含有序孔洞的多孔氧化铝薄膜的弹性模量测量

高纯铝箔在特定的溶液下经过电化学阳极氧化腐蚀,可在其表面生成一层多孔的非晶氧化铝层,孔大致呈六方密排,孔径分布均匀.此类薄膜具有规则的纳米级孔径,大的比表面积,可用在微纳滤方面和纳米材料组装方面.然而,对于此类薄膜力学性能的研究较少,在一定程度上限制其功能的开发和应用.为了获得此类多孔膜的弹性常数,本文用鼓膜法结合散斑干涉实验方法、单轴拉伸结合双光束干涉法和多普勒测振仪三种方法测量氧化铝多孔膜的弹性模量,得到的宏观弹性模量基本相同, 并对三种方法的优缺点进行了比较,分析了多孔氧化铝膜与块状氧化铝材料或致密氧化铝膜力学性能的差异.     

鼓膜法测定纳米多孔氧化铝薄膜的弹性模量

本文的多孔氧化铝薄膜含有直径均一、互相平行且与表面垂直的有序纳米孔阵列。它有广阔的应用前景。多孔氧化铝膜与氧化铝陶瓷材料的宏观力学性能有很大的区别。本文用鼓膜法结合实时电子散斑干涉(ESPI)技术，测量薄膜压力与离面位移的关系，再用周边固支平板小挠度模型计算出多孔氧化铝薄膜的宏观弹性模量。本实验中厚76微米的多孔氧化铝薄膜的宏观弹性模量为32.5GPa，比热压氧化铝陶瓷的弹性模量几乎小一个数量级，主要是由于晶相和细观结构不同造成的。这种方法较适合测量此类结构薄膜的力学性能。     

含有序孔洞的多孔氧化铝薄膜的力学性能测量和数值模拟

高纯铝箔在特定的溶液下经过电化学阳极氧化腐蚀,可在其表面生成一层多孔的非晶氧化铝层,其孔径分布非常均匀,孔大致呈六方密排布。由于此类薄膜具有规则的纳米级孔径,大的比表面积,良好的自组织排列性,所以其日益受到人们的关注。然而,到目前为止,对于此类薄膜力学性能的研究还很少,所以在一定程度上限制其功能的开发和应用。为了获得此类多孔膜的弹性常数,本文首先由实验出发,通过光力学检测(双光束散斑干涉)的方法得到薄膜拉伸时的整体表观弹性模量。然后对薄膜建立二维有限元模型,运用均匀化理论反推出其基体(无孔结构)的弹性模量,同时考察了不同的基体泊松比对模型整体表观模量的影响,并且用一般有限元方法验证了沿特定方向拉伸时均匀化模型计算的有效性。     

氧化铝多孔膜变形的时间序列散斑干涉法检测

本文通过鼓膜实验,利用双光束电子散斑干涉技术(ESPI)和时间序列的散斑干涉法,首先对纯铝试样鼓膜变形进行测量,并结合薄板小挠度理论计算了纯铝的弹性模量,结果与弹性模量的参考值基本相同,表明该测量变形的方法精确可行。在此基础上对二步阳极氧化法制备的氧化铝多孔膜试样的鼓膜变形进行了检测,变形检测结果为进一步研究氧化铝多孔膜的力学性能及其与微观结构的关系提供了依据和基础。     

氧化铝多孔膜振动性能的实验研究

电化学氧化法制备的氧化铝多孔膜有六角规则密排的纳米孔,其优良的结构特点使其具有良好的用途,可应用于微粒物质分离,氧化剂的载体,微电子机械系统的组件和纳米器件等。在前期研究了这种氧化铝膜的力学性能如拉伸性能和弯曲性能的基础上,本文实验研究了这种氧化铝多孔膜的振动特性即共振频率特性和振动模态,估算了该氧化铝多孔膜的相当弹性模量,与其他方法测得的相当弹性模量基本一致。     

阳极氧化铝基体上非晶态碳纳米纤维阵列膜的微观组织及其摩擦性能

采用乙炔热分解法在多孔阳极氧化铝膜板上制备了定向生长的非晶态碳纳米纤维阵列膜，采用场发射扫描电子显微镜、激光Raman光谱仪和透射电子显微镜观察分析了阵列膜和非晶态碳纳米纤维的组织形态和微观结构，并采用原子力显微镜和环-块式摩擦磨损试验机考察了非晶态碳纳米纤维阵列膜的摩擦性能．结果表明：以经草酸溶液二次阳极氧化得到的有序多孔氧化铝薄膜作为模板，通过化学催化气相沉积可以获得分布均匀的非晶态碳纳米纤维阵列，这种定向非晶态碳纳米纤维阵列构成的表面膜摩擦力均匀，具有优良的自润滑作用．     

Ag—Cu／Ti纳米双层膜结合强度测试方法研究

用粘结法（拉伸法，扭转法，断裂力学方法等）和划痕法分别测试了Ag-Cu/Ti纳米双层膜的结合强度，并对其实验结果进行了分析，对比和讨论。结果表明，粘结法由于受胶粘剂粘结强度的限制，只能适用于中低结合强度测试；划痕法适用于软金属薄膜结合强度测试，尤其对高结合强度的薄膜特别有效，而且能测出双层膜及多层膜中膜－膜界面的结合强度和膜基界面的结合强度。     

纳米压痕法研究PZT压电薄膜的力学性能

PZT压电薄膜的力学性能如弹性模量、硬度等对于MEMS器件的结构设计、结构响应特性、服役性能等尤为重要。薄膜材料由于尺寸效应、表面效应等的作用，力学性能与宏观块体材料有显著差异。本文用纳米压痕法获得了PZT压电薄膜的弹性模量和硬度，考察了基底的影响，分析了退火时间对于其力学性能的影响，以及硬度和压入深度之间的压痕尺度效应。     

多孔氧化铝薄膜横观各向同性弹性性质的研究

电化学阳极氧化生成的氧化铝薄膜含有高度有序的纳米孔阵列,本文首先假设氧化铝薄膜基体(无孔部分)为各向同性,结合其周期性孔结构特点和均匀化理论,可以得到氧化铝基体和薄膜弹性性质之间的关系。然后利用单轴拉伸结合电子散斑干涉(ESPI)的方法得到薄膜面内的杨氏模量为63.4GPa,并根据均匀化方法得到的基体与薄膜弹性性质的关系进一步推出薄膜横观各向同性的其它弹性参数,如基体杨氏模量等。为证明结果的可靠性,利用推出的弹性参数建立三维有限元模型,模拟纳米压痕实验,得到的加卸载曲线与实验曲线相吻合。     

多孔PI/MSNT复合含油润滑薄膜的设计制备及其摩擦学性能研究

以聚苯乙烯(PS)微球为致孔剂、介孔二氧化硅纳米管(MSNT)为填充剂来改性多孔聚酰亚胺(PI)，设计制备了多孔PI/MSNT复合薄膜，并对其孔结构和形貌进行了表征；在此基础上，以液体石蜡油为存储介质制备了多孔PI/MSNT复合含油润滑薄膜，系统考察了MSNT的添加对多孔PI薄膜的热稳定性、储油性能、力学性能和摩擦学性能的影响. 结果表明:与单组分PI含油薄膜相比，MSNT的加入不仅改善了多孔PI基体的热稳定性和力学性能，而且使得复合薄膜的储油性能和摩擦磨损性能均得到了显著提高，证实多孔PI/MSNT复合含油薄膜更适用于高载荷下的摩擦工况.      

Measurement of the Viscoelastic Properties of Bitumen Using Instrumented Spherical Indentation

Indentation testing as a tool for determination of the viscoelastic mechanical properties of bitumen is examined in some detail using theoretical, numerical as well as experimental methods. In particular Brinell indentation is analysed and simple but rigorous formulae for a complete characterization of linear viscoelastic materials are presented. Numerical methods (finite element methods) are used in order to verify and substantiate these relations for an experimental situation. Indentation experiments are then performed on bitumen and special efforts are made in order to avoid size effects, i. e. anomalous results due to the fact that the indented specimens are too small and as a result, far field boundary conditions will influence the interpretation of the experimental output. The mechanical properties determined experimentally by indentation are compared with corresponding results from standard mechanical tests, and the results are encouraging considering the fact that non-linear effects are also influencing the outcome of the experiments.     

Surface effects on mechanical behavior of elastic nanoporous materials under high strain

This paper studies surface effects on the mechanical behavior of nanoporous materials under high strains with an improved anisotropic Kelvin model. The stress-strain relations are derived by the theories of Euler-Bernoulli beam and surface elasticity. Meanwhile, the influence of strut (or ligament) size on the mechanical properties of nanoporous materials is discussed, which becomes a key factor with consideration of the residual surface stress and the surface elasticity. The results show that the decrease in the strut diameter and the increase in the residual surface stress or the surface elasticity can both lead to an increase in the carrying capacity of nanoporous materials. Furthermore, mechanical behaviors of anisotropic nanoporous materials in different directions (the rise direction and the transverse direction) are investigated. The results indicate that the surface effects in the transverse direction are more obvious than those in the rise direction for anisotropic nanoporous materials. In addition, the present results can be reduced to the cases of conventional foams as the strut size increases to micron-scale, which confirms validity of the model to a certain extent.     

A theoretical consideration of the ballistic response of continuous graphene membranes

The remarkable properties of graphene, including unusually high mechanical strength and stiffness, have been well-documented. In this paper, we combine an analytical solution for ballistic impact into a thin isotropic membrane, with ab initio density functional theory calculations for graphene under uniaxial tension, to predict the penetration resistance of multi-layer graphene membranes. The calculations show that continuous graphene membranes could enable ballistic barriers of extraordinary performance, enabling resistance to penetration at masses up to 100× lighter than existing state-of-the-art barrier materials. The very high elastic wave speed and strain energy to failure are the major drivers of this increase in performance. However, the in-plane mechanical isotropy of graphene, as compared to conventional orthotropic woven textiles, also contributes significantly to the efficiency of graphene as a barrier material. This result suggests that, for barrier applications, isotropic membranes composed of covalently bonded two-dimensional molecular networks could provide distinct advantages over fiber-based textiles derived from linear polymers.     

From two-dimensional model networks to microcapsules

The synthesis of microcapsules for technical, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical purposes has attracted much interest in recent years. The design of new capsules requires profound knowledge of their mechanical properties. Rheological studies provide interesting information on intrinsic membrane features and they can also be used to obtain information on bursting processes and shear-induced release of encapsulated compounds. In this article we shall discuss the basic rheological properties of different types of ultra-thin membranes, which can be used to form stable capsules walls. We have also analyzed the typical structures of these cross-linked films using Brewster-angle microscopy. Tiny oil or water droplets, which are surrounded by ultra-thin membranes, form simple types of microcapsules. In addition to the interface shear rheology, we have measured the Young's modulus (elongational modulus) and the Poisson ratio using a modified spinning drop apparatus. The shear-induced deformation and orientation of microcapsules was investigated in optical rheometers (rheoscopes). In the regime of small deformations the results were in fairly good agreement with a theoretical model recently proposed by Barthès-Biesel. Due to the simple synthesis and well-defined structure, microcapsules can also serve as model systems to understand the complicated flow properties of red blood cells (erythrocytes).     

Determination of mechanical properties of non-linear coatings from measurements with coated beams

Coatings are applied to structural components for several various reasons, such to protect against erosion or corrosion, as thermal barrier coatings, or to increase the energy dissipation. As determining the material properties of such coatings from homogeneous specimens is often difficult, it is sometimes necessary to conduct testing on coated specimens, with the properties of the coating then to be extracted from the results of testing. A methodology for doing this is given here. While applicable to other materials, the properties of such coatings as ceramics, metallics, or compounds to be applied to rotating and static components of gas turbines are of special interest. Such materials present a special challenge as the mechanical properties have generally been found to display a strong dependence on the amplitude of cyclic strain. Application of the methodology requires careful measurement of specimen dimensions, weights, natural frequencies, and system loss factors before and after coating. From these, the storage (Young’s) modulus, the loss modulus, and the loss factor can be extracted. The methodology is demonstrated through the use of data taken on flat specimens of titanium with plasma-sprayed coatings of NiCrAlY and a titania–alumina blend ceramic, vibrating in a cantilever mode.     

Experimental study on the microstructure and nanomechanical properties of the wing membrane of dragonfly

Detailed investigations on the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the wing membrane of the dragonfly are carried out. It is found that in the direction of the thickness the membrane was divided into three layers rather than a single entity as traditionally considered, and on the surfaces the membrane displays a random distribution rough microstructure that is composed of numerous nanometer scale columns coated by the cuticle wax secreted. The characteristics of the surface structure are measured and described. The mechanical properties of the membranes taken separately from the wings of live and dead dragonflies are investigated by the nanoindentation technique. The Young’s moduli obtained here are approximately two times greater than the previous result, and the reasons that yield the difference are discussed. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10372102 and 10672164).     

Identification of inertia properties from the results of output-only modal analysis

Accurate knowledge of the rigid body properties of a structure including the mass, the location of mass center and the moments of inertia is important in machine design, vibration analysis, optimization and modeling of mechanical systems. However, estimation of these properties through theoretical methods is difficult when the structure has a complicated shape. In practice, the inertia properties can be estimated using the conventional modal testing methods by extracting the rigid body modes when the structure is tested in free-free boundary condition. However, all the rigid body modes are not always detectable, due to this fact that the structure is not excited at all degrees of freedom. In order to obtain all of the rigid body modes, many activities have been conducted for selecting the type and location of excitation without much success. In operational modal analysis (OMA), the structure can be excited at any arbitrary point and in different directions. In this paper, a new approach is introduced for estimation of the inertia properties from OMA. The data from OMA are adequate to extract all the rigid body modes of structure. A modal method is used for estimating the inertia properties from the rigid body modes extracted from OMA. The suggested approach is applied to a numerical model of a two-dimensional steel beam as well as a numerical model of a 3D frame and the accuracy of results is evaluated. It is shown that OMA can provide enough data to extract the inertia properties. A real beam is also tested in order to evaluate the performance of the method in practice, needless of a complicated procedure as for conventional methods.     

Finite-element analysis of indentation experiments in surface-coated materials

There are only a few methods suitable for a quantitative characterization of the mechanical properties of surface-coated materials; indentation testing is one of those methods. Within the last decade, a great deal of effort has been made to improve the indentation test and to gather information on the complete deformation process from experimental and numerical investigations. Following this line, this contribution concentrates on the numerical calculation of the elastic-plastic field of deformation in the specimen during the indentation process and the corresponding load-depth of indentation curves in dependence on the dominating parameters. The basic idea is to determine the influence of geometrical imperfections of the indenter on the—experimentally obtained—mechanical properties such as hardness and to provide methods which enable one to distinguish between properties of the system used for testing and the material investigated. Results obtained for uncoated and coated materials are compared. Paper was presented at the 1992 SEM Spring Conference on Experimental Mechanics held in Las Vegas, NV on June 8–11.     

Puncture characterization of rubber membranes

Puncture resistance is among the major mechanical properties of rubber membranes, yet the intrinsic material parameters controlling the puncture of these materials are still unknown. To evaluate puncture resistance, the ASTM F1342 standard test is currently the most commonly used method. Using a conical puncture probe, this test is designed for any type of protective clothing, including coated fabrics, laminates, textiles, plastics, elastomeric films or flexible materials. This work aims to investigate the quantitative material parameters that control the puncture resistance of thin rubber membranes. Three commercial rubbers commonly used in protective gloves are investigated. The results demonstrate that the probe-tip geometry strongly affects the results in puncture characterization. The maximum puncture force depends on the contact surface between the elastomer membrane and the probe tip. The indentation force has been calculated for elastomer membranes with large deformations in the absence of friction, using the Mooney strain-energy function. The puncture strengths of elastomer membranes are much lower than their tensile and biaxial strengths. The puncture of rubber membranes is controlled by a maximum local deformation that is independent of the indentor geometry.