发动机高温自润滑配气阀座材料的技术攻关分析

高温自润滑配气阀座是某工程发动机的关键部件。文章对3种配气阀座的研制全过程进行了技术分析,并就三者的物理机械性能、马力试验考核、材料研制和测试条件及综合性能对比情况作了论述,最后还从与美国同类产品相比的角度提出了作者的看法。     

镍合金基自润滑复合材料的研究

作者根据发动机配气阀座在高温、高压、高速等苛刻条件下使用的技术要求,以摩擦学原理为指导进行配料,利用粉末冶金热压成型工艺制备出含银和石墨的镍合金基自润滑复合材料,并由该材料制作配气阀座实现其自润滑。研究结果表明,所研制的3种镍合金基自润滑复合材料都可顺利通过一个全程430秒的马力试验而毫无开裂,其中镍合金:银:石墨—70:15:15②材料具有机械强度高、摩擦系数低、耐磨性好、组织均匀、性能稳定、重现性好、易机加工和成品率高等优点,可连续运行3个全程以上,与其对摩的TZM合金阀体也可运行3个全程以上,它们的总磨损量均在机加工公差范围内。本文报道的是一项开创性的工作,在高温耐磨自润滑材料的研制方面开辟了一条新的技术途径,具有明显的技术和经济效益。     

汽车发动机活塞裙部-缸套系统摩擦学仿真分析和减摩设计

摩擦学在降低发动机摩擦损失和提高系统可靠性方面具有很大的潜力.本文以汽车发动机活塞裙部-缸套系统为对象,以寻求降低该系统摩擦损失的技术方案为目标,考虑各种因素建立了内燃机活塞裙部混合润滑模型.利用该模型,对活塞裙部型面的改进设计进行了探索,并据此确定了某款发动机活塞的改进方案.仿真结果表明：所提出的改进方案,均能实现显著降低活塞裙部-缸套系统摩擦损失的目标,最大降幅达到45.5%.     

气波自激增压的计算

图1为气波自激增压示意图。气缸一边与进气管相连接,缸内进气压力增高到一定大小,受控气阀将关闭,进气管内气柱受激振荡,一定时间后,气阀又被打开,进气过程便重复进行。在气缸容积、活塞往复运动规律和气源压力一定时,可调整进气管尺寸(管长和直径),受控气阀启闭时间和启闭速率等。通过气波自激增压,使进入气缸的空气压力比气源压力更高。本文计算旨在模拟此种气波自激增压的过程,并获得实验证明。     

旋转活塞发动机内部工作过程的研究(上)

旋转活塞发动机(简称转子机)是一种新型内燃机。它摆脱了传统的往复机构和进排气阀系统,具有体积小、重量轻、结构简单和运转平稳等优点,但在发展过程中也存在着一些问题。目前所称的转子机是指燃用汽油的火花点火旋转式三角活塞发动机。本文从     

一种分析摆盘发动机震动力完全平衡的新方法

从机构学角度出发,抽象出摆盘发动机的RRSSC空间机构模型,通过对连杆进行震动力等效简化,将摆盘机系统分为一个复合开式链结构和一个多活塞圆形结构,分别考虑它们的震动力完全平衡问题,结果说明,只需在主轴上附加一个平衡重即可达到整个系统的震动力完全平衡．这种平衡分析方法比按照单环RRSSC机构分析的平衡方法简单、实用,符合特定环境中的使用要求．     

炮风洞喷管开放后的自由活塞压缩过程

本文考虑炮风洞喷管开放后的自由活塞压缩过程,建立了活塞运动方程和喷管流动方程,并采用有限差分法和电子计算机进行了计算.根据计算结果,讨论了在各种初始条件下,喷管开放后活塞的过冲、反跳、摆动及平衡运行和峰压等有关问题.并把这些结果与传统的以闭喷管为基础的平衡活塞运行技术及一些实验结果进行了比较,对有关炮风洞的调试工作提出了一些有意义的参考数据.     

航空发动机安装节动柔度测量及静子动力特性计算

本文介绍航空发动机安装节动柔度测量方法及数据处理，在此基础上，介绍发动机静子动力特性的一种试验－解析算法，本文经某航空发动机静子系统为例进行了算例分析，给出部分分析结果。     

活塞与活塞环表面稀土自润滑摩擦学改性研究

采用稀土自润滑表面处理技术对桑塔纳 JV汽油发动机活塞与活塞环表面进行处理 ,并对原机进行活塞与汽缸、活塞环端口的超小间隙改造 (配缸间隙 - 5～ 2μm,活塞环开口 15 0μm ) ,通过台架试验对超小间隙发动机抗拉缸性能和摩擦功耗进行了考察 ;通过原子力显微镜对活塞表面的微观形貌和摩擦力进行了测试 .结果表明 :经稀土自润滑处理后活塞与活塞环表面产生大量孔穴和大量直径为 6 0～ 12 0 nm的球形聚集物 ,该特征表面明显增强了活塞与活塞环的抗拉缸性能 ,降低了自润滑表面的摩擦力 ,起到了良好的摩擦学改性作用     

航空发动机安装节动柔度测量及静子动力特性计算

本文介绍航空发动机安装节动柔度测量方法及数据处理,在此基础上,介绍发动机静子动力特性的一种试验-解析算法.本文以某航空发动机静子系统为例进行了算例分析,给出部分分析结果.     

Evaluation of the non-steady flow produced by intake ports of direct injection Diesel engines

The most usual way to characterize a D.I. Diesel engine cylinder head is based on steady flow tests with fixed pressure drop across the valve and at different valve lifts. A discharge coefficient and a swirl number are defined, which are representative of the breathing capacity and angular velocity generation of the intake system. A question arising is the validity of such parameters in non-steady conditions, with time scales similar to those of the firing engine, where the valve is moving and the pressure drop across the valve is time dependent. Experimental tests were conducted both in steady and non-steady flow test rigs in order to assess the quasi-steady assumption in terms of the mass flow rate across the valve, as well as swirl produced by the intake port. Time resolved laser-Dopplervelocimetry was used, together with an extension of a conventional test flow rig to non-steady operation.The authors wish to thank the Conselleria de Educación y Cultura de la Generalidad de Valencia for the support in the acquisition of the LDA instrumentation. The authors acknowledge that part of the research work has been performed in the frame of the JOULE project JOUE-CT93.     

Local and global bifurcations of valve mechanism

In this paper we study in detail problems of nonlinear oscillations of valve mechanism at internal combustion engine. The practical measurement indicates that stiffness of valve mechanism is not constant but is a function of the rotational angle of the cam. For simplicity of analysis we replace valve mechanism of internal combustion engine with a nonlinear oscillator of single degree of freedom under combined parametric and forcing excitation. We use the method of multiple scales and normal form theory to study local and global bifurcations of valve mechanism at internal combustion engine.     

C/C复合材料及高强石墨高温摩擦磨损性能对比研究

采用MG-2000型摩擦磨损试验机对比考察了C／C复合材料及航空发动机主轴密封环拟用材料高强石墨的高温摩擦磨损行为，采用显微激光拉曼光谱仪及扫描电子显微镜分析了C／C复合材料磨损表面组成及形貌．结果表明：具有粗糙层和光滑层复合结构的C／C复合材料的高温摩擦磨损性能明显优于高强石墨材料，适合用作航空发动机主轴密封环材料；C／C复合材料的高温摩擦磨损性能取决于磨粒磨损、粘着磨损及氧化磨损的共同作用．     

Combined application of surface flow visualization and laser-Doppler anemometry to engine intake flows

Flow visualization using oil streak techniques and laser-Doppler anemometry were carried out to provide detailed information on the flow through the intake valve of a research (model) engine head under steady flow conditions. The work was partially undertaken to develop the techniques as useful tools for engine research. On the other hand, variations of the flow field with valve lift and with valve location were of interest. In the present paper it is shown that a symmetric geometry does not necessarily result in symmetric flow patterns inside the cylinder; the tendency to asymmetry increases with increasing valve lift. These characteristics of the flow should be taken into account when flow computations are performed necessitating the use of three dimensional codes in the entire flow field, not in a symmetrical half-geometry.     

Development of a novel passive top–down uniflow scavenged two-stroke GDI engine

The design and performance characteristics of a novel top–down uniflow scavenged gasoline direct-injection two-stroke engine are presented. The novelty of the engine lies in the cylinder head that contains multiple check valves that control scavenging airflow into the cylinder from a supercharged air plenum. When the cylinder pressure drops below the intake plenum pressure during the expansion stroke, air flows into the cylinder through the check valves. During compression the cylinder pressure increases to a level above the intake plenum pressure and the check valves close preventing back-flow into the intake plenum. The engine head design provides asymmetrical intake valve timing without the use of poppet valves and the associated valve-train. In combination with an external Roots-type supercharger that supplies the plenum and exhaust ports at the bottom of the cylinder wall, the novel head provides top–down uniflow air scavenging. Motoring tests indicated that the check valves seal and the peak pressure is governed by the compression ratio. The only drawback observed is that valve closing is delayed as the engine speed increases. In order to investigate the valve dynamics, additional tests were performed in an optically-accessible cold flow test rig that enabled the direct measurement of valve opening and closing time under various conditions.     

Investigation of the effect of different carbon film thickness on the exhaust valve

Valves working under different loads and temperatures are the mostly forced engine elements. In an internal combustion engine, pressures and temperatures affecting on the valves vary with fuel type and the combustion characteristics of the fuel. Consequently, valves are exposed to different dynamic and thermal stress. In this study, stress distributions and temperature profiles on exhaust valve are obtained depending on different carbon film thickness. It is concluded that heat losses and valve temperatures decrease and valve surfaces are exposed to less thermal shocks with increasing carbon film thickness.     

Micromechanical analysis on tensile properties prediction of discontinuous randomized zalacca fibre/high-density polyethylene composites under critical fibre length

In this research, the tensile properties' performance of compression moulded discontinuous randomized zalacca fibre/high-density polyethylene under critical fibre length was analysed by means of experimental method and micromechanical models. These investigations were used to verify the tensile properties models toward the effect of fibre length and volume fraction on the composites. The experimental results showed that the tensile properties of composites had significantly increased due to the enhancement of fibre length. On the contrary, a decline in the tensile properties was observed with the increase of volume fraction. A comparison was made between the available experimental results and the performances of Tsai-Pagano, Christensen and Cox-Krechel models in their prediction of composites elastic modulus. The results showed that the consideration of fibre's elastic anisotropy in the Cox-Krenchel model had yielded a good prediction of the composites modulus, nevertheless the models could not accurately predict the composites modulus for fibre length study.     

Direct numerical simulation of the flow in the intake pipe of an internal combustion engine

The incompressible flow in the intake pipe of a laboratory-scale internal combustion engine at Reynolds numbers corresponding to realistic operating conditions was studied with the help of direct numerical simulations. The mass flow through the curved pipe remained constant and the valve was held fixed at its halfway-open position, as is typically done in steady flow engine test bench experiments for the optimization of the intake manifold. The flow features were identified as the flow evolves in the curved intake pipe and interacts with the cylindrical valve stem. The sensitivity of the flow development on the velocity profile imposed at the inflow boundary was assessed. It was found that the flow can become turbulent very quickly depending on the inflow profile imposed at the pipe inlet, even though no additional noise was added to mimic turbulent velocity fluctuations. The transition to turbulence results from competing and interacting instability mechanisms both at the inner curved part of the intake pipe and at the valve stem wake. Azimuthal variations in the local mass flow exiting the intake pipe were identified, in agreement with previously reported measurement results, which are known to play an important role in the charging motion inside the cylinder of an internal combustion engine.     

Investigating swirl and tumble using two prototype inlet port designs by means of multi-planar PIV

Flow structures created during the intake stroke of an engine were investigated by means of multi-planar particle image velocimetry (PIV). A unique water-analogue engine model has been developed, where all essential parts and parameters, such as the cylinder head, valve timing, piston geometry and motion, etc. can easily be modified. Two cylinder heads with geometrically different inlet ports were investigated and experiments were performed with both moving and fixed valves. Three-dimensional visualisations of the flow field, mode decomposition through proper orthogonal decomposition, circulation as well as classical statistics were obtained and evaluated in order to gain an understanding of the flow structures, i.e. tumble and swirl, created by the two cylinder heads. It was clearly shown that one of the cylinder heads created a strong swirling motion in the cylinder. Three different fixed valve positions were investigated and the fully opened valve gave the strongest large-scale structures, whereas with smaller openings a larger amount of the kinetic energy was converted into small-scale turbulence. Results showed a more organised and stable flow field consisting of a well-defined swirl motion occupying the whole cylinder at the end of the intake stroke when the valves were fixed at the highest position. The moving valve case gave results similar to the fully open case but with slightly higher turbulence. Cycle-to-cycle variations were found to be less pronounced for these two cases as compared to the smaller fixed valve lifts. The second cylinder head showed a flow field that was more turbulent and much less coherent. Statistical analysis showed that this had a direct effect on cyclic variations in the flow where this head showed more profound variations.