Computation of unsteady transonic flow over a fighter wing using a zonal Navier–Stokes/full‐potential method

An improved hybrid method for computing unsteady compressible viscous flows is presented. This method divides the computational domain into two zones. In the inner zone, the Navier–Stokes equations are solved using a diagonal form of an alternating‐direction implicit (ADI) approximate factorisation procedure. In the outer zone, the unsteady full‐potential equation (FPE) is solved. The two zones are tightly coupled so that steady and unsteady flows may be efficiently solved. Characteristic‐based viscous/inviscid interface boundary conditions are employed to avoid spurious reflections at that interface. The resulting CPU times are about 60% of the full Navier–Stokes CPU times for unsteady flows in non‐vector processing machines. Applications of the method are presented for a F‐5 wing in steady and unsteady transonic flows. Steady surface pressures are in very good agreement with experimental data and are essentially identical to the full Navier–Stokes predictions. Density contours show that shocks cross the viscous/inviscid interface smoothly, so that the accuracy of full Navier–Stokes equations can be retained with significant savings in computational time. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Artificial eigenmodes in truncated flow domains

Whenever linear eigenmodes of open flows are computed on a numerical domain that is truncated in the streamwise direction, artificial boundary conditions may give rise to spurious pressure signals that are capable of providing unwanted perturbation feedback to upstream locations. The manifestation of such feedback in the eigenmode spectrum is analysed here for two simple configurations. First, explicitly prescribed feedback in a Ginzburg–Landau model is shown to produce a spurious eigenmode branch, named the ‘arc branch’, that strongly resembles a characteristic family of eigenmodes typically present in open shear flow calculations. Second, corresponding mode branches in the global spectrum of an incompressible parallel jet in a truncated domain are examined. It is demonstrated that these eigenmodes of the numerical model depend on the presence of spurious forcing of a local \(k^+\) instability wave at the inflow, caused by pressure signals that appear to be generated at the outflow. Multiple local \(k^+\) branches result in multiple global eigenmode branches. For the particular boundary treatment chosen here, the strength of the pressure feedback from the outflow towards the inflow boundary is found to decay with the cube of the numerical domain length. It is concluded that arc branch eigenmodes are artefacts of domain truncation, with limited value for physical analysis. It is demonstrated, for the example of a non-parallel jet, how spurious feedback may be reduced by an absorbing layer near the outflow boundary.     

ANALYSIS/DESIGN CALCULATIONS OF TRANSONIC FLOWS

SUMMARY

Analysis/design calculations of transonic flow are discussed and several improvements are made. The nonisentropic potential method is used to calculate the inviscid transonic flow analysis problem instead of the traditional potential method. An inverse integral 3D boundary layer method is used to calculate the boundary layer in the viscous transonic flow analysis problem. The viscous/inviscid interaction calculations are carried out by a semi-inverse coupling scheme. In design problem calculations, an improved residual-correction method is used. Three individual methods are combined in a global algorithm and computing code. The improvements speed up the convergence, increase applicability and computational efficiency. Some numerical results are given to illustrate that the present method provides an effective engineering tool of high accuracy and efficiency in three dimensional transonic analysis and design situations.     

Existence and Stability of Multidimensional Transonic Flows through an Infinite Nozzle of Arbitrary Cross-Sections

We establish the existence and stability of multidimensional steady transonic flows with transonic shocks through an infinite nozzle of arbitrary cross-sections, including a slowly varying de Laval nozzle. The transonic flow is governed by the inviscid potential flow equation with supersonic upstream flow at the entrance, uniform subsonic downstream flow at the exit at infinity, and the slip boundary condition on the nozzle boundary. Our results indicate that, if the supersonic upstream flow at the entrance is sufficiently close to a uniform flow, there exists a solution that consists of a C ^1,α subsonic flow in the unbounded downstream region, converging to a uniform velocity state at infinity, and a C ^1,α multidimensional transonic shock separating the subsonic flow from the supersonic upstream flow; the uniform velocity state at the exit at infinity in the downstream direction is uniquely determined by the supersonic upstream flow; and the shock is orthogonal to the nozzle boundary at every point of their intersection. In order to construct such a transonic flow, we reformulate the multidimensional transonic nozzle problem into a free boundary problem for the subsonic phase, in which the equation is elliptic and the free boundary is a transonic shock. The free boundary conditions are determined by the Rankine–Hugoniot conditions along the shock. We further develop a nonlinear iteration approach and employ its advantages to deal with such a free boundary problem in the unbounded domain. We also prove that the transonic flow with a transonic shock is unique and stable with respect to the nozzle boundary and the smooth supersonic upstream flow at the entrance.     

Conditions aux limites absorbantes sur des frontières libres

To ensure the exit of vortices from an open computational domain, new boundary conditions for compressible Navier–Stokes equations, called ‘absorbing conditions’, are introduced. They use a layer around computational domain which eliminates nonphysical perturbations. They are compared to three kinds of boundary conditions based on characteristic relations. Computations of two test cases show the best behaviours of the new boundary conditions. These last ones involve a very small perturbation and can be used to solve aeroacoustic problems.     

通用有限元系统实现无限域波动仿真方法

在有限元模型中加入人工边界,可以进行无限域波动仿真。本文将介绍一种改进的Higdon人工边界,并通过适当的变换形式,将其在通用有限元软件上实现。最后通过数值实验验证了这种方法具有良好的稳定性和计算精度,并且实施简单方便,其他人工边界条件可参照本文方法,通过变换形式在通用有限元程序中实现。     

Nonreflecting boundary conditions based on nonlinear multidimensional characteristics

Nonlinear characteristic boundary conditions based on nonlinear multidimensional characteristics are proposed for 2‐ and 3‐D compressible Navier–Stokes equations with/without scalar transport equations. This approach is consistent with the flow physics and transport properties. Based on the theory of characteristics, which is a rigorous mathematical technique, multidimensional flows can be decomposed into acoustic, entropy, and vorticity waves. Nonreflecting boundary conditions are derived by setting corresponding characteristic variables of incoming waves to zero and by partially damping the source terms of the incoming acoustic waves. In order to obtain the resulting optimal damping coefficient, analysis is performed for problems of pure acoustic plane wave propagation and arbitrary flows. The proposed boundary conditions are tested on two benchmark problems: cylindrical acoustic wave propagation and the wake flow behind a cylinder with strong periodic vortex convected out of the computational domain. This new approach substantially minimizes the spurious wave reflections of pressure, density, temperature, and velocity as well as vorticity from the artificial boundaries, where strong multidimensional flow effects exist. The numerical simulations yield accurate results, confirm the optimal damping coefficient obtained from analysis, and verify that the method substantially improves the 1‐D characteristics‐based nonreflecting boundary conditions for complex multidimensional flows. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Toward low‐noise synthetic turbulent inflow conditions for aeroacoustic calculations

The accuracy of boundary conditions for computational aeroacoustics is a well‐known challenge, due in part to the necessity of truncating the flow domain and replacing the analytical boundary conditions at infinity with numerical boundary conditions. In particular, the inflow boundary condition involving turbulent velocity or scalar fields is likely to introduce spurious waves into the domain, therefore degrading the flow behavior and deteriorating the physical acoustic waves. In this work, a method to generate low‐noise, divergence‐free, synthetic turbulence for inflow boundary conditions is proposed. It relies on the classical view of turbulence as a superposition of random eddies convected with the mean flow. Within the proposed model, the vector potential and the requirement that the individual eddies must satisfy the linearized momentum equations about the mean flow are used. The model is tested using isolated eddies convected through the inflow boundary and an experimental benchmark data for spatially decaying isotropic turbulence. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A local domain‐free discretization method to simulate three‐dimensional compressible inviscid flows

In this paper, the domain‐free discretization method (DFD) is extended to simulate the three‐dimensional compressible inviscid flows governed by Euler equations. The discretization strategy of DFD is that the discrete form of governing equations at an interior point may involve some points outside the solution domain. The functional values at the exterior‐dependent points are updated at each time step by extrapolation along the wall normal direction in conjunction with the wall boundary conditions and the simplified momentum equation in the vicinity of the wall. Spatial discretization is achieved with the help of the finite element Galerkin approximation. The concept of ‘osculating plane’ is adopted, with which the local DFD can be easily implemented for the three‐dimensional case. Geometry‐adaptive tetrahedral mesh is employed for three‐dimensional calculations. Finally, we validate the DFD method for three‐dimensional compressible inviscid flow simulations by computing transonic flows over the ONERA M6 wing. Comparison with the reference experimental data and numerical results on boundary‐conforming grid was displayed and the results show that the present DFD results compare very well with the reference data. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Entrainment Boundary Conditions for Free Shear Flows

In this paper the performance of different free stream boundary conditions has been investigated. By performing two dimensional free jet calculations, a test case for which an analytical solution is available, it has been shown that boundary conditions in which the pressure is prescribed perform significantly better than boundary conditions in which the velocity is prescribed. Furthermore, it has been shown that pressure boundary conditions allow for much smaller computational domains than velocity (free-slip) boundary conditions.     

横观各向同性介质中弹性波的吸收边界条件

在数值求解固体中的弹性波动问题时，常需引入吸收边界条件来限制大范围或无边界的求解区域，使数值计算得以顺利进行。本文通过合成简单的一阶偏微分算子，给出了横观各向同性介质中弹性波的吸收边界条件，其中每个单一的算子均可完全吸收沿某一角度出射的平面波。文中还基于弹性波的势函数理论，导出了准Ｐ波和准Ｓ波在吸收边界处的反射系数公式，用以检验其吸收能力。本文所给出的吸收条件，形式简单，且算例表明吸收效果良好，因     

Seismic propagation simulation in complex media with non-rectangular irregular-grid finite-difference

This paper presents a finite-difference (FD) method with spatially non-rectangular irregular grids to simulate the elastic wave propagation. Staggered irregular grid finite difference operators with a second-order time and spatial accuracy are used to approximate the velocity-stress elastic wave equations. This method is very simple and the cost of computing time is not much. Complicated geometries like curved thin layers, cased borehole and nonplanar interfaces may be treated with nonrectangular irregular grids in a more flexible way. Unlike the multi-grid scheme, this method requires no interpolation between the fine and coarse grids and all grids are computed at the same spatial iteration. Compared with the rectangular irregular grid FD, the spurious diffractions from “staircase” interfaces can easily be eliminated without using finer grids. Dispersion and stability conditions of the proposed method can be established in a similar form as for the rectangular irregular grid scheme. The Higdon‘s absorbing boundary condition is adopted to eliminate boundary reflections. Numerical simulations show that this method has satisfactory stability and accuracy in simulating wave propagation near rough solid-fluid interfaces. The computation costs are less than those using a regular grid and rectangular grid FD method.     

The influence of normal flow boundary conditions on spurious modes in finite element solutions to the shallow water equations

Finite element solutions of the primitive equation (PE) form of the shallow water equations are notorious for the severe spurious 2Δx modes which appear. Wave equation (WE) solutions do not exhibit these numerical modes. In this paper we show that the severe spurious modes in PE solutions are strongly influenced by essential normal flow boundary conditions in the coupled continuity-momentum system of equations. This is demonstrated through numerical examples that avoid the use of essential normal flow boundary conditions either by specifying elevation values over the entire boundary or by implementing natural flow boundary conditions in the weak weighted residual form of the continuity equation. Results from a series of convergence tests show that PE solutions are of nearly the same quality as WE solutions when spurious modes are suppressed by alternative specification of the boundary conditions. Network intercomparisons indicate that varying nodal support does not excite spurious modes in a solution, although it does enhance the spurious modes introduced when an essential normal flow boundary condition is used. Dispersion analysis of discrete equations for interior and boundary nodes offers an explanation of the observed solution behaviour. For certain PE algorithms a mixed situation can arise where the boundary nodes exhibit a monotonic (noise-free) dispersion relationship and the interior nodes exhibit a folded (noisy) dispersion relationship. We have found that the mixed situation occurs when all boundary nodes are specified elevation nodes (which are enforced as essential conditions in the continuity equation) or when specified flow boundary nodes are treated as natural boundary conditions in the continuity equation. In either case the effect is to generate a solution that is essentially free of noise. Apparently, the monotonic dispersion behaviour at the boundaries suppresses the otherwise noisy behaviour caused by the folded dispersion relation on the interior.     

多次透射公式在波动数值模拟中的一种实现方案

将一种常用的吸收边界条件─多次透射公式合并于紧接人工边界的内节点控制方程给出了该公式的一个新的实现方案.该方案较之原实现方案不仅收缩了计算区、改进了边界的模拟精度,而且揭示了该公式截断误差的阶数与大区域数值解之间的关系,阐明了提高吸收边界的精度阶对改进波动数值模拟精度的局限性.通过数值试验比较了新方案、原方案及Givoli-Neta吸收边界条件的在人工边界上的精度,结果表明前者优于后二者.     

A comparative study of lattice Boltzmann methods using bounce‐back schemes and immersed boundary ones for flow acoustic problems

In order to find applicable treatments of moving boundary conditions based on the lattice Boltzmann method in flow acoustic problems, three bounce‐back (BB) methods and four kinds of immersed boundary (IB) methods are compared. We focused on fluid–solid boundary conditions for flow acoustic problems especially the simulations of sound waves from moving boundaries. BB methods include link bounce‐back, interpolation bounce‐back and unified interpolation bounce‐back methods. Five IB methods are explicit and implicit direct‐forcing (Explicit‐IB and Implicit‐IB), two kinds of partially saturated computational methods and ghost fluid method. In order to reduce the spurious pressure generated by the fresh grid node changing from solid domain to fluid domain for BB methods and sharp IB methods, we proposed two new kinds of treatments and compared them with two existing ones. Simulations of the benchmark problems prove that the local evolutionary iteration (LI) is the best one in treatments of the fresh nodes. In addition, for standing boundary problems, although BB methods have a little higher accuracy, all the methods have similar accuracy. However, for moving boundary problems, IB methods are more appropriate than BB methods, because IB methods' smooth interpolation of pressure eld produces less disturbing spurious pressure waves. With improved treatments of fresh nodes, BB methods are also acceptable for moving boundary acoustic problems. In comparative tests in respective type, unified interpolation bounce‐back with LI, Implicit‐IB, and ghost fluid with LI are the best choices. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Absorbing boundary conditions for elastic waves in transversely isotropic media

In the numerical simulation of elastic wave propagation in the solid, it is essential to introduce absorbing boundary conditions to limit the large or unbounded domain of computation. In this paper, the absorbing boundaries for transversely isotropic media are composed of simple first-order partial differential operators, and each of the operators can perfectly absorb a plane wave outgoing at a certain angle. To test the absorbing ability, the reflection coefficient formulas for the quasi-P and quasi-S wave on the absorbing boundary are derived based on the potential functions theory of the elastic wave. Numerical examples show that the absorbing effect is good. The boundary conditions given here have a practical meaning.Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

Global volume conservation in unsteady free surface flows with energy absorbing far‐end boundaries

A wave absorption filter for the far‐end boundary of semi‐infinite large reservoirs is developed for numerical simulation of unsteady free surface flows. Mathematical model is based on finite volume solution of the Navier–Stokes equations and depth‐integrated continuity equation to track the free surface. The Sommerfeld boundary condition is applied at the far‐end of the truncated computational domain. A dissipation zone is formed by applying artificial pressure on water surface to dissipate the kinetic energy of the outgoing waves. The computational scheme is tested to verify the conservation of total fluid volume in the domain for long simulation durations. Combination of the Sommerfeld boundary and dissipation zone can effectively minimize reflections and prevent cumulative changes in total fluid volume in the domain. Solitary wave, nonlinear periodic waves and irregular waves are simulated to illustrate the numerical developments. Earthquake excited surface waves and nonlinear hydrodynamic pressures in a dam–reservoir are computed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Assessment of global linear stability analysis using a time‐stepping approach for compressible flows

Global linear stability analysis combined with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is considered useful for understanding the physics of fluid flows. However, the numerical techniques of global linear stability analysis for compressible flows have not been well established in comparison with those for incompressible flows. In this study, we develop and assess a set of appropriate numerical techniques required to conduct a global linear stability analysis for compressible flows. For the eigensystem analysis, the Arnoldi method combined with time integration is in effect to preserve the memory (RAM) size of the computer. The compact difference scheme is used for the CFD analysis from the viewpoints of computing accurate global modes and saving memory by reducing the number of grid points to obtain the necessary spatial resolution. To assess the proposed method, two‐dimensional compressible flow problems, including regularized cavity flow, flow around a square cylinder, and the compressible mixing layer, are analyzed, and it is confirmed that the proposed method can obtain accurate mode shapes, growth rate, and frequency of the corresponding global modes. In addition, influences and an appropriate formulation of the outflow boundary conditions are investigated. Results reveal that the outflow boundary causes spurious unstable modes in the global linear stability analysis, and the radiation and outflow boundary condition and the extension of the computational domain with grid stretching keep the spurious unstable modes to a minimum. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Non-reflecting boundary conditions applicable to general purpose CFD simulators

In simulations of propagating blast waves the effects of artificial reflections at open boundaries can seriously degrade the accuracy of the computations. In this paper, a boundary condition based on a local approximation by a plane traveling wave is presented. The method yields small artificial reflections at open boundaries. The derivation and the theory behind these so-called plane-wave boundary conditions are presented. The method is conceptually simple and is easy to implement in two and three dimensions. These non-reflecting boundary conditions are employed in the three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver FLACS, capable of simulating gas explosions and blast-wave propagation in complex geometries. Several examples involving propagating waves in one and two dimensions, shock tube and an example of a simulation of a propagating blast wave generated by an explosion in a compressor module are shown. The numerical simulations show that artificial reflections due to the boundary conditions employed are negligible. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.