12.7 mm弹侵彻不同强度钢靶的数值模拟

针对12.7 mm弹侵彻不同强度钢靶时可能出现子弹保持完整或发生破碎的情况,过去的数值模拟仅限于模拟单一模式的子弹侵彻行为。为了克服这种数值模拟的局限性,开展了模型算法、网格尺寸对模拟结果影响的研究,并将模拟结果与实验结果进行了对比,提出了一种能够用于模拟子弹保持完整或破碎的弹靶模型。研究结果表明,为模拟子弹保持完整状态,子弹和靶板应分别采用基于Lagrange算法的有限元法和光滑粒子算法,而且子弹网格尺寸和靶板粒子间距之比应至少保持在5.3左右,否则弹头会产生与实验结果不符合的异常变形。但是,在模拟子弹发生破碎侵蚀时,该比例的网格/粒子尺寸比会引起计算中止。为了克服该问题,进一步建立了一种弹体表面采用大尺寸网格、内部采用细化小尺寸网格的有限元/光滑粒子法耦合弹靶模型。计算结果表明,改进的弹靶模型可模拟子弹保持完整或者发生破碎的情况。     

正交切削过程的刚塑性有限元算法及其实现

对刚塑性有限元用于正交切削分析中的切屑与基体材料分离准则、切屑与前刀面脱离判据等关键技术问题进行了系统的研究;建立了求解该问题的刚塑性有限元基本方程,给出了单元刚度矩阵和节点载荷列阵的详细算法以及金属大变形过程中网格畸变问题的处理技术。利用自行开发的正交切削模拟计算程序,对铝合金ZL-301创削过程进行了全程模拟,计算结果与试验结果吻合。     

超高速碰撞问题的三维物质点法

简要介绍了物质点法（material point method）的离散原理,通过引入Johnson-Cook材料模型和Mie-Gruneisen状态方程,将其用于超高速碰撞问题的分析中,并编制了相应三维物质点法程序MPM3D。该方法避免了拉格朗日格式因网格畸变产生的数值困难,也克服了欧拉格式材料界面跟踪问题以及因非线性对流扩散项而引起的数值困难。利用该程序对Taylor杆高速碰撞问题和空间碎片防护超高速碰撞问题进行了数值模拟,所得数值结果与实验结果基本吻合,验证了程序的正确性,说明了物质点法在分析超高速碰撞问题时相对于有限元法的优势。     

物质点法的理论和应用

物质点法采用质点离散材料区域, 用背景网格计算空间导数和求解动量方程,避免了网格畸变和对流项处理, 兼具拉格朗日和欧拉算法的优势, 非常适合模拟涉及材料特大变形和断裂破碎的问题. 本文详细论述了物质点法在基本理论、算法和软件开发方面的进展, 包括广义插值物质点法、接触算法、自适应算法、并行算法、与其他算法的杂交和耦合等. 系统地总结了物质点法在超高速碰撞、冲击侵彻、爆炸、动态断裂、流固耦合、多尺度分析、颗粒材料流动和岩土失效等一系列涉及材料特大变形问题中的应用,展示了其相对于传统数值计算方法的优势.     

爆轰驱动多介质问题的Lagrange多分区自适应数值模拟研究

凝聚炸药爆轰驱动惰性金属材料形成的多介质流动问题广泛存在于工程应用领域, Lagrange方法由于其物质界面的高保真特性一直在相关问题的数值模拟中发挥着不可替代的作用.加密网格是提高爆轰驱动多介质问题模拟精度的常用途径之一.然而, Lagrange框架下整体密网格计算常会遇到网格畸变、计算效率低等问题.为此,针对爆轰驱动多介质流动问题,提出了一种Lagrange框架下的非结构网格多层自适应方法,在保证所关心区域局部网格分辨率的前提下,大幅缩减了整体计算规模,提升了Lagrange计算的健壮性.设计了非结构网格多层数据结构,提出了多层网格分层存储、有效网格压至一层进行Lagrange计算的AMR策略,同时还发展了自适应接触滑移耦合算法,实现了AMR计算与多分区接触滑移计算的“紧耦合”.相比于已有工作,所提出的AMR方法既保持了非结构网格多层数据结构的灵活性优势,又避免了Lagrange框架下多层网格分别计算带来的层间耦合困难,同时因实现了与接触滑移的自适应耦合,使得它能很好地适应多分区的多介质问题.在一维、二维爆轰算例验证所提出方法正确性的前提下,开展了拐角爆轰、多层炸药隔爆和有限尺寸弯...     

304L/Q235B大面积金属板爆炸焊接物质点法模拟分析

大面积金属板材304L/Q235B的爆炸焊接过程涉及炸药爆轰、金属板材的高速碰撞和塑性变形等。采用有限元法计算模拟这个问题时,网格单元会发生扭曲畸变现象,导致计算精度下降,甚至出现单元负体积而使计算终止,并且炸药爆轰形成气体产物飞散过程也很难模拟。为了能模拟大面积金属板材的爆炸焊接整个过程并获得合理的技术工艺参数,采用物质点法进行三维数值模拟分析。物质点法作为一种无网格法,在模拟冲击动力学问题中主要采用显式积分算法。通过将拉格朗日质点单元与固定的欧拉背景网格相结合,可以实现爆炸焊接的复板与基板的高速碰撞、炸药滑移爆轰、金属板面的塑性变形过程的数值模拟,并给出爆炸复合板材的形变、有效塑性应变和复板与基板的碰撞速度的计算结果。采用物质点法模拟的复合板材变形与爆炸焊接实验结果基本一致。计算复板与基板的碰撞速度这个重要的物理参数时,物质点法与Richter理论公式的相对误差不超过13%。数值计算和实验结果表明,物质点法在数值精度和计算效率方面具有优势,物质点法是研究金属焊接爆炸问题的一种有效数值方法。     

基于非结构任意多边形网格的滑移面计算技术

基于任意多边形网格管理体系,针对流体多介质问题的数值模拟,发展了拉氏方法滑移面计算技术.文章给出了滑移线设置的数据结构,滑移线上主从点速度与位置的计算格式,及节点滑移后引起界面上点、相关网格邻域关系变化的算法.该滑移计算技术避免了传统算法中由于以模拟法(重叠或分离网格)代替直接法(拼接网格)而造成几何守恒律被破坏的缺陷.数值例子验证了该算法的可行性,体现了算法无缝连接的特点.     

SPH方法在聚能装药射流三维数值模拟中的应用

采用有限元软件LS-DYNA中的SPH算法实现聚能装药射流形成过程的三维数值模拟.将SPH方法和FEM方法与理论计算结果相比较.研究结果表明:SPH数值模拟计算过程十分稳定,避免了有限元数值模拟过程中的网格扭曲、缠绕和物质穿透等问题,而且计算精度比有限元方法更高;采用SPH方法计算的射流速度、射流长度与有限元计算结果和...     

碎片云的毁伤潜力

提出了超高速碰撞研究的工程算法模型,并采用该模型来模拟弹丸超高速撞击薄板形成的碎片云对后靶的破坏毁伤情况,与超高速碰撞实验相比较,数值模拟结果与实验结果较为一致。采用的工程算法模型很好地描述了超高速碰撞现象,定性地给出了碎片云的毁伤潜力。     

铰接副磨损与系统动力学行为耦合的数值分析

建立了机械系统的摩擦磨损与动力学行为的耦合分析模型和数值计算框架,以间隙铰接副为对象分析其磨损和动力学行为的交互影响机制.磨损通过有限元理论及ANSYS软件开发的通用程序来计算,其中通过移动边界节点的方法来描述磨损过程,利用结构优化算法中的边界位移法解决了边界节点变动导致的内部网格畸变问题.应用将位移约束转化为接触力约束的方法建立含间隙铰碰撞的多体动力学模型.通过序贯耦合的模式计算出不同寿命时段的磨损间隙和性能特性.结果表明:磨损与动力学行为耦合数值分析可对整个寿命周期内磨损和性能做出预测,可显著提高摩擦学设计的效率和准确性.     

Uniform attractors for non-autonomous Klein-Gordon-Schr/Sdinger lattice systems

The existence of a compact uniform attractor for a family of processes corre- sponding to the dissipative non-autonomous Klein-Gordon-SchrSdinger lattice dynamical system is proved. An upper bound of the Kolmogorov entropy of the compact uniform attractor is obtained, and an upper semicontinuity of the compact uniform attractor is established.     

The influence of nano-particle tracers on the slip length measurements by microPTV

Direct measurement of slip length is based on the measured fluid velocity near solid boundary. However, previous micro particle image velocimetry/particle tracking velocimetry (microPIV/PTV) measurements have reported surprisingly large measured near-wall velocities of pressure-driven flow in apparent contradiction with the no-slip hy-pothesis and experimental results from other techniques. To better interpret the measured results of the microPIV/PTV, we performed velocity profile measurements near a hy-drophilic wall (z = 0.25-1.5 μm) with two sizes of tracer particles (φ 50 nm and φ200 nm). The experimental results indicate that, at less than 1 μm from the wall, the deviations between the measured velocities and no-slip theoretical values obviously decrease from 93% of φ200 nm particles to 48% of φ50 nm particles. The Boltzmann-like exponential measured particle concentrations near wall were found. Based on the non linear Boltzmann distribution of particle concentration and the effective focus plane thickness, we illustrated the reason of the apparent velocity increase near wall and proposed a method to correct the measured velocity profile. By this method, the deviations between the corrected measured velocities and the no-slip theoretical velocity decrease from 45.8% to 10%, and the measured slip length on hy-drophilic glass is revised from 75 nm to 16 nm. These results indicated that the particle size and the biased particle concentration distribution can significantly affect near wall velocity measurement via microPIV/PTV, and result in larger measured velocity and slip length close to wall.     

Motion of a spherical particle in a fluid forced vortex by DO M and DTM

In this study, coupled equations of the motion of a particle in a fluid forced vortex were investigated using the differential transformation method （DTM） with the Pad6 approximation and the differential quadrature method （DO_M）. The significant contribution of the work is the introduction of two new, fast and efficient solutions for a spherical particle in a forced vortex that are improvements over the previous numerical results in the literature. These methods represent approximations with a high degree of accuracy and minimal computational effort for studying the particle motion in a fluid forced vortex. In addition, the velocity profiles （angular and radial） and the position trajectory of a particle in a fluid forced vortex are described in the current study.     

The vitiation effects of water vapor and carbon dioxide on the autoignition characteristics of kerosene

In ground tests of hypersonic scramjet, the highenthalpy airstream produced by burning hydrocarbon fuels often contains contaminants of water vapor and carbon dioxide. The contaminants may change the ignition characteristics of fuels between ground tests and real flights. In order to properly assess the influence of the contaminants on ignition characteristics of hydrocarbon fuels, the effect of water vapor and carbon dioxide on the ignition delay times of China RP-3 kerosene was studied behind reflected shock waves in a preheated shock tube. Experiments were conducted over a wider temperature range of 800–1 500 K, at a pressure of 0.3 MPa, equivalence ratios of 0.5 and 1, and oxygen concentration of 20%. Ignition delay times were determined from the onset of the excited radical OH emission together with the pressure profile. Ignition delay times were measured for four cases:(1) clean gas,(2) gas vitiated with10% and 20% water vapor in mole,(3) gas vitiated with 10%carbon dioxide in mole, and(4) gas vitiated with 10% water vapor and 10% carbon dioxide, 20% water vapor and 10%carbon dioxide in mole. The results show that carbon dioxide produces an inhibiting effect at temperatures below 1 300 K when φ = 0.5, whereas water vapor appears to accelerate the ignition process below a critical temperature of about1 000 K when φ = 0.5. When both water vapor and carbon dioxide exist together, a minor inhibiting effect is observed at φ = 0.5, while no effect is found at φ = 1.0. The results are also discussed preliminary by considering both the combustion reaction mechanism and the thermophysics properties of the fuel mixtures. The current measurements demonstrate vitiation effects of water vapor and carbon dioxide on the autoignition characteristics of China RP-3 kerosene at air-like O2 concentration. It is important to account for such effects when data are extrapolated from ground testing to real flight conditions.     

An investigation into flow mode transition and pressure fluctuations for fluidized dense-phase pneumatic conveying of fine powders

This paper presents the results of an ongoing investigation into the fluctuations of pressure signals due to solids-gas flows for dense-phase pneumatic conveying of fine powders.Pressure signals were obtained from pressure transducers installed along different locations of a pipeline for the fluidized dense-phase pneumatic conveying of fly ash(median particle diameter 30μm;particle density 2300kg/m~3;loosepoured bulk density 700kg/m~3) and white powder(median particle diameter 55 u.m;particle density1600kg/m~3;loose-poured bulk density 620kg/m~3) from dilute to fluidized dense-phase.Standard deviation and Shannon entropy were employed to investigate the pressure signal fluctuations.It was found that there is an increase in the values of Shannon entropy and standard deviation for both of the products along the flow direction through the straight pipe sections.However,both the Shannon entropy and standard deviation values tend to decrease after the flow through bend(s).This result could be attributed to the deceleration of particles while flowing through the bends,resulting in dampened particle fluctuation and turbulence.Lower values of Shannon entropy in the early parts of the pipeline could be due to the non-suspension nature of flow(dense-phase),i.e.,there is a higher probability that the particles are concentrated toward the bottom of pipe,compared with dilute-phase or suspension flow(high velocity),where the particles could be expected to be distributed homogenously throughout the pipe bore(as the flow is in suspension).Changes in straight-pipe pneumatic conveying characteristics along the flow direction also indicate a change in the flow regime along the flow.     

Preparation of stable colloidal suspensions of superdisintegrants via wet stirred media milling

Superdisintegrants are cross-linked polymers that can be used as dispersants for fast release of drug nanoparticles from nanocomposite microparticles during in vitro and in vivo dissolution.Currently available superdisintegrant particles have average sizes of approximately 5-130 μm,which are too big for drug nanocomposite applications.Hence,production of stable superdisintegrant suspensions with less than5 μm particles is desirable.Here,we explore the preparation of colloidal suspensions of anionic and nonionic superdisintegrants using a wet stirred media mill and assess their physical stability.Sodium starch glycolate(SSG) and crospovidone(CP) were selected as representative anionic and nonionic superdisintegrants,and hydroxy propyl cellulose(HPC) and sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS) were used as a steric stabilizer and a wetting agent/stabilizer,respectively.Particle sizing,scanning electron microscopy,and zeta potential measurements were used to characterize the suspensions.Colloidal superdisintegrant suspensions were prepared reproducibly.The extensive particle breakage was attributed to the swelling-induced softening in water.SSG suspensions were stable even in the absence of stabilizers,whereas CP suspensions required HPC-SDS for minimizing particle aggregation.These findings were explained by the higher absolute(negative) zeta potential of the suspensions of the anionic superdisintegrant(SSG) as compared with those of the nonionic superdisintegrant(CP).     

Effect of coefficient of restitution in Euler-Euler CFD simulation of fluidized-bed hydrodynamics

Collision between particles plays an important role in determining the hydrodynamic characteristics of gas-solid flow in a fluidized bed.In the present work,earlier work(Loha,Chattopadhyay. Chatterjee,2013) was extended to study the effect of the elasticity of particle collision on the hydrodynamic behavior of a bubbling fluidized bed filled with 530-μm particles.The Eulerian-Eulerian two-fluid model was used to simulate the hydrodynamics of the bubbling fluidized bed.where the solid-phase properties were calculated by applying the kinetic theory of granular flow.To investigate the effect of the elasticity of particle collision,different values of the coefficient of restitution were applied in the simulation and their effects were studied in detail.Simulations were performed for two different solid-phase wall boundary conditions.No bubble formation was observed for perfectly elastic collision.The bubble formation started as soon as the coefficient of restitution was set below 1.0,and the space occupied by bubbles in the bed increased with a decrease in the coefficient of restitution.Simulation results were also compared with experimental data available in the literature,and good agreement was found for coefficients of restitution of 0.95 and 0.99.     

Dynamics of a prey-predator system under Poisson white noise excitation

The classical Lotka-Volterra （LV） model is a well-known mathematical model for prey-predator ecosystems. In the present paper, the pulse-type version of stochastic LV model, in which the effect of a random natural environment has been modeled as Poisson white noise, is in- vestigated by using the stochastic averaging method. The averaged generalized It6 stochastic differential equation and Fokkerlanck-Kolmogorov （FPK） equation are derived for prey-predator ecosystem driven by Poisson white noise. Approximate stationary solution for the averaged generalized FPK equation is obtained by using the perturbation method. The effect of prey self-competition parameter e2s on ecosystem behavior is evaluated. The analytical result is confirmed by corresponding Monte Carlo （MC） simulation.     

Correlation of powder flow properties to interparticle interactions at ambient and high temperatures

A combination of a continuum approach and a particle–particle approach to describe the multi-scale nature of the mechanical properties of bulk solids may be beneficial to scientific and engineering applications. In this paper, a procedure is proposed to estimate the interparticle forces beginning with the bulk flow properties as measured with standardized techniques. In particular, the relationship between interparticle forces and bulk solid tensile strength is adopted based on the microscale approaches of Rumpf(1970) and Molerus(1975). The flow properties of fluid cracking catalyst(FCC), corundum and glass bead powders were all characterized with a modified Schulze ring shear cell capable of operating at temperatures up to 500℃. The powder test conditions were selected such that the van der Waals forces were the most significant particle–particle interactions. The model equations describe two cases, in which either elastic or plastic deformation of the contact points is assumed. The results indicate that the model provides the correct order of magnitude for the values of the tensile strength when proper values for the mean curvature radius at the contact points are taken into account. A sensitivity analysis for the main parameters in the model was performed. This analysis indicated that the assumption of plastic deformation at contact surfaces coupled with a decrease in porosity justified an increase of the tensile strength with consolidation stress. Furthermore, the effect of temperature on the measured flow behavior can be explained as a change in the strength of the material.     

A mild one-step solvothermal route to truncated octahedral magnetite crystals

Perfect truncated octahedral magnetite crystals were successfully synthesized from FeCl_3·6H_2O and poly(acrylic acid)(PAA)in an alkaline ethylene glycol solution via a mild one-step solvothermal process.The structure and morphologies of the obtained products were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction(XRD),Raman spectroscopy,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).The effects of synthetic parameters including reaction temperature,reaction time,and the amount of alkali on the morphological evolution of the truncated octahedral magnetite crystals were systematically explored.160℃ was found to be the optimum temperature for the formation of truncated octahedral magnetite crystals.Below 160 ℃,little magnetite was formed.Above 160 ℃,the truncated octahedrons were gradually transformed into irregular-shaped polyhedrons.Alkali is indispensable in promoting the formation of magnetite at mild temperatures.The truncated octahedral magnetite crystals were found to be ferromagnetic and had a saturation magnetization of about 83 emu/g.