工程岩体结构面间距空间分布的ARIMA模型及应用

结构面间距是反映结构面分布特征的重要指标之一,也是工程岩体质量级别划分的重要指标之一。与传统的结构面间距定义不同,本文认为只需按组测量结构面之间的间距同样可以分析结构面分布特征,并给出了结构面类型的4类划分法,依此建立结构面序列,利用时间序列的自回归滑动平均模型建立节理间距的AR IMA模型,提出了间距序列建模和模型检验方法,并以实例印证了AR IMA模型表示间距序列是合适的。     

服役环境下腐蚀坑等效为表面裂纹的有效性分析

对取自退役飞机机翼蒙皮的光滑试件进行了等幅疲劳试验,通过疲劳断口分析得到了服役环境下飞机主体材料LY12CZ 铝合金蚀坑的拓扑特征.基于飞机结构的实际腐蚀尺寸,将蚀坑的宽度和深度作为等效裂纹的长轴和短轴,并应用 Stress Check 软件对蚀坑等效为裂纹的可行性进行了有限元分析.结果表明:实际蚀坑与等效裂纹对结构应力分布的影响十分相似;应力强度因子在蚀坑等效前后数值大小和变化趋势不大.在分析蚀坑对典型试件疲劳寿命影响时将蚀坑等效成半椭圆形裂纹,选取 Walker 公式作为扩展速率模型,并与试验值进行了对比.结果表明:预测值与试验值比较吻合,最大误差为9.23%,满足工程需求.     

单轴压缩条件下溶蚀岩体力学特性数值试验研究

工程尺度的溶蚀岩体难以开展室内外力学试验，导致溶蚀岩体的力学参数获取存在困难，因此基于岩石矿物含量特征、室内力学试验和岩体结构面特征，采用三维颗粒流离散元法，通过建立等效孔隙型溶蚀岩体模型进行单轴压缩数值试验，进而分析其力学特性和变形破坏机制。研究表明：采用改进平行黏结模型，基于细观矿物特征，通过元胞自动机算法剔除颗粒可建立孔隙型溶蚀岩体模型；加载前期，岩体结构面首先快速破坏而产生以剪切为主的微裂纹；随加载进行，岩块内逐渐产生以拉裂纹为主的破坏，其微裂纹呈指数增加，而结构面微裂纹先激增后趋于稳定；相同轴向应变时，岩块内拉裂纹随溶蚀率增加而增加，而结构面剪切微裂纹减少；岩体的变形破坏分为结构面快速破坏、岩块弹性变形、岩块塑性变形和岩体完全破坏等4个阶段，其破坏形式随溶蚀率增加而从整体均匀性破坏转化为局部结构性破坏；溶蚀使岩体强度降低，溶蚀率与单轴抗压强度和变形模量分别呈反比和负指数函数关系。     

海域岛礁桥梁地基岩体质量分级体系研究

跨海大桥由于受地形限制,桥基只能布设在单薄的海域岛礁上,而岛礁岩体质量及其边坡稳定将控制桥基型式及埋深。结合在建舟山大陆连岛工程西堠门大桥桥基所在的老虎山岛礁,针对其大跨度、高塔柱桥梁地基赋存的地质环境条件,综合考虑不同部位（即水上、水下及潮间带三个不同位置）,提出以岩石力学性质、岩体结构类型、结构面发育特征（尤其是软弱结构面控制）、风化状况、地下水（受海水频繁潮涨潮落影响）等分级控制因素,并分别相应采用岩石单轴饱和抗压强度Rs、岩石质量指标RQD、岩体完整性系数Kv、风化程度系数KY及地下水影响修正系数U对上述分级控制因素进行量化,建立了反映海域岛礁岩体总体质量综合指数Z=Rs×RQD×Kv×KY+U,并相应得出不同级别岩体质量分级体系。     

等效分析法在分析老龄化船舶抗碰撞性能中的应用

为了简化评估结构疲劳损伤后的抗碰撞性能，仿照结构蠕变分析中的等时应力-应变曲线的思想，提出了一种基于应变等效的等效分析法，并与通常的一般分析方法进行了比较。对比分析结果表明:等效分析法与通常的一般分析方法模拟的结构最大抗破坏作用力几乎相同，并且两者模拟的结构破坏能相对误差较小。这验证了等效分析法的有效性，说明等效分析法可用于船舶全寿命期内抗碰撞性能的快速评估。     

零泊松比手风琴蜂窝等效模量

柔性蒙皮是变形机翼和风力机叶片的关键组成部分。一维变形的柔性蒙皮不仅要求其支撑结构具有良好的面内变形和面外承载能力,还需要具有零泊松比特性。手风琴蜂窝具有零泊松比特性,可用作一维变形柔性蒙皮支撑。为全面分析其面内外弹性变形特性,综合考虑结构的内力弯矩、轴力和剪力,通过卡氏第二定理对其x向等效弹性模量和x-y面内等效剪切模量进行了推导;利用最小余能原理和最小势能原理确定了x-z面内的等效剪切模量;此外还推导了其y和z向的等效弹性模量以及y-z面内的等效剪切模量;然后通过ANSYS有限元仿真对等效模量理论公式进行了验证;最后将本文理论模型与现有模型进行了比较。结果表明,理论公式和有限元仿真吻合较好,在结构设计时采用较大的斜梁高度系数h和斜梁间距系数g,较小的厚度系数t以及较大的竖直梁厚度系数η,有望获得具有较小面内刚度和较大面外刚度的手风琴蜂窝结构。该结果可用于手风琴蜂窝面内外等效模量的快速预测,为一维变形柔性蒙皮的结构设计提供相应的参考。此外,本文理论模型相比传统模型更为精确且具有更加广泛的应用范围。     

过山脊内孤立波演变及其对细长潜体的作用力特性

内孤立波沿山脊地形传播过程中的结构变化使得影响海洋结构物及水下航行器安全的不确定因素增加,用大型重力式分层流试验水槽系统研究内孤立波过山脊地形及其对细长潜体作用力特性,可有效提高对其危害性机理的认识.为此,利用电导率探头阵列,结合染色标识方法,测量内孤立波演变特性,同时利用三分量传感器测量水下细长体模型受力特性.研究结果表明:山脊地形显著改变下凹型内孤立波结构,表现为坡前波幅增大,坡顶背风波面抬升,坡后波长变长;内波结构变化直接影响细长体受力特性,表现为坡前向下作用力明显增强,坡顶向上作用力突显,坡后作用力持续时间变长;细长体受力特性变化影响其运动趋势,坡前下沉运动增强、朝山脊方向纵荡运动显著.     

新型类蜂窝夹芯面外等效力学性能

作为多孔材料的典型代表,蜂窝夹层结构被广泛应用于航空航天、汽车船舶等重要领域,因此对其力学性能进行研究具有十分重要的工程意义。利用应变能等效原理对一种新型类蜂窝夹芯的面外等效弹性模量和等效剪切模量进行了推导,并利用有限元数值模拟对此理论模型进行了验证。经对比发现,数值模拟结果和理论计算误差控制在10%以内,验证了此新型类蜂窝夹芯面外力学等效模型的可靠性。本文所阐述的内容完善了该新型类蜂窝夹芯在力学性能方面的研究,也为此新型类蜂窝夹层结构在工程实际中的推广和应用提供了理论依据和基础。     

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THE EVOLUTION OF INTERNAL SOLITARY WAVE OVER A RIDGE AND ITS ACTING FORCES ON A SUBMERGED SLENDER BODY

内孤立波沿山脊地形传播过程中的结构变化使得影响海洋结构物及水下航行器安全的不确定因素增加,用大型重力式分层流试验水槽系统研究内孤立波过山脊地形及其对细长潜体作用力特性,可有效提高对其危害性机理的认识.为此,利用电导率探头阵列,结合染色标识方法,测量内孤立波演变特性,同时利用三分量传感器测量水下细长体模型受力特性.研究结果表明：山脊地形显著改变下凹型内孤立波结构,表现为坡前波幅增大,坡顶背风波面抬升,坡后波长变长;内波结构变化直接影响细长体受力特性,表现为坡前向下作用力明显增强,坡顶向上作用力突显,坡后作用力持续时间变长;细长体受力特性变化影响其运动趋势,坡前下沉运动增强、朝山脊方向纵荡运动显著.     

关于蜂窝芯体面外等效剪切模量的讨论

对于六边形蜂窝芯体,其面内等效参数具有确定的解析式,便于应用;相比之下,对于面外等效剪切模量,现有工作只能给出其上下限,由于没有确定的取值,给工程计算带来了困扰。为克服这一矛盾,本文通过Y型蜂窝胞元,针对薄面板的情况,重新分析了芯材的面外等效剪切模量。针对直壁板与斜壁板厚度为1:1和2:1的情况,给出了近似的弹性力学解答,并由此确定出面外等效剪切模量的上限。本方法所确定的剪切模量的上限与文献给出的剪切模量的下限是相同的,从而使该模量也具有确定的解析表达式,方便了数值计算和分析。试验数据和有限元数值分析均验证了本文结论的正确性。     

裂隙岩体中非饱和渗流与运移的概念模型及数值模拟

探讨了裂隙岩体中非饱和地下水渗流与溶质运移的几种概念模型的构造及数值模拟问题 ,如裂隙网络模型、连续体模型、等效连续体模型、双孔隙度 (单渗透率 )模型、双渗透率模型、多组份连续体模型等。在裂隙岩体中 ,非饱和地下水的渗流可能只局限于岩体中的岩石组份、或裂隙网络 ,也可能在裂隙和岩石中同时发生 ;对前一种情形只需考虑单一连续体中的流动 ,而后一种情况则需要包括地下水在岩石和裂隙之间的交换。岩体中的裂隙网络往往是溶质运移的主要通道 ;但当溶质在裂隙与岩石之间的渗透和扩散是重要的运移机制时 ,就需要考虑岩石与裂隙界面处的溶质交换。为了模拟岩石与裂隙之间地下水和溶质的交换 ,就需要了解岩石与裂隙之间相互作用的模式和范围 ,使得这类问题的概念模型较单一连续体模型多了一层不确定性、其数值模拟也变得更为困难。因为在实际问题中不易、甚至根本不能判别非饱和渗流的实际形态 ,具体采用哪种模型主要取决于分析的目的和对现场数据的掌握程度。不论哪种模型都会受到模型及参数不确定性的影响 ,因此必须考虑与其他辅助模型的比较.     

裂缝性低渗透油藏流-固耦合理论与数值模拟

根据裂缝性低渗油藏的储层特征,建立适合裂缝性砂岩油藏渗流的等效连续介质模型。将渗流力学与弹塑性力学相结合,建立裂缝性低渗透油藏的流-固耦合渗流数学模型,并给出其数值解.通过数值模拟对一实际井网开发过程中孔隙度、渗透率的变化以及开发指标进行计算,并和刚性模型以及双重介质模型的计算结果进行了分析比较.     

Lattice Boltzmann Simulation of Fluid Flow in Synthetic Fractures

Fractures play an important role in reservoir engineering as they dominate the fluid flow in the reservoir. All evidence suggests that rarely can one model flow and transport in a fractured rock consistently by treating it as a uniform or mildly nonuniform isotropic continuum. Instead, one must generally account for the highly erratic heterogeneity, directional dependence, dual or multicomponent nature and multiscale behavior of fractured rocks. As experimental methods are expensive and time consuming most of the time numerical methods are used to study flow and transport in a fractured rock. In this work, we present results of the numerical computations for single phase flow simulations through two-dimensional synthetically created fracture apertures. These synthetic rock fractures are created using different fractal dimensions, anisotropy factors, and mismatch lengths. Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), which is a new computational approach suitable to simulate fluid flow especially in complex geometries, was then used to determine the permeability for different fractures. Regions of high velocity and low velocity flow were identified. The resulting permeability values were less than the ones obtained with the cubic law estimates. It has been found that as the mean aperture–fractal dimension ratio increased permeability increased. Moreover as the anisotropy factor increased permeability decreased. Neural network simulations were used to generalize the results.     

Modeling Free-Surface Seepage Flow in Complicated Fractured Rock Mass Using a Coupled RPIM-FEM Method

The prediction of the free-surface seepage flow behavior in fractured rock mass is of significance in geotechnical engineering. There are two major issues in solving the seepage flow in complicated fractured rock mass based on the fractured porous medium (FPM) flow model, in which groundwater is assumed to flow simultaneously in both rock matrix and embedded fractures: One is the mesh generation of rock mass in the presence of the fracture network, especially when there exist a large number of stochastic fractures; the other is that a robust iteration algorithm is required since the free surface is unknown at the beginning of solution. Aiming at these two issues, this paper proposes a novel numerical method by coupling radial point interpolation method (RPIM) and finite element method (FEM), in which RPIM is utilized to model the rock matrix and FEM is utilized to model the fractures. On the basis of the variational inequality (VI) theory for free-surface seepage analysis, the computation formulations of the numerical method are derived and the corresponding computation program is developed. Three examples are solved with the present method. It is found that the VI theory can be extended to solve the free-surface seepage problem based on the FPM flow model. A crucial advantage of the present method is that the mesh generation can be greatly simplified. The present method has been verified to be a robust, efficient and reliable method for modeling the groundwater flow in complicated fractured rock mass.     

Nonlinear Coupled Mathematical Model for Solid Deformation and Gas Seepage in Fractured Media

Based on detailed investigation into the interactional physical mechanism of solid deformations and gas seepage in rock matrix and fracture, a nonlinear coupled mathematical model of solid deformation and gas seepage is put forward and the FEM model is built up to carry out numerical analysis. The coupled interaction laws between solid deformations and gas seepage in rock matrix and fractures has been emphasized in the model, which is a vital progress for coupled mathematical model of solid deformation and gas seepage of rock mass media. As an example, the methane extraction in fractured coal seam has been numerically simulated. By analyzing the simulation results, the law of methane migration and exchange in rock matrix and fractures is interpreted.     

不连续介质力学分析的块体-夹层模型

基于岩体等不连续介质的实际结构特征，利用约束变分原理，建立了可同时用于不连续介质和连续介质力学分析的块体 夹层模型．该方法利用拉格朗日乘子法和罚函数法把单元间的连续条件作为约束条件引入泛函中，把不连续介质问题和连续介质问题统一处理，既能方便地求解连续介质力学问题，更重要的是能方便地处理不连续介质力学问题，如岩体结构．由块体 夹层模型可导出刚性有限元和弹性有限元（常应变元）的列式，而且块体的形状可以是任意多边形     

基于区域分解算法的地下水耦合模型及其应用

根据岩体中不同区域裂隙发育规模的差异分为连续区域和离散区域,在不同区域中使用不同的地下水运动数学模型,应用区域分解算法来解决这类问题。其中连续区域采用了等效连续介质模型,离散区域采用了随机裂隙网络模型,通过区域公共边界上水位和流量连续的条件将两模型耦合求解。将基于区域分解算法的耦合模型应用于锦屏水电站坝址区三维渗流场的模拟中,通过钻孔观测水位和计算水位的对比发现,该方法是有效的,能够应用于实际工程。     

Fracture-Flow-Enhanced Matrix Diffusion in Solute Transport Through Fractured Porous Media

Over the past few decades, significant progress of assessing chemical transport in fractured rocks has been made in laboratory and field investigations as well as in mathematic modeling. In most of these studies, however, matrix diffusion on fracture–matrix surfaces is considered as a process of molecular diffusion only. Mathematical modeling based on this traditional concept often had problems in explaining or predicting tracer transport in fractured rock. In this article, we propose a new conceptual model of fracture-flow-enhanced matrix diffusion, which correlates with fracture-flow velocity. The proposed model incorporates an additional matrix-diffusion process, induced by rapid fluid flow along fractures. According to the boundary-layer theory, fracture-flow-enhanced matrix diffusion may dominate mass-transfer processes at fracture–matrix interfaces, where rapid flow occurs through fractures. The new conceptual model can be easily integrated with analytical solutions, as demonstrated in this article, and numerical models, as we foresee. The new conceptual model is preliminarily validated using laboratory experimental results from a series of tracer breakthrough tests with different velocities in a simple fracture system. Validating of the new model with field experiments in complicated fracture systems and numerical modeling will be explored in future research.     

多尺度嵌入式离散裂缝模型模拟方法

天然裂缝性油藏和人工压裂油藏内裂缝形态多样,分布复杂,传统的离散裂缝模型将裂缝作为基岩网格的边界,采用非结构化网格进行网格划分,其划分过程复杂,计算量大。嵌入式离散裂缝模型划分网格时不需要考虑油藏内的裂缝形态,只需对基岩系统进行简单的网格剖分,可以大大降低网格划分的复杂度,从而提高计算效率。然而,在油藏级别的数值模拟和人工压裂裂缝下的产能分析中,仍然存在计算量巨大、模拟时间过长的问题。本文提出嵌入式离散裂缝模型的多尺度数值计算格式,使用多尺度模拟有限差分法研究嵌入式离散裂缝模型渗流问题。通过在粗网格上求解局部流动问题计算多尺度基函数,多尺度基函数可以捕捉裂缝与基岩间的相互关系,反映单元内的非均质性,因此该方法既有传统尺度升级法的计算效率,又可以保证计算精度,数值结果表明这是一种有效的裂缝性油藏数值模拟方法。     

THE ZONAL DISINTEGRATION MECHANISM OF SURROUNDING ROCK AROUND DEEP SPHERICAL TUNNELS UNDER HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE CONDITION: A NON-EUCLIDEAN CONTINUUM DAMAGE MODEL

A new non-Euclidean continuum damage model is proposed to investigate the zonal disintegration phenomenon of the surrounding rocks around deep spherical tunnels under hydrostatic pressure condition as well as the total elastic stress field distributions.The elastic stress fields of the surrounding rocks around deep spherical tunnels under hydrostatic pressure condition are obtained.If the elastic stresses of the surrounding rocks satisfy the strength criterion of the deep rock masses,the number,size and location of fractured and nonfractured zones are determined.The efect of physico-mechanical parameters of the surrounding rocks on the zonal disintegration phenomenon is studied and numerical computation is carried out.It is found from numerical results that the number,size and location of fractured and non-fractured zones are sensitive to the physico-mechanical parameters of the surrounding rocks.