Elastic Cherenkov effects in transversely isotropic soft materials-I: Theoretical analysis,simulations and inverse method

A body force concentrated at a point and moving at a high speed can induce shear-wave Mach cones in dusty-plasma crystals or soft materials, as observed experimentally and named the elastic Cherenkov effect (ECE). The ECE in soft materials forms the basis of the supersonic shear imaging (SSI) technique, an ultrasound-based dynamic elastography method applied in clinics in recent years. Previous studies on the ECE in soft materials have focused on isotropic material models. In this paper, we investigate the existence and key features of the ECE in anisotropic soft media, by using both theoretical analysis and finite element (FE) simulations, and we apply the results to the non-invasive and non-destructive characterization of biological soft tissues. We also theoretically study the characteristics of the shear waves induced in a deformed hyperelastic anisotropic soft material by a source moving with high speed, considering that contact between the ultrasound probe and the soft tissue may lead to finite deformation. On the basis of our theoretical analysis and numerical simulations, we propose an inverse approach to infer both the anisotropic and hyperelastic parameters of incompressible transversely isotropic (TI) soft materials. Finally, we investigate the properties of the solutions to the inverse problem by deriving the condition numbers in analytical form and performing numerical experiments. In Part II of the paper, both ex vivo and in vivo experiments are conducted to demonstrate the applicability of the inverse method in practical use.     

GGBS及其激发剂固化合肥湖积软土的试验研究

将CaO和石膏作为激发剂掺入粒化高炉矿渣微粉(GGBS)制备GGBS+CaO+石膏固化黏土,通过无侧限抗压强度试验研究固化黏土的强度变化规律,基于正交试验确定GGBS、CaO和石膏三掺量的最佳配合比。研究表明:单掺GGBS对软土有一定的固化效果,但固化速度慢、效果差;将CaO、石膏和GGBS混合后固化效果明显,固化土3d(天)即可形成一定强度。养护28d后,固化黏土最大强度可以达到2.9MPa;利用极差分析得出石膏掺量变化对抗压强度的影响最大,GGBS次之,CaO影响最小;GGBS、CaO和石膏三掺量固化黏土最佳配合比分别为11%、3.5%和5%。上述研究成果为在合肥滨湖地区应用矿渣类软土固化剂提供了理论依据。     

Dynamic stress equilibration in split Hopkinson pressure bar tests on soft materials

The condition of dynamic stress equilibrium is not satisfied automatically when a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) is employed to determine the dynamic properties of soft materials. In order to develop guidelines for the proper design of SHPB experiments under valid testing conditions, an integrated experimental/analytical study has been conducted to examine the process of dynamic stress equilibrium in a soft rubber specimen. Dynamic compressive experiments on a RTV 630 and an ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber with a SHPB modified for soft material testing were conducted to determine the effects of specimen thickness and loading rate on the stress equilibrating process. An analytical model was employed to analyze the equilibrating processes observed in experiments. It is found that the incident loading rate dominates the initial non-equilibrium stress state, and the specimen thickness mainly affects the dynamic stress equilibrium after the initial stage.     

软土地区工程性地面沉降预测的非等时距GM(1,1)模型

大规模城市建设诱发的工程性地面沉降已成为上海软土地区地面沉降新的制约因素。本文针对上海地区工程性地面沉降特点,运用灰色理论建立了非等时距GM(1,1)预测模型,并用工程实测数据进行检验,得到令人满意的预测结果。研究结果对预测和控制软土地区由建筑物群引起的地面沉降具有重要意义。     

Utilization of nonlinear vibrations of soft pipe conveying fluid for driving underwater bio-inspired robot

Creatures with longer bodies in nature like snakes and eels moving in water commonly generate a large swaying of their bodies or tails, with the purpose of producing significant frictions and collisions between body and fluid to provide the power of consecutive forward force. This swaying can be idealized by considering oscillations of a soft beam immersed in water when waves of vibration travel down at a constant speed. The present study employs a kind of large deformations induced by nonlinear vibrations of a soft pipe conveying fluid to design an underwater bio-inspired snake robot that consists of a rigid head and a soft tail. When the head is fixed, experiments show that a second mode vibration of the tail in water occurs as the internal flow velocity is beyond a critical value. Then the corresponding theoretical model based on the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) is established to describe nonlinear vibrations of the tail. As the head is free, the theoretical modeling is combined with the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis to construct a fluid-structure interaction (FSI) simulation model. The swimming speed and swaying shape of the snake robot are obtained through the FSI simulation model. They are in good agreement with experimental results. Most importantly, it is demonstrated that the propulsion speed can be improved by 21% for the robot with vibrations of the tail compared with that without oscillations in the pure jet mode. This research provides a new thought to design driving devices by using nonlinear flow-induced vibrations.

     

基于Box-Behnken法的合肥湖积软土固化配方优化的试验研究

选择CaO和纯碱作为激发剂掺入GGBS(粒化高炉矿渣微粉)制备GGBS+CaO+纯碱固化合肥湖积软土,通过无侧限抗压强度试验研究固化黏土的强度变化规律。以GGBS、CaO和纯碱的掺量作为影响因子,以7d和28d固化土的无侧限抗压强度作为响应值,基于Box-Behnken法确定3种外添剂的最佳配合比。研究表明:GGBS掺量的变化对强度响应影响最大,且其敏感程度随龄期的增大而增大;而对于CaO和纯碱,情况则相反。养护7d后,各因素对强度的线性效应和曲面效应均显著,CaO与纯碱的交互作用显著;养护28d后,GGBS与纯碱的交互作用显著。最终得出:GGBS、CaO和纯碱三掺量固化黏土最佳配比分别为13.08%、4.89%和1.25%;在最佳配合比下,7d和28d的预测强度分别达到550.904kPa和665.953kPa。最后对实测值与预测值进行了对比分析。研究成果可为在合肥滨湖地区应用矿渣类软土固化剂提供理论依据。     

Experimental investigation on surface deformation of soft half plane indented by rigid wedge

In this work, the mechanical behavior of a block of soft material subject to large deformation from a series of wedge-shaped indenters is evaluated. Data fields acquired from digital image correlation (DIC) are compared with the existing theoretical models. The slope angles of the wedges vary from 5° to 73.5°, and the minimum measurement uncertainties of the DIC system are established in advance to define the accuracy. It is concluded that the assumptions underpinning the analytical theory make it difficult to characterize large deformation of soft materials during contact. The strain fields are also obtained from the measured displacement field and verify the previously postulated existence of two deformation sectors, namely, a so-called shrinkage sector symmetric to the loading axis and an expansion sector, which become smaller with the increasing load and decreasing wedge angle.     

喜马拉雅山地区重大滑坡灾害及其与地层岩性的关系研究

位于青藏高原南部的喜马拉雅山地区,是高原隆升最快的地方,这里内外动力作用异常活跃,是我国重大滑坡灾害最严重的地区之一,重大滑坡灾害对国民经济和社会发展带来了极大危害。本文在对研究区的地质、地理背景进行了详细分析的基础上,利用遥感解译和实地调查相结合的手段,研究了该区重大滑坡灾害的分布及其与地层岩性的关系,将本区地层岩性大致划分为13个工程地质岩组:松散岩组、软弱岩组、软弱岩夹较软弱岩组、软弱岩夹较坚硬岩组、较软弱岩组、较软弱岩夹软弱岩组、较软弱岩夹较坚硬岩组、较软弱岩夹坚硬岩组、较坚硬岩与软弱岩互层岩组、较坚硬岩夹软弱岩岩组、较坚硬岩夹较软弱岩组、较坚硬岩组、坚硬岩组,发现重大滑坡更容易发生在软弱岩组、较硬岩夹较软弱岩组以及坚硬岩组中,而软弱岩夹较软弱岩组、较软弱岩夹较坚硬岩组中无重大滑坡灾害分布。重大滑坡灾害的上述分布特征,反映出地层岩性与重大滑坡灾害之间的复杂关系,一方面岩性软弱,比较容易发生滑坡灾害; 另一方面,岩性越坚硬,地形越高陡,也容易发生重大滑坡灾害。     

Large amplitude oscillatory shear behavior of PEO-PPO-PEO triblock copolymer solutions

Rheological properties of poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO) triblock copolymer solution in both linear and nonlinear regions have been investigated. PEO-PPO-PEO triblock copolymer solution shows a dramatic change in mechanical properties as temperature changes. PEO-PPO-PEO triblock copolymer undergoes a transition from sol to gel with increase of temperature. During this transition the copolymer solution passes through three different stages, namely sol, soft gel, and hard gel. In our previous research (Hyun et al. in J Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech 55:51–65, 2002), large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) behavior was found to be very sensitive to the generated microstructures. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the LAOS type and the microdomain structure. Newtonian behavior is observed in sol region, while there appear two kinds of LAOS types in the soft gel region. One is type I (G′, G′′ decreasing) and the other is a combination of type I and type IV (G′, G′′ increasing followed by decreasing). Type III (G′ decreasing, G′′ increasing followed by decreasing) is observed in the hard gel region. We compared the shape of stress curves, Lissajous pattern, and Fourier transform (FT) rheology of hard gel and soft gel under LAOS, and tried to relate the complex LAOS behavior with the microstructural change. From these investigations, it was found that the LAOS behavior and the stress pattern at large strain are closely related to the microdomain structure of PEO-PPO-PEO triblock copolymer, and provide a lot of useful information on the microstructures induced by large deformation.     

Nonlinear dynamic analysis of dielectric elastomer membrane with electrostriction

The dielectric elastomer (DE) is an important intelligent soft material widely used in soft actuators, and the dynamic response of the DE is highly nonlinear due to the material properties. In the DE, electrostriction denotes the deformation-dependent permittivity. In the present study, we formulate the nonlinear dynamic governing equations of the DE membrane considering the electrostriction effect. The free vibration and parametric excitation of the DE membrane with different geometric sizes are calculated. The free vibration bifurcations induced by the initial location and the voltage are both discussed according to an energy-based approach. The amplitude-frequency characteristics and bifurcation diagrams of parametric excitation are also given. The results show that electrostriction decreases the free vibration amplitude and increases the frequency, but it has less influence on the parametric excitation oscillation frequency and decreases the parametric excitation amplitude except when the membrane resonates. The initial location and the applied voltage can induce the snap-through instability of the free vibration. A large geometric size will lead to a much lower resonance frequency. The resonance amplitudes increase while the resonance frequencies decrease with the increase in the applied voltage. The critical voltage of snap-through instability for the parametric excitation is larger than that for the free vibration one.

     

船台滑道下含软弱层岸坡的空间稳定分析

芜湖江东船厂新建船台滑道位于有较厚软弱土层的岸坡上。本文采用三维有限元和刚体极限平衡理论结合的方法分析岸坡稳定, 对不同潜在滑动面进行探索, 求解最小安全系数及相应滑动面位置。分析结果已在施工实践中得到证实。     

软岩工程地质力学研究进展

在中国煤矿软岩工程地质力学的研究中 ,作者指出了国际岩石力学学会关于软岩定义的缺陷 ,提出了新的软岩定义和分类 ,并论述了软岩的变形力学机制、软化状态方程、软岩巷道支护理论、支护荷载的确定以及软岩工程地质力学设计方法。可以认为 ,中国软岩工程地质力学已经形成了较为完整的理论框架体系.     

软体机器人结构机理与驱动材料研究综述

软体机器人是一类新型机器人,具有结构柔软度高,环境适应性好,亲和性强,功能多样等特点,有着十分广阔的研究和应用前景. 智能材料在软体机器人结构设计及实际应用中扮演了重要的角色,其特殊的驱动机制极大拓展了软体机器人的功能. 介绍了软体机器人的发展和研究现状,按其应用场合及功能总结了几种典型的软体机器人. 从仿生机理的角度,介绍了蠕虫、弯曲爬行虫、鱼类游动等几类仿生运动机理以及其相应的软体机器人. 还按不同驱动类型将软体机器人归纳为气动、形状记忆合金、离子交换聚合物金属复合材料、介电高弹体、响应水凝胶、化学燃烧驱动等类型. 介绍了软体机器人的制作方法与工艺,分析了目前软体机器人研究的主要挑战,提出对未来研究的展望.      

Effects of large deformation and material nonlinearity on spherical indentation of hyperelastic soft materials

Up to now, the indentation of hyperelastic soft materials has not been completely understood. In this paper, the spherical indentation on hyperelastic soft solids was systematically investigated through theoretical analysis and finite element method (FEM). The validation and application of the Hertzian load-displacement relation for indentation of hyperelastic soft materials were clarified, the effects of large deformation and material nonlinearity on spherical indentation of hyperelastic soft materials were analyzed and discussed. It was found that the complicated indentation behaviors of hyperelastic soft solids mainly depended on the coupling interactions of large deformation and material nonlinearity. Besides, we proposed two new nonlinear elastic contact models to separate the effects of large deformation and material nonlinearity on spherical indentation responses of hyperelastic soft solids. Our efforts might help to enhance the understanding of hyperelastic indentation problems and provided necessary instructions for the mechanical characterization of hyperelastic soft materials.     

带自由表面水流与离散颗粒耦合模型研究

基于考察泥沙运动的细观行为特征,采用离散单元法(DEM)模拟泥沙颗粒运动,结合带自由表面的水动力学计算模型,建立了CFD-DEM耦合数值模型。计算程序开发基于Fortran语言来实现。耦合模型中实现了硬球模型和软球模型两种颗粒碰撞模型,应用范围较广。作为自由表面水流与泥沙颗粒流数值模型的初步研究,在模型建立的基础上,对模型做了基本的验证。分别通过单颗粒静水沉降和混合颗粒群分选两个计算工况,验证了模型的正确性及模拟精度。该耦合模型可进一步丰富带自由表面水流条件下泥沙运动的研究手段。     

离子导体驱动的介电弹性体软机器研究进展

基于介电弹性体的软机器在柔性机器人、能量收集、柔性电子等领域有着广泛的应用。传统的介电弹性器件由不透明的流体碳膏电极或其他硬材料制作的电子导体来驱动。可拉伸透明离子导体作为电极驱动介电弹性体时,两种软材料互相结合,为软机器提供了一种独特的实现方式。本文综述了离子导体驱动的介电弹性体软机器的近期研究进展,展望了未来的研究方向和存在的问题。     

Interaction between a simplified soft palate and compressible viscous flow

Fluid–structure interaction in a simplified 2D model of the upper airways is simulated to study flow-induced oscillation of the soft palate in the pharynx. The goal of our research has been a better understanding of the mechanisms of the Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome and snoring by taking into account compressible viscous flow. The inspiratory airflow is described by the 2D compressible Navier–Stokes equations, and the soft palate is modeled as a flexible plate by the linearized Euler–Bernoulli thin beam theory. Fluid–structure interaction is handled by the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian formulation. The fluid flow is computed by utilizing 4th order accurate summation by parts difference operators and the 4th order accurate classical Runge–Kutta method which lead to very accurate simulation results. The motion of the cantilevered plate is solved numerically by employing the Newmark time integration method. The numerical schemes for the structure are verified by comparing the computed frequencies of plate oscillation with the associated second mode eigenfrequency in vacuum. Vortex dynamics is assessed for the coupled fluid–structure system when both airways are open and when one airway is closed. The effect of mass ratio, rigidity and damping coefficient of the plate on the oscillatory behavior is investigated. An acoustic analysis is carried out to characterize the acoustic wave propagation induced by the plate oscillation. It is observed that the acoustic wave corresponding to the quarter wave mode along the length of the duct is the dominant frequency. However, the frequency of the plate oscillation is recognizable in the acoustic pressure when reducing the amplitude of the quarter wave mode.     

软体智能机器人的系统设计与力学建模

机器人或机电装备通常由电机模组、液压元件、齿轮和铰链等硬质部件构成,具有动力足、精度高等优点,但在实现低噪声、高安全系数与亲和性等方面存在挑战.受自然界生物体的柔软特性与高环境适应性的启发,设计制造软体机器人是近年来机器人领域的研究热点.作为软体机器人的核心构成部分,智能软材料可在外界不同刺激下产生不同响应,具有材料柔韧、生物相容性好、易于制备、价格低廉等优点,可广泛应用于机器人的设计与制造.几类典型的具备驱动功能的智能软材料与结构获得广泛的研究,包括气动软体肌肉、形状记忆合金/聚合物、离子交换聚合物、介电高弹体、响应水凝胶等.本文介绍了多种驱动类型的软体智能机器人研究成果,并从软体智能机器人的系统设计与力学建模两个方面进行了归纳分析与讨论.      

西安地区饱和软黄土工程地质特征研究

饱和软黄土是黄土地区一种特殊性岩土。结合西安城区和北环铁路工程勘察的结果,分析了西安地区饱和软黄土的分布规律及其物理力学性质,讨论了饱和软黄土分布上的差异,从地质环境角度探讨了北环铁路饱和软黄土分布的成因,提出了上层滞水含水层也存在饱和软黄土的观点。     

软材料粘接结构界面破坏研究综述

软材料已经在软机器人、生物医学及柔性电子等各个领域得到广泛的应用. 实际应用中, 软材料多需要粘附于不同类型的基底上, 与之共同组成工程构件进而实现特定的功能, 粘接界面性能对构件的结构完整性与功能可靠性起着关键性作用. 本文对目前软材料粘接结构界面破坏行为方面的研究进行了系统总结. 首先通过与传统粘接结构的对比, 指出了“软界面”与“软基体”两种软材料粘接结构界面破坏行为的独特性及其物理本质. 接着分别总结了“软界面”与“软基体”两种粘接结构界面破坏行为的实验表征方面的研究成果, 对界面及基体黏弹性耗散对界面破坏机理的影响分别进行了分析. 然后从理论角度, 介绍了针对两种软材料粘接结构界面破坏行为的理论分析方法, 并对已建立的相关理论模型进行了总结. 之后以内聚力模型方法为基础, 介绍了软材料粘接结构界面破坏行为数值模拟方面的相关研究进展. 最后基于已有的研究成果, 提出了目前研究所面临的挑战, 并对可能的软材料粘接结构界面破坏的未来研究方向进行了讨论和展望.