反应堆贯穿件J形焊缝残余应力研究1）

焊接残余应力是引起应力腐蚀开裂的主要原因,准确地掌握残余应力的分布是对结构完整性评定的关键.为了探明反应堆压力容器顶盖控制棒驱动机构（control rod drive mechanism,CRDM）贯穿件J形焊缝残余应力的分布,本研究加工两个CRDM贯穿件实验模拟件,采用盲孔法测试两个J形接头的焊接残余应力.通过实验探明了CRDM贯穿件焊缝残余应力的分布规律,为反应堆压力容器结构完整性的研究提供必要参考.     

干涉应变计法在焊缝材料力学性能测试中的应用

在焊接结构中,焊缝的不同区域(如热影响区和熔合区)的材料力学性能对整个结构的安全性、可靠性起着至关重要的影响。本文介绍了用于高精度应变测量的干涉应变计法(ISDG),并利用自行研制的微小试样拉伸试验机,对20Cr合金钢压力容器中部分焊缝材料,分热影响区和熔合区对其材料力学性能进行测试,在国内首次获得了焊缝不同区域的全历程应力-应变曲线,对热影响区材料的软化现象进行了定量的描述。     

不同坡口形状铍环激光钎焊温度场和应力场分析

本文对不同坡口形状镀环焊接过程进行了数值模拟,分析了坡口形状和焊接速度对铍环钎焊温度场和应力场的影响,结果表明:开坡口后铍环焊接的熔深和熔宽增大,而热影响区的焊接残余应力相对降低,特别是对于降低铍和AlSi12熔合面处的应力集中具有明显的效果;同时,坡口角度的增加主要对铍环热影响区的应力分布也有一定的影响.因此,铍环接头处开坡口不仅能够降低焊缝区的残余应力,还能减少铍材熔化引起的开裂.     

残余应力对含裂纹缺陷管道疲劳寿命的影响

针对焊缝区含表面轴向裂纹管道的疲劳寿命问题,探究管道在内压波动下裂纹扩展的规律。建立了焊缝区裂纹仿真模型。采用ABAQUS有限元软件的多层生死单元技术计算了长输管道X80钢的残余应力场。将焊接残余应力场作为裂纹扩展分析的初始应力场导入裂纹仿真模型,结合该软件的扩展有限元法(XFEM)和二次开发计算了在焊接残余应力下裂纹扩展的规律。结果表明:由于焊接残余应力的影响,热影响区含裂纹缺陷的X80管道疲劳寿命明显降低,降低幅度约达40%;裂纹长度对管道的疲劳寿命影响不显著,裂纹深度对其有一定影响,而应力比影响最大,且应力比R=0.1最为显著。     

疲劳裂纹扩展时焊接残余应力分布的测定

本文采用切割法测定了沿焊缝横向残余应力的分布规律．由于切割试样可以近似地模拟疲劳裂纹扩展，通过测量释放的应力，计算出残余应力的分布，可发现残余应力对疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响规律．     

基于轮廓法测量钛合金激光熔覆中的残余应力

由于激光熔覆过程中有温度变化快、局部温度梯度大和伴随固液相快速转化等特性,在熔池和热影响区会产生很大的残余应力和变形,不利于金属增材制造和局部修复的精确可控。本文对Ti-6Al-4V(TC4)合金开展激光熔覆实验,采用轮廓法测量了激光熔覆所产生的残余应力;通过三维热力耦合有限元模型计算了温度场和残余应力场,仿真计算结果与轮廓法测量的残余应力趋势一致。结果表明,残余应力在熔覆位置有最大拉伸应力,随着远离焊缝急剧变成压缩应力并逐渐减小。上述工作有利于研究熔覆过程中的温度分布规律及残余应力的生成机制,可为熔覆过程的工艺控制提供参考。     

CTOD试验焊缝表面开缺口试样裂纹前沿平直度研究

对于裂纹尖端张开位移(CTOD)试验,焊缝试样中预制疲劳裂纹前沿平直度直接影响了试样制备的合格率,是试验的关键难题之一．试验中常对试样进行预处理以提高裂纹前沿平直度,但由此也使试验结果与实际情况产生一定差异．本文深入研究规范BS7448: Part2中对焊缝试样取样方向的规定,对表面开缺口试样裂纹尖端焊接残余应力进行分析,运用大型有限元软件ANSYS模拟90mm厚钢板焊接过程,求解了横向残余应力沿板厚方向及焊缝方向的分布规律,研究出横向残余应力分布是影响焊缝试样预制裂纹前沿平直度的主要原因,并通过试验进行验证．试验结果表明,表面开缺口试样可不经过局部韧带压缩等预处理而得到合格的裂纹前沿平直度,试验不改变原焊缝残余应力,可测得更加接近焊缝实际情况的CTOD韧度值,给CTOD试验中合理选取焊缝试样取样方向提供了新思路．     

反应堆贯穿件J形焊缝残余应力研究

焊接残余应力是引起应力腐蚀开裂的主要原因,准确地掌握残余应力的分布是对结构完整性评定的关键.为了探明反应堆压力容器顶盖控制棒驱动机构(control rod drive mechanism,CRDM)贯穿件J形焊缝残余应力的分布,本研究加工两个CRDM贯穿件实验模拟件,采用盲孔法测试两个J形接头的焊接残余应力.通过实验探明了CRDM贯穿件焊缝残余应力的分布规律,为反应堆压力容器结构完整性的研究提供必要参考.     

爆炸处理消除大型柱壳结构环焊缝残余应力实验研究

为探讨大型耐压柱壳结构对接环焊缝焊接残余应力消除方法,根据耐压柱壳结构环焊缝焊接工艺,设计并制作了大型耐压柱壳结构对接环焊缝模拟焊接模型,并采用沿焊缝条状布药,分别进行了单、双面布药爆炸处理消除大型耐压柱壳结构对接环焊缝焊接残余应力模型实验。结果表明:大型耐压柱壳结构对接环焊缝存在较大的焊接残余应力;单、双面爆炸处理均能有效调整、消除焊接残余应力,残余应力分布明显均匀化;焊后残余应力越大,爆炸处理效果越明显,当焊接残余应力大于0.5s时,单面爆炸处理后残余应力m下降幅度在40%以上,双面爆炸处理后残余应力m下降幅度在60%以上;采用沿焊缝条状布药,爆炸处理能有效消除沿焊缝的纵向残余应力;双面爆炸处理效果优于单面爆炸处理效果。     

冲击法改善T91钢焊接残余应力的研究分析

基于焊后热处理可以降低T91钢焊接残余应力,但无法改变其应力状态的分布问题,本文模拟分析了冲击法对于改善焊接残余应力的影响情况。通过ANSYS软件平台,导入经焊后热处理后的残余应力为初始状态,分析了不同的冲击力度、冲击间隔、双点冲击情况对于T91钢中小径薄壁管焊接残余应力的影响。模拟结果表明:冲击处理可以在处理表面一定深度范围内引入一定区域占比的压应力,并且压应力区域随载荷的增加而加大;由于不经焊后热处理的最高应力集中在焊缝内表面区域,因此只通过冲击处理的机械方式不能得到良好的改善焊后残余应力效果。通过焊后热处理结合焊缝区外表面冲击处理,可以在降低焊接残余应力的同时引入一定比例的压应力,从而得到较好的应力状态。单点环向冲击间隔7.2°的0.2mm冲击位移载荷下,具有75%左右的外表面环向压应力产生,可作为改善T91钢中小径薄壁管焊接残余应力的方案。     

Failure of spot welds under in-plane static loading

Under in-plane loading conditions, two independent modes contribute to the failure of a spot weld: the in-plane shear mode and the in-plane rotational mode. In this work, the failures of both modes under large static load are examined individually. To study the combined failure of these two modes, two special test coupons are designed. The first coupon contains one spot weld. The second coupon contains five spot welds. Tests conducted in this work show that a very simple force-based failure criterion can be used to predict the failure of a spot weld under large in-plane combined static loads. Current multiaxial failure theory cannot explain this combined failure. This force-based spot weld failure criterion fits current automotive industry needs for body shell finite element application very well.     

点焊接头疲劳寿命预测研究进展

概述点焊接头疲劳损伤理论与寿命预测方法的研究进展,分析点焊接头的疲劳强度影响因素和裂纹萌生扩展机理,对点焊接头疲劳寿命估算方法进行了对比,对寿命估算模型进行了评价,最后对点焊接头疲劳寿命预测研究的未来发展趋势提出了看法．     

Track dynamic behavior at rail welds at high speed

As a vehicle passing through a track with different weld irregularities, the dynamic performance of track com- ponents is investigated in detail by using a coupled vehi- cle-track model. In the model, the vehicle is modeled as a multi-body system with 35 degrees of freedom, and a Timoshenko beam is used to model the rails which are dis- cretely supported by sleepers. In the track model, the sleepers are modeled as rigid bodies accounting for their vertical, lat- eral and rolling motions and assumed to move backward at a constant speed to simulate the vehicle running along the track at the same speed. In the study of the coupled vehicle and track dynamics, the Hertizian contact theory and the theory proposed by Shen-Hedrick-Elkins are, respectively, used to calculate normal and creep forces between the wheel and the rails. In the calculation of the normal forces, the coefficient of the normal contact stiffness is determined by transient contact condition of the wheel and rail surface. In the calcu- lation of the creepages, the lateral, roll-over motions of the rail and the fact that the relative velocity between the wheel and rail in their common normal direction is equal to zero are simultaneously taken into account. The motion equations of the vehicle and track are solved by means of an explicit integration method, in which the rail weld irregularities are modeled as local track vertical deviations described by some ideal cosine functions. The effects of the train speed, the axle load, the wavelength and depth of the irregularities, and the weld center position in a sleeper span on the wheel-rail impact loading are analyzed. The numerical results obtained are greatly useful in the tolerance design of welded rail pro- file irregularity caused by hand-grinding after rail welding and track maintenances.     

给定寿命下的焊趾疲劳裂纹深度尺寸分析

本文提供并用统计方法研究了焊趾疲劳裂纹扩展的Ｎ～α曲线族，给出了联系给定裂纹尺寸下的疲劳分布，给定疲劳寿命下的裂纹尺寸分布以及随机初始条件的概率相容条件。研究表明，给定寿命下的焊趾疲劳裂纹深度尺寸α服从分布Ф［（μ（ａ）－ｌｏｇＮ）／σ（ａ）］。     

Transient temperature fields and residual stress fields of metallic materials under welding

Based on the situation of welding thermal conduction and thermo-elasto-plasticityresearch,Ms paper explores some problems in this field.First,the boundary elementmethod for nonlinear problems is improved by linearization of nonlinear problems and usedin welding thermal conduction analysis.Second,the thermo-elasto-plastic finite elementmethod is used for the welding stress calculation,in which the phase transformation isconsidered by the"equivalent linear expansion coefficient method".The comparison of the calculated results with experimental data shows that themethods provided in this paper are available.     

Fatigue cracking and its influence on dynamic response characteristics of spot welded specimens

X-ray imaging has been used to determine the fatigue crack growth behavior and failure mechanisms of spot welded specimens. Cracks critical to final failure of the tensileshear specimens studied are through-thickness plate cracks, which are usually initiated about 0.2–1.0 mm away from the edge of the nugget. In addition, frequency response functions (FRFs), obtained by impact hammer-accelerometer experiments throughout the fatigue process, show that the natural frequencies of these joints nonlinearly decrease with the growth of fatigue cracks. The three-dimensional finite-element analysis results for FRFs of uncracked and cracked spot welded joints are shown to be in good agreement with the experimental data. It is also shown that the fatigue cracks have different degrees of influence on different natural frequencies because of the location of cracks and vibrating modes. The results by both experiment and finite element analysis indicate that analysis of the variation of natural frequencies and vibrating modes may be used to study the fatigue crack propagating shape and the location of the fatigue crack.     

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给出了混流式转轮叶片与上冠(或下环)采用部分焊透裂纹尖端应力强 度因子的分析模型. 根据给出的模型，结合某电站转轮强度分析结果，通过实际算例，明 确了预留焊缝长度的确定方法. 该方法适用于所有混流式转轮叶片与上冠(或下环)之间 采用部分焊透预留焊缝长度的确定.     

基于美国ASME标准的重载货车车体焊缝疲劳寿命预测

为寻求在设计阶段能较准确地预测重载货车车体焊缝的疲劳寿命评估方法,基于各种标准提供的分析方法对转炉616装甲钢T型焊接接头进行疲劳评估,通过与试验的对比表明,美国ASME标准中的等效结构应力法更能准确预测焊缝的疲劳寿命。为提高某重载运煤敞车车体焊缝的疲劳寿命,建立了包括焊缝在内的敞车车体有限元模型,基于等效结构应力法和AAR标准中的载荷谱,预测了车体关键焊缝的疲劳寿命,其薄弱部位与车体实际发生疲劳裂纹部位基本吻合,依据焊缝的结构应力分布规律的特点,提出的枕梁改进结构可使车体关键焊缝疲劳寿命提高1.7倍。     

纵向焊接铝合金梁承载力研究

大多数结构用铝合金通常要经过热处理或加工硬化以得到更高的力学性能.这种合金焊接后,焊接热会使焊缝附近局部区域(称为热影响区HAZ)强度降低.这一特点使得焊接铝合金梁构件极限承载力的研究与焊接钢梁构件相比变得更为复杂.由于我国目前还没有关于铝合金结构的设计规范,为此本文对两种典型的纵向焊接工字型截面铝合金梁构件进行了试验研究,并在参考国外规范的基础上,提出了适用于静力设计的纵向焊接铝合金梁设计公式的建议.通过对试验构件进行数值分析,验证了有限元分析焊接梁的可靠性.在此基础上进行了大量的数值分析,并将试验结果及有限元计算结果与公式计算结果进行了比较,可以看出建议公式计算结果富有较大安全度,从而验证了其适用性,为我国《铝合金结构设计规范》的编制提供了依据和参考.