页岩水力压裂的关键力学问题

页岩气是指以吸附和游离时而还有流体相的形态状态赋存于泥页岩中的非常规天然气。页岩气开采成为我国绿色能源开发的新领域。尽管北美页岩气革命取得了成功,但目前仍仅有预期产量5~15%的油气采收率,问题出在什么地方？水力压裂被认为是提高采收率的关键一环,但水力压裂过程中复杂缝网的形成和力学控制机理尚不清楚,这给力学家提出了巨大的挑战和机遇。结合本课题组近期研究成果,本文从理论、计算和实验三个方面对页岩水力压裂中的关键基础力学问题进行介绍和总结。主要内容包括发展页岩人工裂缝扩展的大型物理模型实验,建立页岩本构模型和断裂力学理论,发展耦合断裂力学和流体力学的裂缝网扩展数值模拟方法。页岩水力压裂研究对发展断裂力学的实验技术、理论模型和数值模拟方法起到推动作用,对提高我国页岩气高效开采技术具有重要意义。     

Three-dimensional analysis of reinforced concrete frames based on lumped damage mechanics

This paper presents a general formulation for the analysis of reinforced concrete frames. The model has been developed within the framework of lumped damage mechanics. This is a theory based on the methods of continuum damage mechanics, fracture mechanics and the concept of plastic hinge. The paper also describes the numerical implementation of the model in the finite element programs. The model is evaluated by the numerical simulation of three tests reported in the literature. Two of them deal with a column subjected to variable axial loads and biaxial flexure. The third is a two-story three-dimensional frame subjected to earthquake loadings outside the principal directions of the frame.     

Atomistic/continuum simulation of interfacial fracture Part II: Atomistic/dislocation/continuum simulation

Coupled atomistic/dislocation/continuum simulation of interfacial fracture is performed in this paper. The model consists of a nanoscopic core made by atomistic assembly and a surrounding elastic continuum with discrete dislocations. Atomistic dislocations nucleate from the crack tip and move to the continuum layer where they glide according to the dislocation dynamics curve. An atoms/continuum averlapping belt is devised to facilitate the transition between the two scales. The continuum constraint on the atomic assembly is imposed through the mechanics atmosphere along the overlapping belt. Transmissions of mechanics parameters such as displacements, stresses, masses and momenta across the belt are realized. The present model allows us to explore interfacial fracture processes under different mode mixity. The effect of atomistic zigzag interface on the fracture process is revealed: it hinders dislocation emission from the crack tip, especially under high mode mixity. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

Breakup of spherical vesicles caused by spontaneous curvature change

We present our theoretical analysis and coarsegrained molecular dynamics (CGMD) simulation results to describe the mechanics of breakup of spherical vesicles driven by changes in spontaneous curvature. Systematic CGMD simulations reveal the phase diagrams for the breakup and show richness in breakup morphologies. A theoretical model based on Griffith fracture mechanics is developed and used to predict the breakup condition.     

Fracture mechanics at work in a steelmaking and engineering environment

An overview of fracture mechanics within the Research Division of a large international steel and engineering company is given. Fracture mechanics principles have been utilized to assess materials performance, structural integrity and component design. Examples are given of the applicability of these principles to steel making support activities and product usage in order to demonstrate the range and value of applications for fracture mechanics.     

THE FATIGUE CONSTITUTIVE MODEL OF CONCRETE BASED ON MICRO-MESO MECHANICS

该文致力于混凝土疲劳损伤发展机理的微细观解释. 以速率过程理论为基础,通过考虑裂纹断裂过程区中的水分子动力作用,在细观尺度上建立了具有物理机理的疲劳损伤能量耗散表达式. 结合细观随机断裂模型,以宏观损伤力学为框架,建立了疲劳损伤演化方程. 通过数值模拟,计算了单轴受拉时的疲劳损伤演化以及不同加载幅度下的疲劳寿命. 与相关试验结果的对比显示出该文模型能够很好地表现混凝土材料的疲劳损伤演化过程.     

基于微-细观机理的混凝土疲劳损伤本构模型

该文致力于混凝土疲劳损伤发展机理的微细观解释. 以速率过程理论为基础,通过考虑裂纹断裂过程区中的水分子动力作用,在细观尺度上建立了具有物理机理的疲劳损伤能量耗散表达式. 结合细观随机断裂模型,以宏观损伤力学为框架,建立了疲劳损伤演化方程. 通过数值模拟,计算了单轴受拉时的疲劳损伤演化以及不同加载幅度下的疲劳寿命. 与相关试验结果的对比显示出该文模型能够很好地表现混凝土材料的疲劳损伤演化过程.      

A model of fracture in reinforced concrete arches based on lumped damage mechanics

A simplified model of cracking and damage in RC circular elements is proposed. The model can be used for the structural assessment of arches and rings. The constitutive equations are based on lumped damage mechanics which is an adaptation of fracture and continuum damage mechanics to the theory of frames with plastic hinges. An arch element is assumed to be the assemblage of an elastic circular component and two inelastic hinges where the main inelastic effects, plastic yielding of the longitudinal reinforcement and concrete cracking, are concentrated. Deformations in the elastic part are assumed to be small but the model may include some geometrically nonlinear effects due to large displacements or rotations of the hinges. The numerical examples presented in the paper show that the model describes correctly the global behavior of two structures including the softening phase.     

裂缝性低渗透油藏流固耦合渗流分析

在低渗透油田的开发过程中，油藏流体渗流和储层岩土之间存在明显的耦合作用。本文首先研究给出了低渗裂缝性储层孔渗参数的等效方法，然后将渗流力学和岩土力学相结合，给出了低渗透裂缝性储层流固耦合渗流的数学模型，该模型不仅可以反映基质孔渗参数在开发中的变化，而且更能反映裂缝开度变化所引起的渗透率变化，而这对于低渗透裂缝性油田而言十分重要。最后对一实际井网进行了流固耦合油藏数值模拟，给出了开发过程中孔渗参数的变化及其耦合效应对油田开发的影响．     

单轴拉伸条件下脆性岩石微裂纹损伤模型研究

利用断裂力学、损伤力学和均匀化原理,对脆性岩石单轴拉伸条件下的力学特性进行分析,建立了脆性岩石的微裂纹损伤本构模型.首先对岩石内部微裂纹的统计分布规律进行分析,给出了理论分析过程中微裂纹分布的假设条件,在此基础上,参考已有研究成果,得到含细长微裂纹脆性岩石有效弹性参数的计算公式.然后,对岩石内部单一微裂纹进行断裂力学和损伤力学分析,得到了扩展裂纹尖端的应力强度因子计算公式,在一定微裂纹断裂扩展准则和断裂扩展速率的假设基础上,利用积分原理,得到了岩石整体的损伤变量和损伤演化方程,由此建立单轴拉伸条件下脆性岩石的微裂纹损伤本构模型.最后,通过一花岗岩的单轴拉伸试验结果对微裂纹损伤本构模型进行了验证.     

Statistical fracture modeling of weld joint for nuclear reactor components

Probabilistic safety and risk assessment of nuclear reactor equipment are referred to as integrated safety assessment which is implemented by the application of probabilistic fracture mechanics (PFM). Such a study is based on statistical simulation of weld damages under dynamic condition. Because of damage accumulation in welded nuclear reactor components under dynamic load, the need for evaluating the risk of fracture is apparent. This work considers the statistical simulation of dynamic damage of weld joint by fracture. Considered in the analysis are weld defects, damage accumulation, crack initiation and crack growth.     

Estimation of Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials Using Instrumented Indentation: Critical Indentation Stress and Strain Model

We propose a generalized approach based on fracture mechanics and contact mechanics to estimate the fracture toughness in metallic materials from instrumented indentation testing. Models were developed for brittle and ductile fracture. Different criteria were applied to each model to determine the critical fracture point during indentation. For brittle fracture, the critical fracture point was defined in terms of the critical mean pressure; for ductile fracture, the critical fracture point was derived from fracture strain and critical plastic zone size. Each fracture criterion was used to determine the indentation fracture energy corresponding to the fracture energy required for crack extension. The fracture toughness was estimated for various metallic materials using each model and compared with standard fracture toughness tests.     

含初始裂纹巴西圆盘劈裂问题的非局部近 场动力学建模

巴西圆盘劈裂是弹性力学及岩石力学与工程中的经典问题。在非局部键型近场动力 学理论的基础上,引入物质点对的转动自由度构建双参数微观弹脆性近场动力学本构力模型 以突破常规模型的应用范围限制,并考虑岩石混凝土类材料的宏观拉压异性和断裂特征。引 入动态松弛、粒子系统力边界条件和系统平衡弛豫等算法,实现了含不同倾角中心裂纹巴西 圆盘受压劈裂破坏全过程的近场动力学数值模拟,裂纹扩展路径及破坏形式均与试验结果高 度吻合,为裂纹扩展和断裂破坏问题的数值模拟提供了新的选择。     

不同热处理条件下45钢柱壳的动态性能

以不同热处理条件下的45钢作为研究对象,利用高速摄影和金相分析来研究45钢柱壳在爆轰加载下的膨胀断裂特性,以及不同热处理条件对材料的动态断裂性能的影响。结果表明:随着回火温度的升高,45钢强度减小、静态延伸率增大,爆轰加载时柱壳表面裂纹产生及发生贯穿断裂而导致产物泄漏的时刻逐渐推迟,相应应变逐渐增加,同时回收到的破片尺寸逐渐增大;四种45钢的静态力学性能及动态断裂性能有明显差异,是因为不同热处理条件下,材料细观组织的结构、组成均发生较大变化,即材料的细观组织决定了材料的静态力学性能及动态断裂性能。     

Fracture in metal powder compaction

This paper presents a preliminary assessment and qualitative analysis on fracture criterion and crack growth in metal powder compact during the cold compaction process. Based on the fracture criterion of granular materials in compression, a displacement based finite element model has been developed to analyse fracture initiation and crack growth in metal powder compact. Approximate estimation of fracture toughness variation with relative density is established in order to provide the fracture parameter as compaction proceed. A single crack initiated from the boundary of a multi-level component made of iron powder is considered in this work. The finite element simulation of the crack propagation indicates that shear crack grows during the compaction process and propagates in the direction of higher shear stress and higher relative density. This also implies that the crack grows in the direction where the compaction pressure is much higher, which is in line with the conclusion made by previous researchers on shear crack growth in materials under compression. In agreement with reported work by previous researchers, high stress concentration and high density gradient at the inner corner in multi-level component results in fracture of the component during preparation.     

3-D Fracture Propagation Simulation and Production Prediction in Coalbed

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Multiscale computations for carbon nanotubes based on a hybrid QM/QC (quantum mechanical and quasicontinuum) approach

An effective multiscale computing scheme based on QM/QC (quantum mechanics/quasicontinuum) is applied for simulation of Carbon nanotubes (CNTS) mechanics. First, quasicontinuum simulation of deformations of curved crystalline structures is conducted to examine the fully nonlocal behavior of CNTs with the aid of high-order interpolation functions and the “cluster” concept, which facilitates accurate energy approximation for crystals. Next, a multiscale computing approach based on QM/QC hybridization is devised, and applied for simulation of CNT mechanics. The bonding configuration changes, e.g. bond breaking or creation, near defect sites are correctly represented with the QM/QC hybrid model. For studying electronic properties coupled with the mechanical deformation of CNTs, the change of the electrical properties from an initial semiconductor into metal under mechanical bending is investigated. Single-walled CNTs having various types of defects and subjected to uniaxial tension are considered for fracture. The theoretical strength of the CNTs in the presence of each defect is computed based on the QM/QC hybrid scheme, wherein the defect neighborhood is modeled as a QM zone for a first-principle-based calculation using density functional theory (DFT), and the remaining area as a QC zone. This multiscale computing approach greatly improves the accuracy in the prediction of the failure strains of CNTs over a purely molecular mechanical or quasicontinuum method.     

近场动力学在断裂力学领域的研究进展

近场动力学采用非局部积分计算节点内力, 利用统一数学框架描述空间连续与非连续, 避免了非连续区局部空间导数引起的应力奇异, 数值上具有无网格属性, 可自然模拟材料结构的断裂问题. 本文概述了近场动力学的弹性本构力模型, 系统介绍了近场动力学临界伸长率、临界能量密度以及材料强度相关的键失效准则. 详细介绍了近场动力学在断裂力学领域的研究进展, 包括断裂参数能量释放率与应力强度因子的求解、J积分、混合型裂纹、弹塑性断裂、黏聚力模型、动态断裂、材料界面断裂以及疲劳裂纹扩展等. 最后讨论了断裂问题近场动力学研究的发展方向.      

二维位错裂纹的稳定性分析

在已有的一维穿透位错裂纹模型及能量计算的基础上，将其推广为二维椭圆盘状裂纹模型，并计算了其能量．根据能量平衡原理，给出了位错裂纹模型的裂纹平衡尺寸、裂纹扩展临界应力．并与不考虑位错影响的宏观断裂力学中Ⅰ型穿透裂纹的Ｇｒｉｆｉｔｈ解及椭圆盘裂纹的Ｇｒｉｆｉｔｈ解加以比较．给出的位错裂纹模型解在位错数目ｎ＝０时与宏观断裂力学解一致