局部扩张动脉管血液振荡流的切应力分布

本文求解局部缓慢扩张动脉管中血液振荡流的基本方程，得到血管内血液的流速与压力梯度的关系。通过导出压力梯度沿局部扩张管轴向的变化特性。建立利用扩张段上游血管均匀段中心流速波形确定局部扩张管中血液流的速度和切应力分布的方法，文章以人体颈动脉余弦扩张为例进行分析。详细讨论了局部扩张对血管壁切应力及其梯度分布的影响。数值结果表明，在与刚性均匀管中管壁切应力沿轴向保持不变不同，在局部扩张段，管壁切应力将随着血管半径的增大而减小，因而管壁切应力梯度一般不为零，甚至在某些位置达到相当大的数值。另外，随着血管扩张程度的增加，管壁切应力还将进一步减小，而且管壁切应力梯度也将进一步增大，血管扩张导致管壁切应力的这些变化将直接影响血管壁的结构和功能，使其产生适应性的变化。     

固体力学学报2002年总目次

扩张皮肤移植后的粘弹性特性 曾衍钧　黄　昆　许传青　章　晶　孙广慈　 (Ⅰ 1)………………轮胎结构分析的一般壳体精化理论 张建武　贾丽萍　束永平　 (Ⅰ 8)………………………………压 剪复合应力波作用下材料动态断裂韧性研究 马　维　段祝平　 (Ⅰ 17)………………………有限变形弹塑性理论及一致性算法 刘学军　李明瑞　黄文彬　 (Ⅰ 2 4 )………………………………一个可考虑结构性影响的土体本构模型 饶为国　赵成刚　王　哲　尤昌龙　 (Ⅰ 34)……………任意段变模量桩纵向振动的解析解 王　腾　王奎华　谢康和　 (Ⅰ…     

自体静脉移植血管的拉伸实验研究

本文考察了自体移植静脉的纵向应力应变关系。将狗股静脉移植于股动脉，在术后不同时间切取移植静脉进行纵向单轴拉伸实验。结果表明，移植静脉的应力－应变曲线比正常静脉靠近应力坐标轴并在术后逐渐向左移动。这显示了移植血管管壁组织在术后的逐渐硬化。     

组织工程瓣的拉伸试验及力学参数的选取

一种全新的组织工程瓣膜的一维拉伸试验是研究其力学性能的基本方法。本文根据生物软组织粘弹性的理论和实验原理提出一维拉伸试验应包括预调、加载、卸载、定伸长下的应力松弛和断裂试验：确定了特征弹性模量E、变形恢复能力P、特征应力松弛速度R8、应力松弛的残值Ek、极限抗拉强度Tu和断裂伸长率λu作为特征参数。试图规范试验方法和试验参数的选取，以利于各种生物膜和组织工程瓣进行力学性能的相互比较。     

表面活性剂流体弹性应力对颗粒沉降的影响

颗粒在粘弹性表面活性剂流体中的沉降问题是复杂固液两相流研究的基础问题。采用实验和数值模拟的方法研究了单颗粒在粘弹性表面活性剂流体中的沉降过程。实验结果表明,粘弹性表面活性剂流体的粘弹性会引起颗粒的终端速度随时间产生波动。Giesekus本构方程可以描述颗粒在表面活性剂流体中沉降的非线性剪切变稀行为和弹性导致的拉伸变形。颗粒在粘弹性表面活性剂流体中沉降时其尾部会出现负尾迹现象,负尾迹区随着松弛时间的增大向下游延伸,表征流体弹性的松弛时间越大,负尾迹区越长。颗粒表面剪切速率大于临界剪切速率时,负尾迹的出现使颗粒在粘弹性表面活性剂流体中沉降所受曳力减小,沉降速度增加;颗粒表面剪切速率小于临界剪切速率时,粘弹性表面活性剂流体负尾迹区的拉伸效应与颗粒表面的弹性应力的共同作用,导致颗粒终端速度随着松弛时间的增加先增大后减小。     

粘弹性材料的变形动力学模型

粘弹性材料的变形动力学模型周建平（长沙国防科技大学，４１００７３）关键词粘弹性，本构关系，内变量，老化１引言许多工程材料，特别是聚合物材料的应力应变关系具有粘弹性特征，使得材料或结构在受力过程中发生蠕变或应力松弛现象．从微观上讲，这种粘弹性变形是由于...     

人的密质骨的力学性能

本文把骨组织看作是一种材料和骨骼系统的粘弹性结构元件,评述了它们的力学性能.首先描述了骨的结构,包括宏观结构、微结构和超微结构.随后是骨的力学性能.第三部分介绍了哈弗氏骨的力学模型.笔者指出,单个哈弗氏骨可考虑为正交铺设的胶原纤维增强的粘弹性厚壁筒.最后讨论了哈弗氏骨的应力-应变关系.显然,简单的弹性关系是不可用于实际的.      

相对吸湿度对尼龙类材料单轴棘轮行为的影响

由于尼龙类材料易于吸收环境中的水分,进而在不同湿度条件下体现出不同的力学特性,因此,本文研究了以尼龙6为典型对象,通过两种相对吸湿度(RHs=0、1.0和2.12%)下的应力控制循环变形实验,研究了相对吸湿度对尼龙类材料的单轴棘轮行为的影响,讨论了不同相对吸湿度和不同峰值应力保持时间（即0、5和10s）下该类材料的棘轮变形特征。实验结果表明：尼龙类材料在非对称应力循环加载过程中产生了明显的棘轮行为,其棘轮变形包括可恢复的粘弹性和不可恢复的粘塑性变形两部分;棘轮应变随着峰值保持时间的增加而增加,体现出明显的时间相关性;相对吸湿度越高,棘轮效应越明显,不可恢复的粘塑性变形所占份额越大。     

Maxwell粘弹性球体的湿应力

谷物烘干时，谷粒内部的热－湿应力太大，可能使谷粒出现裂纹．基于这一实际问题，本文研究了当初始湿度和平衡湿度给定时，Ｍａｘｗｅｌ粘弹性圆球内的湿应力分布，及其随时间的变化情况．     

超高分子量聚乙烯材料的应力松弛研究

采用实验方法研究超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)材料,在不同温度、应变率和初始应变的条件下进行单轴压缩应力松弛实验,得出松弛应力与时间成非线性关系,且温度越高、应变率越大、初始应变越小,则最终稳定的应力值越小的结论．采用时间分数阶粘弹性模型,结合Boltzmann叠加原理推导出UHMWPE材料在整个加载段及松弛段的应力响应函数,并与实验数据最小二乘拟合．结果表明,时间分数阶Scott-Blair模型能很好地描述UHMWPE材料的粘弹性行为．     

Viscoelastic characteristics of expanded skin after grafting

The expanded skin specimens of dogs and their controls at different stages after grafting were studied. The stress-strain, stress-relaxation viscoelastic characteristics and tensile strength were measured. The results show that, during the initial stage after grafting, the biomechanical properties of expanded specimens deviate from those of their controls significantly. But the biomechanical properties of expanded specimens and their controls begin to close gradually in a longer recovering time. And when the recovering time reaches 24 weeks or longer, the experimental specimens exhibit the same mechanical characteristics as their controls. It is shown that viscoelasticity of expansive skin varies with time after grafting. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 10072006).     

带接头在役混凝土电杆受力性能试验研究

为了揭示在役混凝土电杆连接接头的破坏机理和承载性能,进行了6根两类不同杆长、跨中带钢圈接头的混凝土电杆的抗弯承载力试验,通过试验观察了各试件的受力全过程和破坏形态,获取了弯矩-挠度曲线、裂缝宽度-弯矩曲线、刚度退化规律曲线以及极限弯矩等重要指标.对比分析了两种杆长试件的承载力和刚度变化规律,并通过试验拟合,提出了相关刚度退化规律公式.研究结果表明,试件所具有的破坏形态大多为混凝土拉裂、接头钢圈不屈服,破坏具有明显的脆性;截面的平均应变符合平截面假定;杆长较短试件的极限承载力显著大于较长杆长的试件;裂缝宽度-弯矩曲线大致经历了4个阶段:即未开裂阶段、逐渐增长阶段、稳定发展阶段、快速开裂阶段;杆长较短试件的初始弹性刚度以及弹塑性刚度都比较长杆长试件的大;电杆连接接头的相对刚域范围对杆身受力性能具有极大的影响.     

THE EFFECTS OF COD BONE GELATIN ON TRABECULAR MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CANCELLOUS BONE

Osteoporosis is a common clinical complication of post-menopausal women and the elderly and can significantly complicate the severity of bone fragility. The purpose of this study is to investigate how cod bone gelatin administration influences trabecular biomechanical properties after ovariectomy. Both biomechanical properties and trabecular microarchitectures were evaluated for cancellous bone samples from female ovariectomized rats, which were either shamoperated or treated with marine peptide(0.75, 1.5, 3.0, 6.0 g/kg body weight) for 90 days. The results have confirmed that cod bone gelatin treatment is effective in the prevention of mechanical property loss by preserving bone mass and trabecular architecture.     

Papillary networks in the dermal–epidermal junction of skin: A biomechanical model

Complex networks of finger-like protrusions characterize the dermal–epidermal junction of human skin. Although formed during the foetal development, such dermal papillae evolve in adulthood, often in response to a pathological condition. The aim of this work is to investigate the emergence of biaxial papillary networks in skin from a mechanical perspective. For this purpose, we define a biomechanical model taking into account the volumetric growth and the microstructural properties of the dermis and the epidermis. A scalar stream function is introduced to generate incompressible transformations, and used to define a variational formulation of the boundary value elastic problem. We demonstrate that incompatible growth of the layers can induce a bifurcation of the elastic stability driving the formation of dermal papillae. Such an interfacial instability is found to depend both on the geometrical constraints and on the mechanical properties of the skin components. The results provide a mechanical interpretation of skin morphogenesis, with possible applications for micropattern fabrication in soft layered materials.     

老化对PP/SSFs导电复合材料结构及 应力松弛性能的影响

导电高聚物复合材料具有柔性好、导电性可调、容易成型及生产成本低等优点,并具有抗静电、电磁屏蔽/吸波、压力/温度敏感性 等特点,可以作为功能材料在诸多领域应用. 但是在加工、储运和使用过程中,由于多种因素综合影响,不可避免发生老化并导致其性能劣化. 通过熔融共混、注塑成型的方法制备不锈钢短纤维(SSFs)填充聚丙烯(PP)导电复合材料,将其进行加速湿热老化和紫外老化,测定应 力松弛曲线以及松弛条件下电阻率变化规律,通过X射线粉末衍射仪分析老化前后结晶度的变化,借助扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察研究老化前后材 料的微观形貌,并进行能谱(EDS)分析. 研究结果表明,应力松弛曲线有明显的三阶段特征,且湿热老化材料松弛后的应力水平降低. 材料的初始电阻率随填料含量的增加而降低,老化使材料的初始电阻率增大. 由于导电高聚物的压阻效应,使得达到应力松弛起始应力前,即材料在获得特定应力的加载阶段,电阻率随载荷增加显著降低,而在随后 的松弛阶段,材料电阻率则趋于一个稳定值并在较小的范围内波动. SEM/EDS分析结果表明,随着老化时间的延长,试样表面氧元素含量增加,且氧元素含量随距表面深度的增加而减小. XRD分析结果表明,材料的结晶度随填料含量的增加而减小,随老化时间的延长也呈减小趋势. 研究结果可为研究导电高聚物复合材料的老化性能提供实验依据.      

An Experimental–Numerical Methodology for a Rapid Prototyped Application Combined with Finite Element Models in Vertebral Trabecular Bone

In the present study, a novel evaluation method involving rapid prototyped (RP) technology and finite element (FE) analysis was used to study the elastic mechanical characteristics of human vertebral trabecular bone. Three-dimensional (3D) geometries of the RP and FE models were obtained from the central area of vertebral bones of female cadavers, age 70 and 85. RP and FE models were generated from the same high-resolution micro-computed tomography (μCT) scan data. We utilized RP technology along with FE analysis based on μCT for high-resolution vertebral trabecular bone specimens. RP models were used to fabricate complex 3D objects of vertebral trabecular bone that were created in a fused deposition modeling machine. RP models of vertebral trabecular bone are advantageous, particularly considering the repetition, risks, and ethical issues involved in using real bone from cadaveric specimens. A cubic specimen with a side length of 6.5 mm or a cylindrical specimen with a 7 mm diameter and 5 mm length proved better than a universal cubic specimen with a side length of 4 mm for the evaluation of elastic mechanical characteristics of vertebral trabecular bones through experimental and simulated compression tests. The results from the experimental compression tests of RP models closely matched those predicted by the FE models, and thus provided substantive corroboration of all three approaches (experimental tests using RP models and simulated tests using FE models with ABS and trabecular bone material properties). The RP technique combined with FE analysis has potential for widespread biomechanical use, such as the fabrication of dummy human skeleton systems for the investigation of elastic mechanical characteristics of various bones.     

Influence of Storage Duration on Retention of Original Fracture Toughness

Accurate knowledge of bone properties is central in the prediction of failure and the development of injury treatment protocols. Often when bone properties are measured experimentally, bone specimens have to be chemically preserved prior to or during testing. Understanding the effect of the bone preservation method on the material properties is important. Degradation of properties due to preservation methods may lead to incorrect reporting of values of the bone properties. A salient question is, therefore, whether the preservation of bovine cortical bone in ethanol for extended periods of time affects fracture toughness; and if so, whether that affect is reversible. To answer these questions, a three-point bending test set-up was constructed to perform experiments over a period of 9 weeks. A total of 109 specimens of cortical bone of the same orientation were manufactured from the mid-diaphysis of the femur. These specimens were separated into three groups based on location in the femur; namely, medial, lateral, and posterior. The specimens were preserved in ethanol. At the end of each week, a sample of specimens was selected for testing, with the last sample tested after 9 weeks of preservation. It was shown that after 9 weeks of preservation in ethanol, followed by rehydration with physiological saline, the fracture toughness of the specimen was unchanged from that of the control specimen. Omission of rehydration in saline resulted in to an increased fracture toughness of up to 17%.     

聚苯乙烯混凝土动态劈裂实验

利用直径为74mm 的分离式Hopkinson压杆径向冲击巴西圆盘试样,测试了不同聚苯乙烯(expandedpolystyrene, EPS)颗粒粒径、不同体积含量的EPS混凝土的动态拉伸性能。为了保证实验的可靠性, 在试样和入射杆、透射杆之间加上精确设计的垫块,防止试样两端因应力集中而被压碎破坏;通过选择合适的 整形器,保证试样有足够的时间达到应力均匀。并分析了EPS混凝土劈裂破坏形态。实验结果表明:EPS混 凝土的劈裂强度随应力率的增大而增大;在EPS体积含量较低的EPS混凝土中,EPS混凝土的劈裂强度表 现出一定的粒子尺寸效应,随EPS颗粒体积含量的增加,这一现象逐渐消失。     

外支架对移植静脉力学特性的影响

自体静脉移植是动脉粥样硬化等血管阻塞疾病的主要治疗手段之一,但移植静脉重建引起的再狭窄严重影响通畅率。研究表明,静脉和动脉之间几何尺寸与力学性质的不同以及力学环境的差异是吻合口再狭窄的主要原因。在动脉环境下,静脉桥路被严重扩张,桥路的内半径要比宿主动脉的大很多,这不仅大大提高了桥路管壁中的应力水平,而且也促使吻合口附近涡流的形成。管壁中增高的周向应力和由于涡流引起的紊乱的切应力是静脉桥路再狭窄的主要原因。为了提高静脉桥路的通畅率,外支架的技术日益引起人们的重视。外支架除了可以加强静脉桥路壁强度,降低管壁中的周向应力外,还可以消除吻合口附近的涡流,从而起到保护作用。本文将综述外支架保护静脉桥路的研究历史以及目前现状。     

Loading rate and confining pressure effect on dilatancy,acoustic emission,and failure characteristics of fissured rock with two pre-existing flaws

Investigating the dilatancy, acoustic emission and failure characteristics of fissured rock are significant to ensure their geotechnical stability. In this paper, the uniaxial and triaxial compression experiments with AE monitoring under different loading rates were carried out on fissured rock specimens with the same geometrical distribution of two pre-existing flaws. The dilatancy and AE activity of these specimens were discussed, and the effects of the confining pressure and loading rate on the mechanical parameters and failure characteristics were analyzed. The results show that the exponential strength criterion is more suitable than the Mohr–Coulomb strength criterion to characterize the strength characteristics of fissured rock. The crack evolution and failure characteristics of fissured rock specimens are more complicated than those of intact rock specimens. The failure characteristics of the fissured rock follow the tensile shear coalescence model, crack branching occurs with increasing the loading rate, and the multi-section coalescence model is verified with increasing the confining pressure. The phenomena of stress drop and yield platform usually occur after the dilatancy onset, the specimen does not fail instantaneously, and the propagation and coalescence of cracks cause a sharp increase in the AE signals, circumferential strain, and volumetric strain.