含蜡原油屈服过程及其受空隙影响的实验研究

含蜡原油屈服值是用于计算停输管线再启动压力的重要流变参数。作者建立了一套小型微机数据采集的模拟装置用于测定含蜡原油在给定温度条件下的屈服值，通过模拟热输管线实际工况，针对两种典型胶凝原油，分析了胶凝在管线中原油的屈服机理，首次提出了油中空隙对胶凝强度的影响关系。为长输原油管道的间歇输送工艺及停输再启动技术提供了理论依据。     

含蜡原油屈服过程及其受空隙影响的实验研究

含蜡原油屈服值是用于计算停输管线再启动压力的重要流变参数，作用建立了一套小型微机数据采集的模拟装置用于测定含蜡原油在给定温度条件下的屈服值，通过模拟热输管线实际工况，针对两种典型胶凝原油，分析了胶头版在管线中原油的屈服机理，首次提出了油中空隙对胶凝强度的影响关系，为长输原油管道的间歇输送工艺及停输再启动技术提供了理论依据。     

渗流力对裸眼井筒周围应力场及地层破裂压力影响机理研究

流体渗流进入储层岩石的孔隙喉道时会给岩石骨架施加渗流力作用,该力会打破储层岩石原有的应力平衡状态,影响岩石的变形与破坏.尽管大量实验与数值模拟研究已经证实渗流力对岩土破坏有显著影响,但在石油工程领域有关渗流力的研究鲜有报道.渗流力对水力压裂裂缝起裂与扩展的影响机理仍不清楚.基于此,文章首先基于土力学渗流力定义式和Biot固结理论对压裂液渗流进入岩石孔隙时渗流力的作用机理进行了研究.然后以裸眼井为例分析了渗流力作用形成的应力场,推导了考虑渗流力作用的地层破裂压力解析解公式,揭示了渗流力作用对裸眼井地层破裂压力的影响规律.研究结果表明:孔隙压差等于一个大气压时,单位立方厘米岩样所受体积力渗流力的大小远超同等大小岩样所受体积力重力的大小,渗流力对储层岩石的作用不可忽视.压裂液渗流进入储层岩石孔隙时,渗流力作用可以显著降低裸眼井筒周围的有效周向应力,增大井壁发生拉伸破坏的可能. Biot有效应力系数越大,渗流力作用越强,井筒周围应力场被渗流力作用影响的范围越大.相比较不可渗透的储层,渗流力作用显著降低了裸眼井的地层破裂压力.地层深度越大,两向应力差越小时渗流力作用对裸眼井地层破裂压力的影响越显...     

基于Hansbo渗流的圆柱土样Biot固结分析

诸多黏性土渗流试验表明,在低水力梯度下渗流会出现明显偏离Darcy定律的现象.为了分析渗流的非Darcy特性对固结过程的影响,引入Hansbo渗流方程描述圆柱土样内的渗流,重新推导轴对称条件下的Biot固结方程,并给出方程的Crank--Nicolson有限差分格式.通过与Darcy渗流条件下轴对称Biot固结方程解析解的对比,验证计算方法的有效性.然后分析Hansbo模型参数对圆柱土样固结过程的影响.计算结果表明:与Darcy渗流相比,Hansbo渗流会延缓圆柱土样的固结过程.随着Hansbo渗流参数m或I1的增大,在固结前期,Mandel--Cryer效应会更加显著,即孔隙水压力峰值将提高,且达到该峰值的时间会延迟;在固结中后期,孔压消散滞后的现象也更加明显.不过,Hansbo渗流对位移的影响很小.     

基于一维渗流的单轴压缩流变仪研制

传统固结仪在进行固结试验时不能考虑变水头的渗流作用,而一般的渗流仪较难考虑不同压力下试样的流变特性。利用WG-4应力控制式轻便固结仪和QY1-2渗流仪,进行重新设计与改造,获得基于一维渗流理论的单轴压缩流变仪。该仪器可以进行双面排水固结试验、常水头渗透试验、单轴压缩流变试验,特别是可以进行一维渗流条件下试样的流变试验,可以研究在不同渗透压的作用下,土体的流变特性。改装后的设备原理简单,操作简便,通过对比试验,该仪器的测试数据准确、容错率高。     

BIOT’S CONSOLIDATION ANALYSIS FOR CYLINDRICAL SOIL-SAMPLE BASED ON HANSBO’S FLOW1)

诸多黏性土渗流试验表明,在低水力梯度下渗流会出现明显偏离Darcy定律的现象. 为了分析渗流的非Darcy特性对固结过程 的影响,引入Hansbo渗流方程描述圆柱土样内的渗流,重新推导轴对称条件下的Biot固结方程,并给出方程的Crank--Nicolson有限 差分格式. 通过与Darcy渗流条件下轴对称Biot固结方程解析解的对比,验证计算方法的有效性. 然后分析Hansbo模型参数对圆柱 土样固结过程的影响. 计算结果表明：与Darcy渗流相比,Hansbo渗流会延缓圆柱土样的固结过程. 随着Hansbo渗流参数m或I¹的增大,在固结前期,Mandel--Cryer效应会更加显著,即孔隙水压力峰值将提高,且达到该峰值的时间 会延迟;在固结中后期,孔压消散滞后的现象也更加明显. 不过,Hansbo渗流对位移的影响很小.     

考虑CO2吸附和滑脱效应影响的页岩渗透率演化机制研究

为探究气体吸附以及滑脱效应对页岩渗透率的影响规律,利用自主研制的渗流装置,开展了CO₂的脉冲衰减渗流试验。试验结果表明：在低孔隙压力下,CO₂吸附对渗透率计算结果影响较大,随着孔隙压力增大,CO₂吸附对渗透率的影响逐渐减小;通过修正后的滑脱效应渗流公式对渗透率进行拟合,发现修正后的滑脱效应公式与渗透率变化趋势更加贴合;利用滑脱效应贡献率量化分析滑脱效应对渗透率的影响规律,孔隙压力为2.5MPa～4MPa时,滑脱效应对渗透率影响较大,贡献率达到27.78%,随着孔隙压力的增大,贡献率逐渐下降至8.44%,在低孔隙压力条件下,滑脱效应影响更加明显,随着孔隙压力的增大,滑脱效应影响呈指数形式逐渐减小。     

封面图片说明

封面图为一组油气井地下渗流场的模拟图(带箭头的线为流线,其他为等值线,颜色深浅表示压力的大小,圆圈的核心为井点).油气井井组的渗流是油气田开发方案制定及方案调整的重要依据,无论是对常规油气藏还是对非常规油气藏都有着重要的意义.从油气藏井组的渗流场图可以看出:流体的流动方向、压力分布的不均匀程度以及不同井产量对整个井组渗流场的影响.从渗流场图还可以确定不流动区域的位置,为调整井的钻井提供可靠的依据.(图文供稿:刘曰武,中国科学院力学研究所)     

伺服控制土石混合体压力渗透仪研究

土石混合体渗流特性的研究对于工程建设、土石混合体滑坡的防治有重要意义。总结了前人对于堆石料渗透试验仪的研究,其特点在于渗透筒的大尺寸、供水系统、供水压力的控制;透水板、制样方法、筒壁防渗对于试验的影响。周中等自制的常水头渗透仪,主要对土石混合体渗透系数及其影响因素进行研究。本文研制的伺服控制土石混合体压力渗透仪能够准确伺服控制供水压力和供水速度,提供不超过2MPa的高水压,调节试样渗流速度,操作方便,能够有针对性的研究土石混合体的渗流特性。     

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF STRENGTH,TOUGHNESS AND FAILURE MECHANISM OF THE METAL/EPOXY/METAL ADHESIVE SYSTEM

本文系统地开展了金属/环氧/金属胶结体系的强韧机理及失效行为实验研究,针对铝合金圆棒与铝合金圆棒通过环氧树脂胶层的各种斜截面方向粘结,实验观测了该体系的拉伸变形和失效行为,测量了界面失效载荷对胶层厚度和粘结界面倾斜角的依赖关系;通过引入胶结界面平均正应力、平均剪应力、平均正应变、平均剪应变等概念,可对界面失效强度进行测量,获得界面强度与界面粘结角度以及胶层厚度的关系,进而获得了铝合金/环氧胶层/铝合金体系的强度失效面以及胶结界面的断裂能和胶结体系的能量释放率.上述研究结果为深入认识金属胶结体系的强韧性能和失效机制提供了科学依据,对金属胶结体系的优化设计和性能评判具有重要指导意义.研究结果表明,铝合金/环氧胶层/铝合金体系的拉伸失效总体呈弹脆性破坏特征,失效表现为胶层粘结界面的断裂,失效强度和界面断裂能在胶层厚度为百微米量级时表现出强烈的尺度效应：界面粘结强度随着胶层厚度的减小而显著增大,临界状态的平均正应力和平均剪应力在强度破坏面上近似位于同一圆上,界面断裂能随着胶层厚度的减小而显著减小;与此同时,界面失效强度和界面断裂能也密切依赖于界面粘结角度.     

Isothermal elongational behavior of liquid-crystalline polymers and LCPs based blends

The rheological behavior of two flexible thermoplastics, Nylon-6 (Ny) and bisphenol-A polysulfone (PSu), and two wholly aromatic liquid crystalline polymers, Vectra-A900 (VA) and Vectra-B950 (VB), as well as that of Ny/VB and PSu/VA blends with 10% LCP, has been investigated by the use of capillary viscometers equipped with cylindrical dies having different length-to-diameter ratios. The elongational viscosity of all materials was calculated, from the results of isothermal measurements carried out at 290°C, by means of the Cogswell's analysis, based on the estimation of the pressure drop due to the converging flow at the die inlet. The behavior in elongational flow was compared with the rheological behavior in shear flow conditions. It was found that the elongational viscosities of VA and VB are very large and account for a fairly marked pressure drop at the die entrance, due to the orientation of the LCP domains taking place in the converging flow zone. For these materials, the ratio of the elongational viscosity to the Newtonian shear viscosity is up to two orders of magnitude higher than the value expected on the basis of the Trouton rule. For the flexible resins, the Trouton ratio is 3 and ca. 3–10, are common values for high molar mass linear polymers. The addition of 10% LCP into the flexible resins strongly increases their elongational viscosity and makes the blends resemble neat LCPs in their extensional flow behavior. In shear flow, on the contrary, the addition of LCP was shown to induce a marked reduction of the melt viscosity, even when, as for the Ny/VB blend, the LCP is more viscous than the matrix.     

Rheological characterization of polyethylene terephthalate resins using a multimode Phan-Tien-Tanner constitutive relation

Linear viscoelastic, shear, and extensional rheological characterization of linear and branched Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) resins (PET) was carried out by means of both a parallel-plate and capillary rheometers. Before loading into the rheometers, the polymer pellets were thoroughly dried at well-characterized conditions long enough to obtain consistent and reproducible results. Continuing polymer degradation and poly-condensation reactions in the relatively open environment of the parallel-plate rheometer were accounted for by correcting the data using material-time super-position. The rheological data obtained were used to fit by nonlinear optimization, the linear relaxation spectrum and nonlinear parameters of a multi-mode Phan-Thien and Tanner (PTT) constitutive relation. It was found that this model can represent rheological data for PET resins very well and as a result may be used in relevant processing flow simulations, i.e. film casting.     

Obtaining Fourier series graphically from large amplitude oscillatory shear loops

Large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) flow has been used to characterize the nonlinear viscoelasticity of polymer melts and solutions. Results are frequently reported with shear stress versus strain loops, or with shear stress versus shear rate loops. A Fourier analysis of the stress response to LAOS is often desired for comparison with theory, or for quantitative comparison between resins. A method is presented which employs the discrete Fourier transform to obtain the Fourier series coefficients from LAOS loops.     

Melt rheology and structure of silicone resins

Rheological investigation and X-ray analysis of silicone resins have been performed to get a fundamental understanding of the relationship between melt rheology and structure. Rheological properties of the melts of silicone resins were characterized by dynamic shear measurements. Samples were a series of silicone resins having different side groups, such as methyl, phenyl, methylphenyl, and propylphenyl. A time-temperature superposition based on the WLF rule was successfully applicable. The free volume fraction at the glass transition temperature and the free volume expansion coefficient were estimated from the C₁ and C₂ values of the WLF-equation. The loss modulus G′′ was found to be proportional to the angular frequency in a double-logarithmic plot over a wide frequency range. However, the storage modulus G′ exhibited a bending in a intermediate frequency region for all silicone resins. The shape of the G′ curve is unexpected from the results of gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), which demonstrate that the silicone resins are amorphous polymers of relatively low molecular weight. To get more insight into the rheological properties of the silicone resins which indicate a heterogeneous structure, X-ray analysis was carried out. The X-ray measurement displayed two peaks, one broad peak around 4.5?Å of d-spacing which corresponds to a random amorphous structure, and the other higher intensity peak from 8.5?Å to 12?Å. This peak strongly depends on the size of organic side groups. From the rheological characterization and the X-ray analysis, it can be concluded that the silicone resins consist of two components; one of them shows a random amorphous and the other a regular structure even in the molten stage.     

A phenomenological constitutive law for the nonlinear viscoelastic behaviour of epoxy resins in the glassy state

We propose a constitutive model to describe the nonlinear viscoelasticity of epoxy resins in the glassy state. Experimental tests have shown that nonlinear viscoelasticity rules the cyclic behaviour of epoxy resins before the material strength is reached. The proposed model allows the simulation of this cyclic behaviour and, in particular, of the flex which characterises the stress–strain curve upon unloading. The consistent integration algorithm, based on the Central Difference Scheme, of the proposed constitutive law is given. As an example, the model is successfully used to numerically homogenize the cyclic behaviour of hollow sphere-filled epoxy resins (i.e., syntactic foams) by means of unit cell models.     

On the use of stereolithography for the manufacture of photoelastic models

Three-dimensional photoelasticity using the stress-freezing technique is dependent on the production of resin models that do not possess any residual stresses from the manufacturing process. The traditional methods of production involve casting to shape or machining from solid blocks using thermo-setting resins. These methods are expensive and time-consuming, with models typically requiring days for preparation. The rapid-prototyping technique of stereolithography employs similar resins and allows complex components to be built in a matter of hours. However, the residual birefringence associated with the stereolithographic process has so far inhibited its routine use in photoelasticity. A four-centre study has been conducted in an attempt to understand the mechanisms generating this birefringence and to investigate methodologies for producing models free of stress and birfringence. The mechanical behavior of stereolithographic and thermo-setting resins have been compared at room temperature and under stress-freezing conditions.     

Molecular investigation on the compatibility of epoxy resin with liquid oxygen

Conventional fiber reinforced plastics(FRPs) have compatibility issues with solid oxygen while used as a fuel tank, which might cause combustion and explosion. To study the compatibility of different epoxy resins with liquid oxygen, molecular dynamics was used to simulate the phase changes of cross-linked epoxy resins under the impact of solid oxygen. Three curing resin systems,which are bisphenol A epoxy resin(DGEBA), bisphenol F epoxy resin(DGEBF), and tetrahydrophthalate diglycidyl ester(epoxy resin 711), are modeled to investigate the rational material system for the application of fuel tanks in launching vehicles. The simulation results show that the order of solid oxygen compatibility of these epoxy resins is DGEBA DGEBF epoxy resin 711 at the same density of crosslinking. The selection of curing agent also has an impact on the compatibility, with the same epoxy, diaminodiphenyl methane(DDM) has more advanced performance comparing to diaminodiphenyl sulfone(DDS).     

Comparison of the melt fracture behavior of metallocene and conventional polyethylenes

The influence of sparse long-chain branching and molecular weight distribution on the melt fracture behavior of polyethylene melts was investigated. Four commercial polyethylene resins were employed for this study: a conventional low-density polyethylene, a conventional linear low-density polyethylene, a linear metallocene polyethylene, and a sparsely branched metallocene polyethylene. Rheological measurements were obtained for both shear and extensional deformations, and melt fracture experiments were carried out using a controlled rate capillary rheometer. A single capillary geometry was used to focus on the effects of material properties rather than geometric factors. For the linear polyethylenes, surface melt fracture, slip-stick fracture, and gross melt fracture were all observed. Conversely, the branched PE resins did not exhibit a slip-stick regime and the degree of gross fracture was observed to be much more severe than the linear resins. These variations can be explained by the effects that long-chain branching has on the onset of shear-thinning behavior (slip-stick fracture) and the degree of extensional strain hardening (gross melt fracture). Although there is some indication that the breadth of molecular weight distribution indirectly influences surface melt fracture, the results remain inconclusive.     

Viscoelastic analysis of residual stress in quenched thermosetting resin beams

The residual stress generated by the molding process of thermosetting resins exerts serious influences upon their mechanical properties. This residual stress is generally classified by two groups: one produced by shrinkage in the curing reaction of monomers, the other produced by the nonuniformity of the temperature distribution in the cooling process. This paper is concerned with the theoretical and experimental analysis of the generation of residual stress of the latter type, using examples of rectangular beams of thermosetting resins quenched on both the upper and lower surfaces. First, a viscoelastic model is applied to make a qualitative prediction of the residual stress in quenched beams. Second, using linear-viscoelastic theory, fundamental equations are derived for the residual stress in a viscoelastic rectangular beam, where an unsteady and nonuniform temperature distribution is assumed in the direction of depth. The theoretical values of the residual stress in rectangular beams are calculated under various quenching conditions for two resins having different viscoelastic characteristics, i.e., epoxy and unsaturated polyester. The theoretical residual-stress distributions agree fairly well with the residual stress measured experimentally at every quenching condition for both resins. The qualitative prediction that the residual stress in quenched beams is compressive in the vicinity of the upper and lower surfaces and is tensile in the inner parts is confirmed. The relaxation modulus of epoxy resin changes more greatly with time and temperature than that of unsaturated polyester resin. The theoretical and experimental analysis shows that the residual stress for the former resin is larger than that for the latter. Therefore, it is concluded that the generation of residual stress is more significant where the relaxation modulus of resin changes greatly with time and temperature.     

New model materials for photoelasticity and photoplasticity

Two new materials are proposed as models for photoelasticity and photoplasticity. One is cast resin fully cured epoxy-phenol alloy which is made by the mutual cross linking of pre-condensed resins of epoxy and phenol. While epoxy-phenol alloy resin is available only for photoelasticity, the other, polycarbonate resin, is useful not only for photoelasticity, but also for photoplasticity. Polycarbonate is very tough and has large values of both photoelastic stress sensitivity and modulus of elasticity. The excellent cold workability of polycarbonate is proved by a deep-drawing test. Hence the photoplastic results obtained from a polycarbonate model can be applied by analogy to the plastic stress analysis in other ductile materials. Both resins are very transparent even in the plastic state.