Analysis of the PTO load of a 75 kW agricultural tractor during rotary tillage and baler operation in Korean upland fields

In this paper, the PTO severeness of an agricultural tractor during rotary tillage and baler operation was analyzed. The S–N curves of the PTO driving gears were obtained through fatigue life test. To obtain the S–N curves of the PTO driving gears, the breakage time and rotational speed of the gears were measured through observation of the bending stress with changing torque. The torque acting on the PTO was measured and analyzed during rotary tillage and baler operation. Rotary tillage and baler operation were conducted at two ground speeds and two PTO rotational speeds at upland field sites with similar soil conditions, respectively. The load data were inverted to a load spectrum using rain-flow counting and SWT equations. Modified Miner’s rule was used to calculate the partial damage sum. The severeness was defined as the relative ratio of the damage sum. The results showed that the damage of the PTO increased when the ground speed or the PTO rotational speed increased. The effect of the PTO rotational speed on the severeness of the PTO was more significant than that of the ground speed. The severeness of the PTO of rotary tillage was greater than that of baler operation.     

混合式陶瓷球轴承在液氮中的摩擦学性能研究

研究了由ＳｉａｌｏｎＳｉ３Ｎ４陶瓷球,９Ｃｒ１８内外环以及由ＰＴＦＥ和玻璃纤维制成的保持架组合成的混合式陶瓷球轴承在液氮气氛和重负荷条件下的摩擦磨损性能,结果表明,通过９０ｍｉｎ的－１９６℃超低温台架试验后,混合式陶瓷球轴承仍可以正常工作,对试验后的陶瓷球进行显微镜观察未发现大面积的接触疲劳破坏,但在内外环滚道表面有轻微疲坑,混合式陶瓷球轴承的摩擦功耗明显低于钢制球轴承。     

含腐蚀缺陷的管道静力性能试验测试研究

为研究腐蚀缺陷对管道承载力的影响,本文分别进行了含腐蚀缺陷管道在轴压载荷、弯曲载荷以及轴压和弯曲复合载荷作用下的静力失效过程测试。通过不同载荷作用下管道的荷载-位移曲线以及荷载-应变曲线来分析管道的失效模式和失效机理;通过有限元分析结果与试验测试结果验证其准确性。结果表明:腐蚀缺陷使管道在三种不同荷载作用下的极限承载力均有所下降;针对文中所研究的管道及其腐蚀缺陷,在轴压载荷作用下管道承载力下降了18.4%,在弯曲载荷作用下管道承载力下降了20.96%,在轴压和弯曲复合载荷作用下管道承载力下降了13.3%;管道中腐蚀缺陷位置的管壁厚度减小,该位置应变发展迅速,首先进入塑性屈服状态,最终导致该腐蚀位置发生弹塑性屈曲失效。     

核电690合金传热管微动疲劳试验及损伤机理分析

核电蒸汽发生器传热管在微幅磨损与交变载荷的作用下形成微动疲劳,导致其表面裂纹萌生和扩展乃至破裂,从而影响反应堆的安全. 为研究径向载荷以及轴向交变应力对690合金管微动疲劳寿命的影响规律,开展690合金管管材的微动疲劳试验,获得690合金管管材的微动疲劳寿命曲线,并与相关研究数据进行对比分析,以便探讨材料在微动疲劳下的寿命模型. 对不同载荷下的690合金管试样的磨痕表面进行三维形貌和扫描电镜观测,分析磨损表面的损伤机理;对不同载荷下的690合金管试样断口的宏观与微观形貌进行表征,分析裂纹萌生、起裂过程及其失效机理. 结果表明690合金管与403不锈钢(SS)抗振条间的磨损机理为剥层及磨粒磨损;690合金管在径向载荷作用下于微动磨损处产生裂纹源,裂纹在轴向交变应力的作用下不断向内部扩展,最终导致断裂;其断裂形式为解理疲劳断裂.      

软土地区桩端后注浆桩承载性状对比试验研究

桩端后注浆技术是在通过预埋的压浆管对桩底压注水泥浆液,从而减少桩底沉渣和桩周泥皮的负面影响,在工程上逐渐得到广泛应用。结合宁波软土地基中某工程桩基静载荷试验,分析2根相邻后注浆和未注浆试桩的承载性状;通过对桩身预埋钢筋应力计的测试,对后注浆和未注浆桩的桩身轴力传递特性和桩侧阻力发挥特性进行比较分析研究。表明桩端后注浆不仅能提高端阻,还能提高桩端以上一定范围内土层的侧摩阻力,同时,后注浆桩的单桩极限承载力约为未注浆桩的2.5倍。根据以上研究结果表明,桩端后注浆技术能有效改善桩土界面条件,提高单桩承载力和减小桩基沉降。     

圆柱滚子轴承运动关系的试验研究

在工程应用中，打滑损伤是导致滚动早期失效的主要原因之一，因此，通过试验研究分析了圆柱滚子轴承保持架的转动速度、轴承径向载荷、内圈转动速度和滚动体数与打滑现象及滑差率的关系。结果表明，在径向载荷一定时，轴承的转动速度越高，保持架的打滑现象越严重。在轴承同圈转动速度一定时，轴承径向载荷增大和滚动体数减少，都有利于轴承保持架的滑差率减小。     

Effect of rotation direction of a rotary tiller on draft and power requirements in a Bangkok clay soil

Experiments were conducted in a Bangkok clay soil to evaluate the performance of a rotary tiller equipped with reverse or conventional blades. The conventional rotary tiller was equipped with C-type blades whereas the reverse-rotary tiller had new types of blades. Tests were conducted on wet land as well as in dry land. Tests were conducted at tractor forward speeds of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 km/h. A power-take-off (PTO) power consumed was calculated from the PTO torque and speed. The results indicated that the PTO power consumption was less for the reverse-rotary tiller compared to the conventional tiller for all passes and forward speeds. For both rotary tillers, power consumption decreased as the number of passes increased, whereas power consumption increased when the forward speed was increased. At all forward speeds, the power consumption was the highest during the first pass and lowest during the third pass. The maximum difference of PTO power requirement was after the first pass at 1.0 km/h forward speed. The reverse-rotary tiller consumed about 34% less PTO power under this condition.     

动静组合加载下岩石破坏的声发射实验

在霍普金森(SHPB)实验系统上进行了动静组合加载下岩石破坏的声发射实验,获得了动静组合加载下花岗岩声发射能量的变化规律。结果表明,动静组合加载下声发射能量规律呈现出2种明显不同的特征:I型,声发射峰值能量之后,能量迅速衰减,到加载末期,能量出现一定的回升,产生了拐点;II型,声发射峰值能量之后,能量衰减相对I型较慢,且不出现拐点。分别讨论了轴向静载和动载应变率对声发射能量的影响:声发射峰值能量随轴向静载增大而减小;当轴向静载位于岩石弹性段时,峰前声发射能量随静载缓慢增大,当轴向静载超过弹性段时,峰前声发射能量随轴向静载增大而急剧增大;声发射峰值能量和峰前能量均随动载应变率增大而减小。本研究对于重新寻求动静组合加载下岩石破坏的声发射前兆规律具有理论和实践意义。 更多还原     

Surface free energy effects on the postbuckling behavior of cylindrical shear deformable nanoshells under combined axial and radial compressions

In the traditional continuum mechanics, the effects of surface free energy are generally ignored. However, this cannot be the case for nanostructures because of their high surface to volume ratio; surface energy plays an important role in the mechanical responses. In the present study, the nonlinear buckling and postbuckling characteristics of cylindrical nanoshells subjected to combined axial and radial compressions are investigated in the presence of surface energy effects. To this end, Gurtin–Murdoch elasticity theory is implemented into the classical first-order shear deformation shell theory to develop an efficient size-dependent shell model incorporating surface free energy effects. Subsequently, a boundary layer theory is employed including surface effects in conjunction with the nonlinear prebuckling deformations, the large postbuckling deflections and the initial geometric imperfection. Finally, a solution methodology based on a two-stepped singular perturbation technique is utilized to obtain the size-dependent critical buckling loads and equilibrium postbuckling paths corresponding to the both axial dominated and radial dominated loading cases. It is observed that for the both axial dominated and radial dominated loading cases, surface free energy effects cause to increase the both critical buckling load and critical end-shortening of shear deformable nanoshell made of silicon.     

BOTDR分布式检测技术在复杂地层钻孔灌注桩测试中的应用研究

分析了Kagome格栅的等效刚度和屈服面. 其屈服面奇异,由4段直线围成. 利用该屈服面, 估算了Kagome具有I型、II型半无限大裂纹的裂尖塑性区,有限元计算验证了解析预测的 准确性. 与奇异屈服面相比,由Mises光滑屈服面给出的塑性区误差较大. 因此只有弹性情 况,可以将Kagome等效为各向同性;若材料塑性,或应力场奇异性较强,Kagome的强度依 赖于主应力方向,不能用各向同性模型来描述.     

基于实测荷载的铁路钢桁梁桥疲劳可靠性评估

为了对钢桁梁桥疲劳进行评估,引入可靠性理论,提出了基于实测荷载的桥梁疲劳可靠性评估方法。根据某铁路钢桁梁桥实测车辆荷载数据,建立了随机车辆荷载模型。并在考虑车辆荷载随机性的基础上,结合Monte-Carlo法与有限元,分析了钢桁梁桥构件疲劳应力谱,计算了构件疲劳可靠性随时间的变化,并探讨了车辆荷载及荷载效应变异性对构件疲劳可靠性的影响,最后采用β约界法与静力分析法对钢桁梁桥系统疲劳可靠性进行了研究。结果表明,基于随机车辆荷载的构件疲劳应力谱呈现单峰分布;构件疲劳可靠性随运营时间的增加而减小;车辆荷载的增长及荷载效应变异性的增加对构件疲劳可靠性影响较大,当车辆荷载增长率和等效应力变异系数分别增加到5%时,构件疲劳寿命大幅减小;β约界法结合静力分析法可快速确定钢桁梁桥失效模式,桥梁系统疲劳寿命小于构件疲劳寿命。总的来看,基于实测荷载的钢桁梁桥疲劳可靠性评估方法能有效地利用监测数据,对桥梁疲劳评估具有良好的适用性。     

Bearing Load Measurement in a Hydropower Unit Using Strain Gauges Installed Inside Pivot Pin

To determine a machine’s mechanical condition it is of importance to know the radial bearing forces in the machine. Radial forces are caused by magnetic pull forces in the generator, clamped shafts, mass unbalance and flow properties around the turbine. Measuring the shaft displacement in the bearing or the bearing housing acceleration is not sufficient for status determination of a vertical hydropower unit. It is the magnitude and frequencies of the radial forces in combination with structure properties which give information as to whether a measured value is harmful or not. This paper presents an alternative method for measurement of radial bearing load in a hydropower unit. The method presented in this paper is based on strain measurements on pivot pins. The pivot pins are placed behind the bearing pad and the radial loads acting on the pad propagate through the pivot pin. New pivot pins were purchased and equipped with strain gauges. The new pivot pins were calibrated and a transfer function between applied load and measured output voltage was identified for each pivot pin. After calibration the pivot pins were installed in a vertical hydropower unit. Measurements were performed for several different operating modes of the hydropower unit. To verify that the measured load levels were of right order of magnitude, the radial bearing loads were calculated from numerical simulations of bearing properties and shaft eccentricity measurements. The two methods for determining bearing load showed almost the same results. This indicates that either method can be used to determine bearing load.     

RV减速器主支撑角接触球轴承混合润滑分析

针对RV减速器角接触球轴承承受预紧力、轴向力和径向力等联合外载荷作用的工况,分析得出了内、外圈滚道接触界面的接触区几何参数和接触载荷.在此基础上,综合考虑了角接触球轴承的接触区宏观几何、接触载荷、真实表面粗糙度、瞬态效应等因素,建立了角接触球轴承混合润滑数学模型,分析了在不同工况下角接触轴承的润滑状况及表面以下应力分布.结果表明:随着载荷的不断增加,钢球与内圈沟道之间的油膜厚度会不断减少,导致干接触面积迅速扩大,接触点表面以下最大应力增大;转速的增加会使油膜变厚,干接触面积缩小.该结果对角接触球轴承的实际工程应用具有重要借鉴意义.     

Experimental findings of the suppression of rotary sloshing on the dynamic response of a liquid storage tank

In liquid storage tanks, rotary sloshing occurs when the frequency of the lateral harmonic load is near the lowest frequency of the tank–liquid system. Rotary sloshing is a type of sloshing that modifies the tank response, which may cause instabilities of the tank wall. However, the consequences of rotary sloshing for the development of strain in the tank wall have not been elucidated. This paper presents an experimental determination of the effects of rotary sloshing on the development of strain and acceleration at various locations of a storage tank. A low-density-polyethylene tank containing water was tested using a shake table. Nine excitations with frequencies near the first free-vibration frequency of the tank–water system were employed. To suppress rotary sloshing, a high-density foam floating lid was utilised as a barrier. Results reveal rotary sloshing boosts not only the development of both hoop and axial strain but also the acceleration in the horizontal direction perpendicular to the excitation. The lid reduced the maximum hoop and axial strain by 500% and 400%, respectively compared to that when rotary sloshing occurs. Moreover, the lid suppressed the nonplanar sloshing by erasing the first three free-vibration frequencies of the tank–water system without the lid.     

Effects of shear stresses and rotary inertia on the stability and vibration of sandwich cylindrical shells with FGM core surrounded by elastic medium

The vibration and stability of axially loaded sandwich cylindrical shells with the functionally graded (FG) core with and without shear stresses and rotary inertia resting Pasternak foundation are investigated. The dynamic stability is derived based on the first order shear deformation theory (FSDT) including shear stresses. The axial load and dimensionless fundamental frequency for FG sandwich shell with shear stresses and rotary inertia and resting on the Pasternak foundation. Finally, the influences of variations of FG core, elastic foundations, shear stresses and rotary inertia on the fundamental frequencies and critical axial loads are investigated.     

PLASTIC LIMIT LOAD ANALYSIS OF DEFECTIVE PIPELINES

The integrity assessment of defective pipelines represents a practically important task of structural analysis and design in various technological areas, such as oil and gas industry, power plant engineering and chemical factories. An iterative algorithm is presented for the kinematic limit analysis of 3-D rigid-perfectly plastic bodies. A numerical path scheme for radial loading is adopted to deal with complex multi-loading systems. The numerical procedure has been applied to carry out the plastic collapse analysis of pipelines with part-through slot under internal pressure, bending moment and axial force. The effects of various shapes and sizes of part-through slots on the collapse loads of pipelines are systematically investigated and evaluated. Some typical failure modes corresponding to different configurations of slots and loading forms are studied.     

Dynamic behavior of an agricultural power take-off driveline for rattle noise reduction: Part 1. Effect of spline tolerance on the power take-off rattle noise

An agricultural tractor has a power take-off (PTO) driveline that is directly connected to the engine to improve its power transmission efficiency. The PTO driveline comprises various mechanical components coupled by a spline joint. The spline coupling tolerance causes collisions between various mechanical parts of the PTO driveline and affects gear collision, thereby causing rattle noise. Therefore, the aim of this study is to conduct a dynamic behavior analysis to predict the gear rattle noise level of a PTO driveline. The dynamic behavior of the PTO driveline was analyzed through 1D simulations, and the results confirmed that the dynamic behavior changes according to rotation speed. Experimental verification of the dynamic behavior analysis results confirmed that the dynamic behavior changes as the main engine excitation-component amplification changes and then decreases at a relatively high rotation speed. Additionally, the dynamic behavior changes of the PTO driveline resulted in a jumping phenomenon that occurs rapidly at a specific rotation speed. The amplification of the engine’s main components was reduced from 3 to 4 times to 1.2 times owing to the jumping phenomenon; the noise level of the gear rattle was also reduced by approximately 10.9 dB(A).     

堆载下单桩负摩阻力工作性状非线性数值分析

利用三维非线性数值方法对一算例在堆载作用下桩侧负摩阻力进行了计算分析。计算结果揭示了摩擦型、端承型桩负摩阻力工作性状的异同; 分析了堆载速度、桩顶荷载对负摩阻力的影响: 堆载越快,负摩阻力越小; 在无桩顶荷载作用下,由负摩阻力引起的下拉荷载最大,可视为常规方法设计的上限值; 桩顶荷载与堆载施工顺序对负摩阻力的影响也很大,先施加桩顶荷载,后进行堆载所产生的负摩阻力最大,反之最小。     

Measurement of Orthopedic Cortical Bone Screw Insertion Performance in Cadaver Bone and Model Materials

In this study, a method was developed for distinguishing insertion and driving performance between different self-tapping bone screw designs. To measure screw starting load, torque and displacements, a test apparatus was developed utilizing a modified drill press with the capability to measure in-line torque, axial compression load, and axial displacement. Specimens were inserted into cadaver bone to measure a baseline response and a bone analog was developed to mimic the bicortical application of screws in the cadaver model. Recorded data could be used to measure a distinguishable screw starting load and the torque for the insertion of bone screws. The results were similar between the cadaver bone and the bone analog. The average insertion load ranged from 5.4 to 64.5 N in cadaver tests and 9.0–41.0 N in the construct tests. Average first cortex insertion torques ranged from 0.53 to 0.66 N-m in the cadaver tests and 0.29–0.32 N-m in the construct test. Average second cortex insertion torques ranged from 0.70 to 1.03 N-m in the cadaver tests and 0.60–0.63 N-m in the construct tests. This method successfully illuminated differences between several different self-tapping screw designs and was also successfully employed to determine the impact of design and manufacturing methods on screw performance. An interesting finding in this study is that axial starting load is very sensitive to screw tip design whereas insertion torque is not.     

A genetic algorithm optimization of ring-stiffened cylindrical shells for axial and radial buckling loads

In this research, the general axial and radial buckling optimization of ring-stiffened cylindrical shells is implemented by the genetic algorithm (GA). The stiffened shell is subjected to four constraints including the fundamental frequency, the structural weight, the axial buckling load, and the radial buckling load. In addition, six design variables including shell thickness, number of stiffeners, stiffeners width and height, stiffeners eccentricity distribution order, and stiffeners spacing distribution order are considered. In analytical solution, the Ritz method is applied and stiffeners are treated as discrete elements. The effect of the weighting coefficients of the objective functions on the optimum solution is studied. The results show that optimized stiffening a cylindrical shell leads to a lower structural weight, higher natural frequencies, and larger axial and radial buckling loads, simultaneously. In addition, the upper and lower bounds of the design variables influence the optimum results considerably. It is also found that the distributions of eccentricity and spacing of the stiffeners influence the magnitudes of the axial and radial buckling loads considerably.