混合式陶瓷轴承的研制及其台架试验研究Ⅱ．滚珠轴承的运行和润滑试验

混合式陶瓷轴承的性能优异，是一种应用前景十分广阔的新型高速轴承。但是，目前对其研究还不够充分，特别在这种轴承的润滑试验研究方面几乎还是个空白，因此，对混合式陶瓷轴承进行了运行和润滑试验，并且利用扫描电子显微镜对试验后的陶瓷球表面进行了观察。在同种润滑剂润滑下的温升对比试验表明，陶瓷球轴承的温升比钢球轴承的低，可见前者的高速运行性能比后者的好；在其它试验条件相同的情况下，利用２０＃机械油和含３％（ｗｔ）超细石墨金刚石粉的２０＃机械油等６种润滑剂分别进行的润滑试验表明，润滑剂的粘度越大，陶瓷球轴承的温升越高；纯水对陶瓷球轴承的润滑性能良好，利用其润滑时的轴承温升很低。这种结果除与水的粘度非常低有关以外，还同Ｓｉ３Ｎ４陶瓷与水发生的摩擦化学反应有关。扫描电子显微镜观察发现，在含３％（ｗｔ）超细石墨金刚石粉的２０＃机械油润滑下，试验后的个别陶瓷球表面有相当深的麻坑出现，这是陶瓷球毛坯内部气孔等缺陷经过金刚石微粉“抛光”作用而显露出来的结果。     

炸药粒度对爆轰合成超细金刚石得率的影响

为了进一步提高炸药爆轰合成超细金刚石(UltrafineDiamond,简称UFD)的得率,对RDX/TNT混合装药中RDX粒度对爆轰合成超细金刚石的影响进行了研究。实验结果表明RDX粒径对超细金刚石的得率有明显的影响,随着RDX粒径的增大UFD的得率随之提高;当使用同一粒径RDX时,改变RDX/TNT混合装药的组分配比,在一定程度上也提高了UFD的得率。并对制备的UFD进行了特性表征。     

爆轰合成超细金刚石机理探讨

就爆轰合成超细金刚石的机理进行探讨:１．传统的碳相图已不能作为爆轰合成过程的依据；２．由于存在等离子体－晶体的直接相变，整个过程可能有几种相变作用共存；３．爆炸容器中的介质对产物有重要的影响。最后，提出了对整个问题进行研究所应遵循的规律。     

CVD金刚石薄膜在水润滑条件下的摩擦磨损性能研究

采用偏压辅助增强热丝CVD法在硬质合金衬底上制备常规金刚石薄膜和超细晶粒金刚石薄膜,在往复式球-盘摩擦磨损试验机上考察金刚石薄膜在干摩擦和水润滑条件下的摩擦磨损性能,分别采用扫描电子显微镜、拉曼光谱仪和能谱仪分析金刚石薄膜的表面形貌特性、结构特征及其摩擦表面残余物质的组成.结果表明,常规金刚石薄膜和超细晶粒金刚石薄膜在水润滑下的摩擦系数分别约为0.25和0.22,超细晶粒金刚石薄膜对偶件的磨损率仅为6.94×10-6 mm3/(Nm),显示出优异的减摩性能,可作为良好的水润滑摩擦副涂层材料.     

内燃机磨合与表面改性实验研究

针对EQ6100型汽油机,利用内燃机磨合台架试验装置对所研制的内燃机专用磨合油与普通15W／40内燃机油进行对比磨合试验,对磨合油液进行直读铁谱分析,对缸套－活塞环磨合表面形貌及元素组成进行测试分析。结果表明：专用磨合油的磨合效果明显优于普通内燃机油;超细金刚石微粉可以加速磨合进程,分化并减小磨屑尺寸,从而避免缸壁拉伤和改善缸套－活塞环摩擦副的摩擦学特性。     

天然矿物微粉润滑添加剂对钢摩擦副的自修复效应

通过超细研磨的方法制备了1种复合矿物微粉,采用RFT-Ⅲ型往复摩擦试验机评价了其作为润滑油添加剂对钢摩擦副的自修复效应,借助扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量色散谱仪(EDS)及纳米压痕仪(Nano indenter)对磨损表面及截面进行了表征,探讨了其减摩抗磨机理。结果表明：矿物微粉作为润滑油添加剂具有良好的减摩抗磨及自修复性能。其摩擦系数较基础油降低约55.1%,上下试样的磨损率相应地降低了85.7%和97.6%。添加剂与摩擦表面发生了复杂的理化作用,诱发形成了较为连续均匀的多孔氧化膜自修复层,其表面较为光滑平整,厚度约为0.72 um,主要由Fe、C和O元素构成,具有较高的微观力学性能,有效地降低了摩擦副的摩擦磨损。     

一个爆炸合成金刚石的新装置

爆炸法人工合成金刚石是利用炸药爆炸产生的高压和高温环境,使石墨转变为金刚石。这种方法具有设备简单、投资少、产量高、易于上马等优点。和静态高温、高压合成金刚石的方法比较,爆炸合成的金刚石的颗粒度要小得多,一般为几个到几十个微米。这样细粒的微粉,除了因为研磨性能良好,作为精加工的研磨料外,还可以进一步烧结成大颗粒聚晶体金刚石,制成金 ...     

分段加压金刚石合成工艺研究

根据国产六面顶压机上采用的不同分段加压工艺，提出二次暂停分段加压的金刚石合成工艺，其目的是使金刚石在优晶区成核、在富晶区生长。分析了二次压力暂停点的作用及对金刚石成核与生长的影响，讨论了合成粗粒度、高强度金刚石的基本要素。实验证明，用该工艺可以获得优质高产的金刚石。     

陀螺用超细径保偏光纤机械强度评估方法

针对陀螺应用场景下超细径保偏光纤机械强度评估需求，提出一种基于可拉伸骨架的超细径保偏光纤强度评估方法，超细径保偏光纤绕制于可拉伸骨架之上形成光纤环圈可模拟出成环应力过程，采用该光纤环圈构建光纤陀螺，环圈骨架内的压电堆栈可驱动骨架带动超细径保偏光纤周期性拉伸，对超细径保偏光纤起到应力激励施加效果可激发光纤疲劳以实现光纤强度快速评估与筛选，同时在超细径保偏光纤内形成相位调制功能以实现陀螺偏置调制，陀螺信号长期输出变化情况可表征超细径保偏光纤力学特性优劣。该方法能够体现出超细径保偏光纤成环应力施加的复杂性和陀螺应用光纤长期张紧、弯曲等条件下应力长期演变性，有助于陀螺用超细径保偏光纤强度评估与筛选。     

超细金刚石对应的碳液滴生成时间估算

在爆轰反应区的热密产物流中进行Ｂｒｏｗｎ运动的最初碳原子珠通过任意碰撞在Ｃ－Ｊ面处聚结成碳液滴。这个过程可以近似用胶体理论的快速聚沉动力学来描述。假定在爆轰反应区末端爆轰产物中碳液滴数等于聚沉过程结束时的碳滴数，则在此基础上计算得到的类金刚石碳滴的生成时间在爆轰反应区的时间长度内，实验中得到的超细金刚石的大颗粒（～２０ｎｍ）含有约７．３６１０￣５个原子，其对应反应区内的液态碳滴可以近似处理成严格进行两分子反应的碳的十九级滴，当碳滴所包含的碳原子数达到以上特定值时，爆轰反应过程结束，因此碳滴形成时间能被估算出来。     

Synthesis of Diamonds from the Microwave Plasma with the Use of Supersonic Gas Flows

A new method of deposition of diamond films with the use of supersonic gas flows activated by a microwave discharge is implemented for the first time. The operation principle of the proposed gas-discharge system is similar to that of a microwave electrothermal thruster. A mixture of hydrocarbons and hydrogen is used as a plasma-forming gas. It is demonstrated that the proposed method allows the plasma-forming gas to be used at pressures far above the upper limit of the pressure range of modern microwave plasma systems for chemical vapor deposition of diamond films (approximately 40 000 Pa).     

Transformations of graphite and boron nitride in shock waves

Peculiarities of shock adiabat of graphite are attributed to the graphite–diamond transformation. However only a very small amount of diamond can be recovered from pure shocked graphite with a density approaching the theoretical value. In order to interpret this fact, accessible data concerning the behaviour of graphite under static and dynamic load have been analysed. An additional peculiarity of the shock adiabat of graphite has been found at 12 GPa by analysing compressibility data. It has been attributed to shearing in the basal planes that paves the way for deformation of the planes. An isotherm of cold compression of graphite can be constructed on the basis of the results from theoretical modelling published in the literature. Another isotherm, fitting experimental data, has been proposed. An isotherm for graphitic boron nitride has been also proposed. The isotherms have been used in the interpretation of the peculiarities of shock adiabats. It has been shown that the so-called “mixed-phase” region is an apparent compressibility curve. Energy evaluations based on the isotherms have proved that the peculiarities of the shock adiabat of graphite correspond to the formation of hexagonal instead of cubic diamond. Similarly the formation of the wurtzite modification of BN is responsible for the peculiarities of the shock adiabat of BN. Literature data concerning the mechanism of the polymorphous transformations of graphite and BN in shock waves have been reviewed. On the basis of proposed isotherms of cold compression, the activation energy has been appraised and an equation of kinetics proposed. The equation has been analysed by comparing results of theoretical modelling and accessible experimental data. Received 11 March 1993 / Accepted 15 September 1993     

水化硅酸钙纳米压痕分子动力学模拟方法优化

针对水化硅酸钙纳米压痕模型忽视了压头与基底之间相互作用的问题，由尺寸差异引起的金刚石压头难以计算的问题，以及Wittmann模型无法得到实际接触面积的问题，提出了新的模型与计算方法．结合分子动力学方法，采用金刚石压头-Wittmann模型基底的组合方式构建无定形态水化硅酸钙纳米压痕试验模型．在建模阶段，考虑到压头模型与基底模型粒子间尺寸差异，提出了等比例替换模型，通过公式推导并就不同尺寸模拟结果验证了等比例替换模型的可行性．在计算阶段，提出了局部前处理的弛豫方法进行模拟．确定最大荷载位置处的接触面积为546 nm2，进而求出水化硅酸钙模型硬度H为0.84 GPa、折合模量Er为30.52 GPa．并通过纳米压痕试验，验证了模拟结果的准确性，证明了模型的科学性，对今后水化硅酸钙(C-S-H)纳米层面的模拟具有重要借鉴意义．     

Discrete maximum principle based on repair technique for diamond type scheme of diffusion problems

In this paper, two repair techniques are proposed for diamond schemes of anisotropic diffusion problems to ensure that the repaired solutions satisfy the discrete maximum principle. One of them is an extension of that in [Liska R, Shashkov M. Enforcing the discrete maximum principle for linear finite element solutions of second‐order elliptic problems. Communications in Computational Physics 2008; 3(4):852–877.] for linear finite element solutions, which is a local repair technique, and another is a new global repair technique. Both of them keep total energy conservation and are easy to be implemented in existing codes. Numerical examples show that these two repair techniques do not destroy the accuracy of solution for the diamond schemes on distorted meshes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Elastic-plastic contact mechanics of indentations accounting for phase transformations

A contact mechanics model is developed which takes into account possible phase transformations in materials induced by hydrostatic and shear stresses associated with indentation. The proposed model allows prediction of the average thickness and approximate shape of the phase transformation zone in semiconductors and ceramics under various types of diamond indenters. The results of theoretical calculation are in good agreement with the available experimental data.     

微加工中原子力显微镜金刚石针尖的磨损研究

考察了用原子力显微镜对单晶硅进行微加工时金刚石针尖的磨损行为 ,对针尖的磨损率、磨损机理以及针尖磨损对微加工过程的影响进行了实验研究和理论分析 .结合对单晶硅所进行的摩擦磨损试验 ,应用计算模型得出针尖的磨损率为 1.7× 10 - 1 0 m m3/(N·m) ;通过对针尖磨损特征的原子力显微镜观察 ,结合金刚石针尖上应力集中的有限元计算及单位切削力计算 ,推测其磨损机制主要为化学磨损     

A measurement of three-dimensional strains around a creep-crack tip

A new method for measuring the strain around the high-temperature creep-crack tip is proposed in the present paper. A grid pattern was described in a space of about 30 μm with a diamond stylus in the area ahead of the precrack of the specimen. Then, the distortion of the grids and the change in specimen thickness which were induced by the creep deformation were measured by means of a photo-microscope and a roughness-measuring system, respectively. The three-dimensional components of the strain were calculated using the Lagrangian equation, into which the above measurement was introduced. The route of the creep-crack extension was examined in association with the local strain measured by the proposed method.     

润滑条件下金刚石薄膜及石墨／金刚石复合薄膜的摩擦学性能

利用SRV摩擦磨损试验机对比考察了液体石蜡润滑时硬质合金基体上金刚石薄膜和石墨 /金刚石复合薄膜的摩擦学性能 ,采用扫描电子显微镜对试样和磨痕表面形貌进行了观察分析 ,并进而探讨了磨损机理 .结果表明 ,在润滑条件下 ,石墨 /金刚石复合薄膜的摩擦系数和磨损体积损失均较金刚石薄膜的小 ,金刚石薄膜和石墨 /金刚石复合薄膜的主要磨损机理均为亚微断裂磨损 ,而石墨膜可以有效地减轻亚微断裂磨损     

An analysis of the membrane deflection experiment used in the investigation of mechanical properties of freestanding submicron thin films

In this paper we investigate, both experimentally and theoretically, the competition between different failure mechanisms (stretching, bending and curvature localization) in freestanding submicron thin films commonly used in micro-electromechanical systems. Microstructures made of elastic-brittle materials such as ultrananocrystalline diamond, diamond like carbon and silicon nitride, as well as elastic–plastic materials such as gold, aluminum, and copper, are tested by means of the membrane deflection experiment developed at Northwestern University. Evidence of competition between different failure modes has been found for the investigated elastic-brittle materials. The phenomenon is dependent on specimen size and shape. By contrast, in the case of elastic–plastic materials, failure due to stretching was found to be the dominant mechanism. An analytical model is proposed to rationalize the experimental data and to provide dimensionless parameters able to describe the competition between different failure mechanisms. These dimensionless parameters are particularly useful in the design of specimens employed in the MDE technique.