抽油杆和油管材料在油田污水介质中的摩擦磨损性能研究

以油田污水作为润滑介质，利用MG-200型高速高温摩擦磨损试验机考察了45“钢抽油杆同表面喷焊不同厚度耐磨涂层的J55油管配副时的摩擦磨损性能，采用扫描电子显微镜观察了抽油杆试样磨损表面形貌．结果表明，在油管试样表面引入适当厚度的喷焊耐磨涂层可以显著提高摩擦副的耐磨性能，并在一定程度上降低摩擦系数，从而有利于减小抽油杆同油管之间的摩擦力，提高抽油杆和油管的使用寿命；45“钢抽油杆试样同J55油管试样配副时主要发生粘着磨损，而同表面涂覆耐磨涂层的J55油管试样配副时粘着磨损明显减轻；J55油管试样在常温和60℃下的磨损率相近，而45“钢抽油杆试样在60℃下的磨损率稍大，这可能是由于60℃下粘着磨损有所加剧并发生轻微腐蚀磨损所致．当耐磨涂层过厚时，其减摩抗磨作用显著减弱，故应当适当控制油管表面耐磨涂层的厚度，以充分发挥其减摩抗磨作用。     

蠕墨铸铁／40Cr配副干摩擦三维表面形貌特征研究

采用探针式三维表面形貌仪考察了销－盘式干磨擦试验条件下蠕墨铸铁度销磨损表面的三维形貌特征。结果表明：度销磨损表面主要呈现犁沟型、孤岛型及二者的混合型３种形貌特征,其中具有孤岛型磨损表面形貌特征的试样的摩擦系数较高,磨损率较低;而具有犁沟型磨损表面形貌特征的试样的摩擦系数最低,磨损率最高,分析表面形貌参数发现：犁沟型表面形貌具有最大的表面高度偏差和表面空隙率及高负值的表面高度分布参数;而孤岛型表面形貌的表面高度偏差和表面空隙率最小,表面高度分布参数为高正值。     

表面粗糙度对UHMWPE微动摩擦磨损性能的影响

采用SRV-4微动摩擦磨损试验机,研究了在干摩擦和水润滑条件下,表面粗糙度对UHMWPE微动摩擦磨损性能的影响.结果表明:干摩擦时,随着UHMWPE表面粗糙度的增加,摩擦系数先降低后升高,比磨损率则单调递增.利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对磨损表面形貌进行分析观测,发现干摩擦时表面粗糙度较小的UHMWPE磨损表面有少量犁沟,并伴随轻微的塑性变形,随着表面粗糙度的增加,摩擦副接触表面间的黏合点增多,黏着磨损加剧,且在对偶钢球的表面形成转移膜.而在水润滑条件下,摩擦系数和比磨损率显著降低,随着表面粗糙度的增加,摩擦系数和比磨损率同干摩擦时的变化趋势一致,磨损以磨粒磨损为主.     

喷丸强化对Cr-Ni-Mo系高强钢的摩擦磨损性能影响

采用喷丸强化对Cr-Ni-Mo系高强钢进行强化处理,利用销盘式摩擦磨损试验机考察了喷丸前后试样的摩擦磨损性能,研究了喷丸强化对Cr-Ni-Mo系高强钢试样的表面形貌、微观结构、显微硬度、残余应力和摩擦磨损特性的影响,进一步揭示了销盘接触摩擦过程中喷丸处理的强化机理.结果表明：喷丸强化在材料表层形成了塑性变形层并产生了位错区域,但提高了表面粗糙度;随着喷丸气压和覆盖率的增加,试样的表层显微硬度和表面残余压应力值显著提高;同时,喷丸试样表面形成的冲击弹坑改善了接触界面润滑效果,喷丸试样的摩擦系数由未处理试样的0.073最大降至0.023,其磨损率由1.25×10^-5 mm³/(N·m)最大降至0.81×10^-5 mm³/(N·m),平均摩擦系数最大降低68.49%,磨损率最大降低了35.20%;此外,原始试样的磨损机理为犁沟,喷丸试样主要为犁沟、氧化磨损和黏结磨损.     

炭纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料/N80钢摩擦学性能研究

利用MG-200型摩擦磨损试验机研究了炭纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料/N80钢的摩擦学性能,考察了介质温度对摩擦学性能的影响;用扫描电子显微镜分析了磨损表面形貌.结果表明:在干摩擦条件下,炭纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料与N80钢对摩时的摩擦系数较低,炭纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料的磨损主要表现为树脂基体脱落碳化和炭纤维的折断剥落,偶件钢环则呈现明显的磨粒磨损特征;在油井产出液润滑下炭纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料的磨损率较低,摩擦系数和磨损率随着润滑介质温度的升高而增大,偶件钢环则呈现明显的磨粒磨损和腐蚀磨损特征.     

30CrMnSiNi2A钢干滑动摩擦磨损特性研究

利用销盘高速干滑动摩擦磨损试验机,对30Cr Mn Si Ni2A低合金超高强度钢的摩擦磨损性能进行了研究,应用JSM-6390A型扫描电子显微镜和X-衍射方法对摩擦磨损表面进行观察,表征其摩擦表面的微观形貌、摩擦磨损产生的磨屑以及由于摩擦产热而引起的氧化物,进而推断出磨损机制.结果表明:摩擦系数随速度和载荷的增大而减少,其速度是影响摩擦系数的主要因素;在摩擦初期当摩擦系数快速下降时,摩擦表面温度急剧增加,当达到一定数值后二者都形成一个动态的平衡;随着速度和载荷增大,磨损机理主要由氧化磨损转变为剥落、塑性变形、犁沟以及黏着磨损,且磨损表层的氧化物由Fe O转变为Fe_3O_4和Fe_2O_3,当出现Fe_2O_3氧化物时,磨损率急剧升高.     

炭纤维增强铜基复合材料摩擦磨损性能同其磨损表面形貌相关性研究

考察了炭纤维增强铜基复合材料的摩擦磨损性能,利用扫描电子显微镜、电子探针X射线显微分析仪和表面轮廓测试仪等观察分析了复合材料磨损表面形貌和元素组成.结果表明,复合材料摩擦磨损性能及其磨损表面形貌与粗糙度同载荷及滑动速度密切相关,当载荷和速度小于某一临界值时,复合材料同钢对摩时的摩擦系数和磨损率均较小,而当载荷和速度超过临界值时,复合材料的摩擦系数和磨损率均大幅增大,复合材料磨损表面形成了由C、Cu和Fe等元素组成的固体润滑和防护薄膜,使得其在干摩擦条件下同钢对摩时的摩擦系数和磨损率均较低.     

油润滑条件下弹性金属塑料复合材料的摩擦磨损特性研究

在MPA－2000型盘销式摩擦磨损试验机上评价了油润滑条件下弹性金属塑料复合材料与钢对摩时的摩擦学特性,用扫描电子显微镜观察试样磨损表面形貌并分析其摩损机理,并在试验基础上建立了弹性金属塑料材料与钢对摩时的等摩损率图。结果表明：在低载荷条件下摩擦系数较高,随着载荷数升高摩擦系数降低;当滑动速度小于3．52m/s时,摩擦系数基于稳定在0．030;弹性金属塑料材料的磨损率随滑动速度和载葆的升高而增加,结合等磨损率图分析发现,当载荷小于1515N而滑动速度小于3．52m/s时,弹性金属塑料复合材料的磨损率相对较低;当滑动速度泪地3．52m/s时,弹性金属材料的磨损机理以微切削、挤压变形和犁沟磨损为主,在摩擦副两表面形成转移－依附物;当滑动速度为5．24m/s时,弹性金属塑料材料的磨损以表层软化和熔融为主要特征,所建立的等磨损率图对弹性金属塑料材料的使用有一定的指导作用。     

Cu-Al-Mn相变合金对树脂基摩擦材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

将Cu-11.9Al-2.5Mn相变合金粉以20%,30%和40%的质量百分数掺入到酚醛树脂基摩擦材料中,采用摩擦试验机测试试样的摩擦系数和磨损率,利用扫描电镜观察试样的磨损表面,并比较分析了相变合金粉对试样摩擦和磨损性能的影响.结果表明:与未掺相变合金粉的试样相比,掺入合金粉后,试样的热衰退程度大大降低,盘温为350℃时摩擦系数反而略有升高.此现象应与Cu-11.9Al-2.5Mn合金发生逆马氏体相变,吸收摩擦热,延缓温度上升有关.当掺入比例为30%时,摩擦系数稳定性最好.随着掺入比例的提高,磨损率上升.当掺入比例提高至40%时,由于树脂相对量减小,使合金颗粒与基体的结合性能变差,合金颗粒脱落量增大,磨损率在350℃时剧增.     

无压浸渗SiC/Al复合材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

采用无压浸渗法制备不同碳化硅粒度和体积分数的SiC/Al复合材料,利用销-盘摩擦磨损试验机考察了碳化硅的粒度和体积分数等对SiC/Al复合材料干摩擦磨损性能的影响,采用扫描电子显微镜观察磨损表面形貌并分析其磨损机理.结果表明,SiC/Al复合材料的磨损率随碳化硅体积分数增加而降低.与灰铸铁配副时,材料的摩擦系数与磨损率明显依赖于碳化硅粒度,二者均随碳化硅粒度增加而降低.复合材料的磨损机制以碳化硅颗粒的碎裂、脱落和表面犁沟为主要特征.     

双炔酸聚合LB膜结构及其摩擦磨损行为研究

采用垂直提拉法将单层双炔酸膜转移到云母基片上,同时将13层双炔酸膜转移到经过亲水处理的单晶硅片和石英片上,使双炔酸在紫外光照射下发生拓扑聚合制备双炔酸聚合LB膜,并对双炔酸和经紫外光照射后聚合双炔酸LB膜的结构及摩擦磨损特性进行研究.结果表明:双炔酸在可见区无吸收峰,但经紫外光照射后因双炔酸聚合后形成的共轭大π键在可见区出现了吸收峰;双炔酸LB膜均匀平整,厚度约为3.5 nm,聚合后其结构发生变化,厚度降至约1.5 nm;而聚合后双炔酸LB膜的减摩性能基本保持不变,聚合前后双炔酸LB膜的摩擦系数不随载荷而变化,符合阿芒顿定律,其抗磨特性得到明显提高;磨痕结果充分表明聚合双炔酸耐磨性能较好.     

弹性与弹塑性问题的有限元与边界元耦合解法

本文提出了一种新的弹性与弹塑性问题的对称耦合解法。根据分区广义变分原理,直接导出问题的求解方程式。通过典型算例,验证了该方法的有效性,本文建议的方法与超单元形式的耦合法相比,在理论上比较直接,在计算上更为经济。     

科学的统一性与力学的范围地位和方向

综述科学的统一性和统一性所决定的科学发展的方向,并从科学统一性的观战简评力不的范围,它在科学上的地位,影响和今后发展的方向。．     

Fundamental properties of elasto-plastic matrix and existence and uniqueness of elasto-plastic stress and displacement

Based on the assumption that the yield criterionF(,)=0 is a differentiable surface in stress space and by starting from a specially defined real Euclidean space, the fundamental properties of the elasto-plastic matrix in the incremental theory of plasticity is discussed in detail. By using these results, a convex analysis is made to prove the existence and uniqueness of 1) the distribution of incremental elasto-plastic stress for work-hardening materrials; 2) the displacement distribution for work-hardening materials. Material isotropy is assumed in all discussions of relevant problems.     

Probability of random events of inspection and repair and maintaining reliability of structures

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涡旋波流场的涡量测试与计算及特征参数的影响

从实验和模拟计算两个方面,对涡旋波流场的速度矢量图和涡量进行了定量测试和综合分析,并对涡旋波流动与其特征影响参数之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明:涡旋波流动只在二维层流状态下产生,涡旋波形成后,Re数对旋涡尺寸的影响较小,涡量随Re数的增大而增大,但涡量不随时间的增加而单调增加。随着St数的减小,旋涡尺寸明显增大,涡量却随之减小。本文也对不同槽道内的涡旋波流场进行了数值模拟计算,进而确定了涡旋波流场的形成条件。     

Pressure and velocity of air during drying and storage of cereal grains

A common method of drying cereal grains is to ventilate a large static mass of grain with an even flow of air at near ambient temperature. After the grain has been dried it is often stored in the same container and kept cool by aeration with a lower velocity of air than is used in drying. To analyse the airflow through this mass of grain a nonlinear momentum equation for flow through porous media is used where the resistance to flow is a + b ¦ν¦. This equation, together with the assumption that the air is incompressible, defines the problem which is solved numerically, using the finite element method, and the results compared with experimental values. The small parameter ε = bν _r /a, where ν _r is the velocity scale, is used in a perturbation analysis to examine the nonlinear effects of the resistance on the airflow. When ε = 0 the equations reduce to those for potential flow, while for small values of ε there are first-order corrections to the pressure p ₁ and the stream function χ ₁. The nonlinear problem is simplified by changing to curvilinear coordinates (s, t) where s is constant on the potential flow isobars while t is constant on the streamlines. General conclusions are derived for p ₁ and χ ₁, for example that they depend on the curvature of the potential flow solution with a large curvature of the isobars leading to larger values of p ₁ and similarly for the streamlines. The potential flow solution p ₀ and the first order solution p ₀ + εp ₁ are close to the solution of the full nonlinear problem when ε is small. To illustrate this for a typical grain storage problem, the solution p ₀ is shown to be very close to the finite element solution (with a difference of less than 1%) when ε < 0.03 while for the first order solution p ₀ + εp ₁ the difference is less than 1% when ε < 0.1.     

Theoretical prediction of stiffness and strength of three-dimensional and four-directional braided composites

Based on unit cell model, the 3D 4-directional braided composites can be simplified as unidirectional composites with different local axial coordinate system and the compliance matrix of unidirectional composites can be defined utilizing the bridge model. The total stiffness matrix of braided composites can be obtained by the volume average stiffness of unidirectional composites with different local axial coordinate system and the engineering elastic constants of braided composites were computed further. Based on the iso-strain assumption and the bridge model, the stress distribution of fiber bundle and matrix of different unidirectional composites can be determined and the tensile strength of 3D 4-directional braided composites was predicted by means of the Hoffman＇s failure criterion for the fiber bundle and Mises＇ failure criterion for the matrix.     

Measurement of rheological and ultrasonic properties of food and synthetic polymer melts

A slit die viscometer has been used in conjunction with a co-rotating twin screw extruder to study the rheological behaviour of maize grits, potato powder and low density polyethylene, as a function of feed rate, screw speed and temperature. The shear viscosity of both maize and potato decreased with increasing feed rate. Increasing the temperature or screw speed at any given feed rate also reduced the viscosity. The ultrasonic velocity through the material has also been shown to be sensitive to the extruder operating conditions. Overall, the ultrasonic velocity decreased as screw speed and temperature increased and feed rate decreased.