停歇对疲劳裂纹扩展超载迟滞效应影响的研究

本文用 16 Mn和 A 537 两种普通低合金钢试件,较系统地研究了停歇对疲劳超载迟滞效应的影响。研究表明,疲劳载荷中的停歇对超载迟滞效应有明显影响,其影响的程度大小与停歇时的载荷 P_H,停歇时间 t_H 等因素密切相关;不但可能使试件的疲劳寿命减少,也可能使试件的疲劳寿命增加。在工程结构疲劳设计、分析及应用超载迟滞效应时应予以注意。     

随机超载下疲劳裂纹扩展寿命的计算

针对在基本循环载荷上加入随机超载序列的疲劳裂纹扩展问题，应用裂纹闭合的概念考虑超载的迟滞效应，将延迟时间描述成纯离散型马尔可夫过程。对相应的柯尔莫哥洛夫－费勒微积分方程进行了分步求解，结合疲劳断裂分别出现在基本循环峰载作用时和超载作用时两种情况，计算出不同可靠度下裂纹的扩展寿命，并研究了超载大小和发生强度对扩展寿命的影响。     

随机超载对疲劳裂纹扩展迟滞效应的模拟

考虑超载的迟滞效应,对随机超载作用下的疲劳裂纹扩展进行了模拟计算．载荷谱为在基本恒幅循环载荷基础上加入一以泊松流发生的随机超载序列,超载的大小为均匀分布．采用裂纹闭合模型考虑超载的迟滞效应,认为裂纹张开应力在超载引起的塑性区内按线性规律衰减．循环续循环模拟计算出裂纹从初始长度一直到疲劳破坏的扩展曲线．据此,计算了各种超载发生强度和大小下的疲劳裂纹扩展寿命的平均值与标准差。     

比例超载对铝合金圆孔薄板试件低周拉-拉疲劳寿命的影响

对铝合金圆孔薄板试件进行了超载和常辐的对比实验,取六种超载比,对每一超载比各进行了不同超载周次的实验,从这些实验结果看出,对每一超载比,超载试件的疲劳寿命和常辐疲劳试件的寿命比值先是随超载周数的增加而较快的增加,之后在一个相当大的超载周数范围内,超载寿命比的变化不大。当超载周数超过一定值时,超载寿命比随超载周数的增加而略有减少。本文的实验中,在超载60％的情况下,超载周数从20周到90周的范围内,超载试件的平均寿命比常辐疲劳试件的寿命约高3.5倍。     

疲劳裂纹扩展中的超载迟滞模型

疲劳裂纹扩展中的超载迟滞是谱载荷下裂纹扩展寿命预计中的一重要问题.本文对工程应用较多或较新的八种迟滞模型从基本原理方面作了介绍,并对模型的物理概念作了比较详细的阐述.本文还从迟滞机理,模型的使用情况,模型对迟滞过程中各种现象的解释能力等方面,对八种迟滞模型作了初步比较和评述.初步认为Wheeler 模型使用方便,适用范围较广,Matsuoka 模型机理较为清楚,分析较全面,较有发展前途.文中对目前疲劳裂纹扩展寿命预计中迟滞模型的采用和迟滞问题的研究提出了初步看法.     

铝合金切口件在四组变幅载荷下3.5%NaCl溶液中腐蚀疲劳裂纹起始寿命 …

试验研究了铝合金切口件在４组变幅块谱下，３．５％ＮａＣｌ溶液中腐蚀疲劳纹裂起始寿命，结果表明，变幅载荷谱中的大超载会显著延长腐蚀疲劳裂纹起始寿命，并且加载顺序具有明显的影响，根据反映大小载荷交互作用的超载腐蚀疲劳裂纹起始寿命曲线和Ｍｉｎｅｒ累积损伤定理，建立变幅载荷下切口件腐蚀疲劳裂纹起始寿命估算模型，应用该模型估算的结果与试验结果相吻合。     

铝合金切口件在四组变幅载荷下3.5%NaCl溶液中腐蚀疲劳裂纹起始寿命试验研究与估算模型

试验研究了铝合金切口件在4组变幅块谱下、3．5％NaCl溶液中腐蚀疲劳裂纹起始寿命．结果表明，变幅载荷谱中的大超载会显著延长腐蚀疲劳裂纹起始寿命，并且加载顺序具有明显的影响．根据反映大小载荷交互作用的超载腐蚀疲劳裂纹起始寿命曲线和Miner累积损伤定则，建立了变幅载荷下切口件腐蚀疲劳裂纹起始寿命估算模型，应用该模型估算的结果与试验结果相吻合．     

单向双筋板结构件共振疲劳试验及分析

航空航天领域广泛存在着振动疲劳问题,严重危及飞行器结构的安全可靠性。本文首先设计了激振器直接作用于试件的力激励振动疲劳试验系统,并提出了跟踪结构共振频率的频带激励共振疲劳寿命测试方法;而后利用试件进行了频带激励下的定应变共振或定载荷共振结构振动疲劳试验;最后针对试验结果分析与讨论了可能影响结构振动疲劳寿命的各种因素。结论表明,试验结构件的边界条件、初始条件以及结构动力学特性等都可能是影响振动疲劳寿命的关键因素。频带激励共振疲劳试验方法为振动疲劳寿命曲线的测试积累了经验。     

应用数字散斑相关技术研究缺口根部高温疲劳变形

应用数字散斑相关技术研究了耐热合金试件在450°环境中缺口根部的弹塑性变形及其与疲劳循环次数的相关性。疲劳试验在单边带缺口的拉伸板状试件上进行。试件由耐热合金GH4169材料制成,试件表面预先通过离子溅射法制作了离散的金粒散斑图。试验采用逐级循环加载和疲劳循环加载交替的方式进行。首先进行逐级循环加载,将最大载荷Pmax平均分成8级,由0逐级加载至最大载荷,再由最大载荷逐级卸载至0;同时由图像系统半自动地、连续同步地采集系列散斑图。然后按0→Pmax→0加载方式,连续进行250次疲劳循环加载。逐级循环加载和疲劳循环加载不断交替,直至疲劳断裂。利用数字散斑相关技术计算出缺口根部的弹塑性应变,进而求出缺口根部应变、名义迟滞回线面积及斜率与疲劳循环次擞的相关性。试验结果对于耐热合金材料的疲劳寿命研究很有意义。     

正交异性钢桥面板肋-面板焊缝疲劳分析

基于焊缝的局部三维断裂力学模型和超重多轴货车的载荷谱,进行正交异性钢桥面板的肋-面板焊缝表面裂纹的疲劳寿命分析。采用Schwartz-Neuman交替法计算肋-面板焊缝处半椭圆表面裂纹的应力强度因子,基于裂尖反向塑性区模型考虑循环载荷中压应力对疲劳裂纹扩展的作用。正交异性钢桥面板的肋-面板焊缝的应力计算结果表明:超载货车作用下肋-面板焊缝处的横向应力峰值和应力幅都有明显增加;相比于标准疲劳荷载车,超载货车作用下肋-面板焊缝处半椭圆表面裂纹的裂纹扩展率增大了6.1倍;对应于正交异性钢桥面板的肋-面板焊缝处的拉-压循环应力,平面应变状态下的裂尖反向塑性区使裂纹扩展率增加了3.7倍;基于所得裂纹扩展速率,本研究给出仅在严重超载的五轴和六轴货车作用下正交异性钢桥面板的肋-面板焊缝疲劳寿命不足20年,远远低于桥梁的设计寿命。因此,考虑超载多轴货车的载荷谱和循环载荷中的压应力对肋-面板焊缝疲劳裂纹扩展的影响十分重要。     

疲劳裂纹形成、扩展统计特性的大子样试验研究

针对疲劳损伤过程的随机性，该文开展了等幅谱大子样疲劳裂纹形成、扩展至破坏全寿命过程的试验研究．在计算确立了裂纹形成、扩展分界工程小裂纹长度的基础上，整理得到了裂纹形成，扩展寿命的统计分布数据．根据断口金相ＳＥＭ观察，进一步定性分析了疲劳条纹分布的相关性特征．     

Dwell fatigue crack nucleation model based on crystal plasticity finite element simulations of polycrystalline titanium alloys

In this paper a crystal plasticity-based crack nucleation model is developed for polycrystalline microstructures undergoing cyclic dwell loading. The fatigue crack nucleation model is developed for dual-phase titanium alloys admitting room temperature creep phenomenon. It is a non-local model that accounts for the cumulative effect of slip on multiple slip systems, and involves evolving mixed-mode stresses in the grain along with dislocation pileups in contiguous grains. Rate dependent, highly anisotropic behavior causes significant localized stress concentration that increases with loading cycles. The crystal plasticity finite element (CPFE) model uses rate and size-dependent anisotropic elasto-crystal plasticity constitutive model to account for these effects. Stress rise in the hard grain is a consequence of time-dependent load shedding in adjacent soft grains, and is the main cause of crack nucleation in the polycrystalline titanium microstructure. CPFE simulation results are post-processed to provide inputs to the crack nucleation model. The nucleation model is calibrated and satisfactorily validated using data available from acoustic microscopy experiments for monitoring crack evolution in dwell fatigue experiments.     

A STATISTICAL INVESTIGATION OF FATIGUE CRACK INITIATION AND GROWTH PROCESS BASED UPON A LARGE SAMPLE SIZE EXPERIMENT

After finishing 102 replicate constant amplitude crack initiation and growth tests onLyl2-CZ aluminum alloy plate,a statistical investigation of the fatigue crack initiation and growthprocess is conducted in this paper.According to the post-mortem fractographic examination by scan-ning electron microscopy (SEM),some qualitative observations of the spacial correlation among fa-tigue striations are developed to reveal the statistical nature of material intrinsic inhomogeneity duringthe crack growth process.From the test data,an engineering division between crack initiation andgrowth is defined as the upper limit of small crack.The distributions of crack initiation life N.,growthlife N,and the statistical characteristics of crack growth rate da/dN are also investigated.It is hopedthat the work will provide a solid test basis for the study of probabilistic fatigue,probabilistic fracturemechanics,fatigue reliability and its engineering applications.     

近场动力学框架下钢轨疲劳裂纹萌生预测的数值方法研究

经典连续介质力学在求解由裂纹引起的不连续问题时，会出现数学构架失效的情况. 为克服这一难题，基于近场动力学理论，构建铁路钢轨疲劳裂纹萌生的数值预测方法，可实现钢轨疲劳裂纹萌生寿命与位置的预测. 当未出现疲劳裂纹时，通过与经典连续介质力学模型的结果对比，验证近场动力学模型的正确性和适用性. 分析了车轮全滑动、黏着-滑动和无摩擦三种状态对钢轨疲劳裂纹萌生的影响规律，结果表明:车轮由全滑动向无摩擦转变的过程中，裂纹萌生位置由钢轨表层转移到内部，裂纹萌生所需的荷载循环次数由0.45×107次增至2.05×107次，可见车轮滚滑状态会影响裂纹的萌生位置，并且较大的切向接触应力会显著降低钢轨的疲劳裂纹萌生寿命.      

Three-dimensional transverse fatigue crack growth in rail head

Results are given in terms of crack growth area and tonnage of train load. A three-dimensional finite element procedure is developed for analyzing multiple-mode transverse fatigue crack growth in a rail section. Stress and failure analysis are performed for each increment of non-self-similar crack growth up to the point of global instability that is assumed to be governed by the fracture toughness of the rail steel. The strain energy density criterion is adopted to predict the crack profiles developed from a two-stage fatigue loading cycle where both Mode I and III crack extension are present. Use is made of the material data obtained from the past and present TSC programs for predicting the remaining life of a 132 lb/ft rail head with an initial transverse circular crack of 0.50 in. in diameter. The number of cycles to failure are estimated for four different vertical load and initial crack positions.     

The effects of overloads on sustained-load crack growth in a nickel-base superalloy: part I—analysis

Analytical procedures are presented for predicting the retardation effects of cyclic overloads on the sustained load crack growth rate in Inconel 718 at 649°C. The Wheeler model is used in a crack growth computer program, CRACKS, by representing sustained load by equivalent fatigue cycles per unit time and an equivalent stress ratio, R. A new model, the exponential overload (EXPOL) model, is developed based on the concept of a crack growing at a retarded rate through an overload plastic zone. The analytical procedures use a minimum of empirical constants and are capable of accurately representing the time-dependent sustained load crack growth behavior with single or Multiple cyclic overloads.     

Fatigue crack growth behavior of Al7050-T7451 attachment lugs under flight spectrum variation

This paper discusses an analytical and experimental investigations of the fatigue crack growth behavior in attachment lugs subjected to a randomized flight-by-flight spectrum. In the analysis, the stress intensity factors for through-the-thickness cracks initiating from lug holes were compared by weight function method, boundary element method (BEM), the interpolation of Brussat’s solution. The stress intensity factors of a corner crack at a transition region were obtained using two parameter weight function method and correction factors. Fatigue life under a load spectrum was predicted using stress intensity factors and Willenborg retardation model considering the effects of a tensile overload. Experiments were performed under a load spectrum and compared with the fatigue life prediction using the stress intensity factors by different methods. Changes of fatigue life and aspect ratio according to the clipping level of the spectrum were discussed through experiment and prediction. Effect of the spectrum clipping level on the fatigue life was experimentally evaluated by using beach marks of fractured surface.