛使用锥形渐扩管。将DLR型k-ε紊流模型中非线性偏微分方程基于全隐式高精度迎风差分格式离散,得到差分方程的系数矩阵为五对角块十三对角带状稀疏矩阵,基于一种"三元组"方式进行压缩存储,节约内存。提出了一种基于DLR型k-ε紊流模型与代数多重网格方法结合的新算法,阐述了代数多重网格方法的实施过程。对具有逆压梯度流动的锥形渐扩管内紊流进行了数值预测。数值实验表明,代数多重网格方法对求解紊流模型离散方程组非常有效,同此前该紊流数值模拟中使用的Point-SOR方法相比,计算效率有了显著提高,计算结果与实验结果吻合较好。     

错列角度对双圆柱涡激振动影响的数值模拟研究

为研究错列角度α对双圆柱涡激振动问题的影响,采用自主研发的基于CIP(constrained interpolation profile)方法的数值模型,对雷诺数Re=100、错列角度α=0?～90?(间隔15?)的等直径双圆柱涡激振动问题进行数值模拟.模型在笛卡尔网格系统下建立,采用具有三阶精度的CIP方法求解N-S(Navier--Stokes)方程,采用浸入边界法处理流-固耦合问题,避免了任意拉欧方法下的网格畸变和重叠动网格技术中的大量信息交换问题,保证了模型的计算效率.重点分析不同错列角度α上下游圆柱的升阻力系数、位移响应、涡脱频率和尾涡模态等.结果表明:折合速度Ur=2.0～3.0时,上下游圆柱升阻力随错列角度的增大基本呈单调增大的趋势;Ur=5.0～8.0时,随错列角度的增大,上下游圆柱阻力变化较小,升力呈"上凸"趋势,在α=15?～30?取得最大值;Ur=10.0～13.0时,随错列角度的增大,上下游圆柱阻力变化较小,升力呈"下凹"趋势,在α=30?～45?取得最小值,且柱体横流向振幅和升力没有明显的对应关系.最后,结合尾涡模态对以上规律的成因进行分析.研究结果可为相关海洋工程设计提供参考.     

串列双圆柱流致振动的数值模拟及其耦合机制

对雷诺数Re= 100 条件下串列双圆柱的流致振动进行了数值模拟. 圆柱的质量比m*均为2.0,间距比L/D 为2.0 5.0. 考虑两种工况:(a) 上游圆柱固定,下游圆柱可沿横流向自由振动;(b) 上、下游圆柱均可沿横流向自由振动. 结果表明:无论上游圆柱静止或者振动,下游圆柱横向振幅明显大于单圆柱的. 工况(b) 的下游圆柱最大振幅要大于工况(a) 的,这是由于两圆柱均振动时,两圆柱之间耦合作用增强,上游圆柱的尾流和下游圆柱的振动之间“相互调节” 作用显著. 对工况(b) 的下游圆柱振动和间隙流之间的作用机制进行了详细的研究,发现当上游圆柱脱落的自由剪切层重新附着于下游圆柱上并且完全从间隙之间通过时,下游圆柱的振幅最大.      

均匀来流中横向振动圆柱近迹涡结构的数值模拟

从涡量流函数形式的N-S方程出发,在不同的振动频率、振幅及Re数下数值研究了均匀来流中横向振动圆柱粘性统流的涡脱泻现象。着重探讨了近迹复杂的涡结构及其非定常演化过程,以及它们对物体受力特性的影响,并首次成功地模拟了近年来实验研究中所发现的一些重要的流动现象,如相位“开关”现象(phase switch phenomena)及复杂涡结构(complex vortex structure),等等。通过数值模拟,不仅能够再现实验研究中所发现的一些重要的流动现象,还可进一步预示某些新的流动现象,使数值计算起到与实验研究相辅相成的作用。     

两不等直径圆柱高雷诺数时均风力场的数值模拟

圆柱间气动干扰研究具有重要的理论和现实意义.尽管国内外开展了圆柱组合风效应的风洞试验研究,但主要针对等直径圆柱,并且雷诺数多为10~5以下.考虑到工程结构风场的高雷诺数特征,采用数值模拟方法,模拟两不等直径圆柱在串列、并列及交错排列下的高雷诺数(Re=4.5×10~5)时均绕流场.通过改变组合的间距和风向,分析探讨两柱阻力、升力及总风力的变化规律.     

基于转捩/尺度适应模型与FW-H声学方程的气动噪声数值模拟研究

采用计算流体力学(CFD)同"声类比"相结合的方法进行噪声模拟,利用CFD数值模拟 MD30P30N多段翼型失速攻角附近流场以及其气动特性来校核近场精度,进一步通过结合可穿透数据面的FW-H声学方程进行气动噪声分析。为了准确捕捉近场流场信息,为噪声预测提供可靠的声源精度,本文基于k-ω剪应力输运(SST)湍流模型,建立了尺度适应分离流(SAS)模型,并采用γ-Re_θt转捩模型耦合k-ω SST湍流模型建立了边界层转捩数值模拟技术;充分利用尺度适应模型在边界层表现为雷诺平均(RANS)方法这一特点,将γ-Re_θt转捩模型与SAS模型结合,建立针对包含转捩、分离现象复杂流场的数值模拟技术。文中以RANS为控制方程,分别采用全湍流k-ω SST模型、γ-Re_θtSAS转捩/分离流模型对多段翼进行近场数值模拟计算,结合可穿透数据面的FW-H声学方程进行气动噪声预测,在分析其对流场及气动噪声影响的基础上,得出了几点结论。     

紧致插值曲线方法在流向强迫振荡圆柱绕流中的应用

利用紧致插值曲线(constrained interpolation profile method in Zhejiang University, CIP-ZJU) 数学模型, 对低科勒冈-卡朋特(Keulegan–Carpenter) 数KC 静止流体中振荡圆柱以及雷诺数Re = 200 时流向强迫振荡圆柱绕流进行了数值模拟. 模型在直角坐标系统下建立, 采用紧致插值曲线方法作为流场的基本求解器离散了纳维-斯托克斯方程, 基于多相流的理论实现流固耦合同步求解, 利用浸入边界方法处理固体边界. 模拟结果与现有文献结果进行比较, 二者吻合情况较好, 验证了此方法对于计算复杂流动问题的可靠性.      

基于浸入边界算法的振动钝体绕流模拟研究

传统CFD方法在振动钝体绕流计算中常借助动网格技术,网格再生任务繁重。针对于此,本文利用可在静止网格中计算动边界绕流问题的浸入边界算法(IBM),编写数值模拟程序,分别对竖向强迫正弦振动方柱(Re=UD/v=103、振幅恒定、振动频率变化)以及桥梁断面(Re=UB/v=7.5×103、振幅、振动频率均变化)展开气动特性和流场特征结构分析。初步研究结果表明,振幅恒定为方柱高度的14%时,其涡脱锁定区长度为0.06~0.2,锁定区后端(Stc0.2)振动方柱涡脱频率回归静止涡脱频率;不同振幅下的桥梁断面阻力系数均在静止涡脱频率处产生峰值,桥梁断面升力系数则在此处均出现归零效应,且振幅越大,归零效应愈明显。     

Numerical simulation of force and wake mode of an oscillating cylinder

The turbulent flow behind a circular cylinder subjected to forced oscillation is numerically studied at a Reynolds number of 5500 by using three-dimensional Large Eddy Simulations (3-D LES) technique with the Smagorinsky model. The filtered equations are discretised using the finite volume method with an O-type structured grid and a second-order accurate method in both time and space. Firstly, the main wake parameters of a stationary cylinder are examined and compared in the different grid resolutions. Secondly, a transversely oscillating cylinder with a constant amplitude in a uniform flow is investigated. The cylinder oscillation frequency ranges between 0.75 and 0.95 of the natural Kármán frequency, and the excitation amplitude is moderate, 50% of the cylinder diameter. The flow characteristics of an oscillating cylinder are numerically examined and the corresponding wake modes are captured firstly in 3-D LES at Re=5500. A transition between different wake modes is firstly investigated in a set of numerical simulations.     

Low Order Modelling of Freely Vibrating Flexible Cables

A highly efficient, low-order model for vortex-induced vibration of flexible cables at low Reynolds number has been developed. A coupled map lattice (CML) wake model, based on circle maps, is combined with a cable model (linear wave equation). With this model, both the self-excited response of the cable oscillation in the crossflow direction and the resulting wake structures are examined at Re = 100. This represents an improvement over earlier CML models capable of only modelling wakes behind externally forced cables. For comparison, spectral-element based numerical simulations, in addition to experiments on a freely vibrating cable flow, were conducted. The freely vibrating CML model predicted lace-like structures consistent with these numerical simulations and experimental results. Little difference was noted between the vortex shedding wake patterns determined for forced cables (from previous CML models) and freely vibrating cables. The freely vibrating CML matched experimental data for maximum cable amplitude reasonably well over a range of mass-damping parameter employed in offshore structural applications.     

流向振荡圆柱绕流的格子Boltzmann方法模拟

用一种新近发展起来的格子Boltzmann方法(LBM)在相对较小的雷诺数(Re \le 200)条件下模拟了不可压缩的流向振荡圆柱绕流问题, 考查了涡脱落模态和升阻力特性. 通过模拟, 在近尾流区发现了实验研究中已经发现的对称/反对称的涡脱落模态, 包括有些传统数值方法未发现的模态. 研究了频率锁定区域的范围及其与振幅的关系, 发现振幅越大, 发生锁定的频率区域越宽. 此外还对升阻力进行了定量意义的模拟,研究了振荡频率和振幅与升阻力的关系.      

单窄条控制件对横向振荡柱体尾流 2P模式 旋涡脱落的改变

横向强迫振荡柱体尾流控制是柱体涡激振动控制的基础,在海洋、土木等工程中具有重要意义. 横向强迫振荡柱体尾流中存在一种锁频旋涡脱落模式,即在一个振荡周期内柱体上、下侧各脱落旋转方向相反的一对涡,称为2P模式. 本文将相对宽度b/D=0.32的窄条控制件置于横向强迫振荡柱体下游,对振幅比A/D=1.25, 无量纲振频f_e D/V_∞=0.22,雷诺数Re=1 200的2P模式旋涡脱落进行干扰,并通过改变控制件位置,研究旋涡的变化规律. 采用二维大涡模拟和实验验证方法进行研究,在控制件位置范围0.8≤X/D≤3.2, 0.4≤Y/D≤3.2内,得到了2P, 2S, P+S和另外6种新发现的旋涡脱落模式,并对各模式旋涡的形成过程作了详细描述. 在控制件位置平面上给出了各旋涡模式的存在区域,画出了旋涡脱落强度的等值线图,并发现在一个相当大的区域内,旋涡脱落强 度可减小一半以上,尾流变窄. 发现柱体大幅振荡引起的横向剪切流在旋涡生成中起关键作用. 探讨了控制件对横向剪切流的影响,分析了控制件在每种旋涡模式形成中的作用机制.      

Modes of vortex formation and transition to three-dimensionality in the wake of a freely vibrating cylinder

The present work is aimed to give some insight into the relation between vortex shedding modes and transition to three-dimensionality in the wake of a freely vibrating cylinder by establishing a numerical model and analyzing the relevant results of two- and three-dimensional simulations. The compressible flow past an elastically-mounted cylinder is solved by using the immersed boundary method (IB method). The cylinder is free to vibrate in the transverse direction with zero structure damping. The response of displacement amplitude is studied with the variation of reduced velocity. Whether P+S mode exists in three-dimensional flow and the occurrence of 2P mode is caused by flow transition from two-dimensional to three-dimensional are problems of concern. Both 2P and P+S wake modes are observed in two- and three-dimensional simulations. The numerical results indicate that the flow transition from two-dimensional to three-dimensional is coupled with the cylinder vibration in the synchronization/lock-in regime. The wake formation given by three-dimensional simulations suggests that the P+S mode might exist in reality when the flow is reverted to two-dimensional by vortex induced vibration (VIV) at Re=300–350. When Reynolds number increases to 425, the wake formation undergoes transition to three-dimensionality and 2P mode is observed. The effect of mass ratio on the flow transition to three-dimensionality is studied. The relationship between wake modes and aerodynamic forces is discussed.     

Computation of high Reynolds number flow around a circular cylinder with surface roughness

Incompressible high-Reynolds-number flows around a circular cylinder are analyzed by direct integration of the Navier-Stokes equations using finite-difference method. A generalized coordinate system is used so that a sufficient number of grid points are distributed in the boundary layer and the wake. A numerical scheme which suppresses non-linear instability for calculations of high-Reynolds-number flows is developed. The computation of an impulsively started flow at Re = 1200 is compared with corresponding experimental observations, and excellent agreements are obtained.A series of computations are carried out on the flow around a circular cylinder with surface roughness. The height of the roughness in these computations is 0.5% of the diameter. The range of Reynolds numbers is from 10³ to 10⁵; no turbulence model is employed. Sharp reduction of drag coefficient is observed near Re = 2 × 10⁴, which indicates that the critical Reynolds number is captured in the present computation.     

URANS vs. experiments of flow induced motions of multiple circular cylinders with passive turbulence control

Two-dimensional Unsteady Reynolds-Average Navier–Stokes equations with the Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model are used to simulate the flow induced motions of multiple circular cylinders with passive turbulence control (PTC) in steady uniform flow. Four configurations with 1, 2, 3, and 4 cylinders in tandem are simulated and studied at a series of Reynolds numbers in the range of 30 000<Re<120 000. Simulation results are verified by experimental data measured in the Marine Renewable Energy Laboratory. Good agreement was observed between the values of vorticity, amplitude ratio, and frequency ratio predicted by numerical simulations and experimental measurements. The amplitude and frequency response show the initial and upper branches in vortex induced vibration (VIV), transition from VIV to galloping, and galloping branch for all PTC-cylinders. The maximum amplitude of 2.9 diameters for the first cylinder is achieved at Re=104 356 in the numerical results. Compared with the first cylinder, the VIV initial branch starts at higher Re for the downstream cylinders due to the presence of the upstream cylinder(s). 2P and 2P+2S vortex patterns are observed at Re=62 049 and Re=90 254 for the single PTC-cylinder. Furthermore, the shed vortices of the downstream cylinders are strongly disrupted and modified by the vortices shed from the upstream one in the cases of multiple PTC-cylinders.     

Numerical study of the effects of particles on the near wake around a circular cylinder

In this work, we investigate the dynamics of the near wake in a turbulent flow going past a circular cylinder with/without particles at a moderate Reynolds number using a direct numerical simulation method. High-order finite-deference schemes are applied to solve for the bulk fluid properties, and a Lagrangian approach is adopted to track the individual particles. The single-phase flow is analysed and validated using previous experimental data. Two converged states, U- and V-shaped, are observed in the near wake, which are consistent with the experimental results. For the two-phase flow, the addition of smaller particles shortens the length of the recirculation region and causes a V-shaped profile to form behind the circular cylinder. Furthermore, the particles increase the drag force from the circular cylinder and suppress the vortex shedding frequency. An increase in the turbulent statistics in the very near wake and a decrease in the turbulent statistics further downstream are also observed.     

Numerical investigation of the turbulent energy budget in the wake of freely oscillating elastically mounted cylinder at low reduced velocities

We present a numerical study of the turbulent kinetic energy budget in the wake of cylinders undergoing Vortex-Induced Vibration (VIV). We show three-dimensional Large Eddy Simulations (LES) of an elastically mounted circular cylinder in the synchronization regime at Reynolds number of Re=8000. The Immersed Boundary Method (IBM) is used to account for the presence of the cylinder. The flow field in the wake is decomposed using the triple decomposition splitting the flow variables in mean, coherent and stochastic components. The energy transfer between these scales of motions are then studied and the results of the free oscillation are compared to those of a forced oscillation. The turbulent kinetic energy budget shows that the maximum amplitude of VIV is defined by the ability of the mean flow to feed energy to the coherent structures in the wake. At amplitudes above this maximum amplitude, the energy of the coherent structures needs to be fed additionally by small scale, stochastic energy in form of backscatter to sustain its motion. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the maximum amplitude of the VIV is defined by the integral length scale of the turbulence in the wake.     

Wake-induced vibrations of an elastically mounted cylinder located downstream of a stationary larger cylinder at low Reynolds numbers

Two-dimensional numerical simulations of flow past two unequal-sized circular cylinders in tandem arrangement are performed at low Reynolds numbers (Re). The upstream larger cylinder is stationary, while the downstream cylinder has both one (transverse-only) and two (transverse and in-line) degrees of freedom (1-dof and 2-dof, respectively). The Re, based on the free stream velocity U_∞ and the downstream cylinder diameter d, varies between 50 and 200 with a wide range of reduced velocities U_r. The diameter of the upstream cylinder is twice that of the downstream cylinder, and the center-to-center spacing is 5.5d. In general, for the 1-dof case, the calculations show that the wake-induced vibrations (WIV) of the downstream cylinder are greatly amplified when compared to the case of a single cylinder or two equal-sized cylinders. The transverse amplitudes build up to a significantly higher level within and beyond the lock-in region, and the U_r associated with the peak amplitude shifts toward a higher value. The dominant wake pattern is 2S mode for Re=50 and 100, while with the increase of Re to 150 and 200, the P+S mode can be clearly observed at some lower U_r. For the 2-dof vibrations, the transverse response characteristics are similar to those presented in the corresponding 1-dof case. The in-line responses are generally much smaller, except for several significant vibrations resulting from in-line resonance. The obvious in-line vibration may induce a C (chaotic) vortex shedding mode for higher Re (Re=200). With regard to the 2-dof motion trajectories, besides the typical figure-eight pattern, several odd patterns such as figure-double eight and single-looped trajectories are also obtained due to the wake interference effect.