DAMAGE MODEL OF CONTROL FISSURE IN PERILOUS ROCK

Hitherto, perilous rock is the weakest topic in disasters studies. Specially, damage of control fissure under loads is one key technique in study of develop mechanism of perilous rock. Damage division of end area of control fissure was defined by authors, then calculation methods of timed-Poisson's ratio and timed-Young's modulus were established in damage mechanics theory. Further, the authors set up damage constitutive equation of control fissure, which founds important basis to numerical simulation for control fissure to develop.     

含层理页岩气藏水力压裂裂纹扩展规律解析分析

页岩气蕴藏在页岩层中,页岩层的层理性构造使其水力压裂裂纹扩展与常规均质储层不同.为研究页岩储层水力压裂的裂纹扩展规律,基于复变函数保角变换,得出裂纹尖端应力集中解,考虑页岩非均质、强度各向异性特点,通过比较裂纹沿各方向扩展所需的裂缝尖端水压力,推导出水力压裂裂纹垂直于最小地应力方向稳定扩展过程中在斜交层理后的扩展判据.分别定义了水力压裂裂纹在层理处起裂和沿层理扩展的弱层和岩石基体临界强度比,根据两个临界强度比确定水力压裂裂纹遇层理时在层理处起裂和沿层理扩展的层理弱面强度范围,以此表示水力压裂裂纹转向层理扩展的难易程度.通过对裂纹扩展判据的分析得出:层理起裂弱层和岩石基体临界强度比随层理走向线与第一主应力夹角和层理倾角的减小以及第三主应力和岩石基体强度的增大而增大;层理走向角小于35.26°时,层理起裂弱层和岩石基体临界强度比随第一主应力的减小以及第二主应力的增大而增大;反之,层理起裂弱层和岩石基体临界强度比随第一主应力的减小以及第二主应力的增大而减小;层理扩展弱层和岩石基体临界强度比随层理走向线与第一主应力夹角、层理倾角和地应力差的减小以及岩石基体抗拉强度的增大而增大.层理起裂条件与层理扩展条件同时满足时,水力压裂裂纹转向层理方向扩展.      

平面滑动型岩质边坡稳定性极限分析上限法

在极限分析理论框架体系的基础上,提出了平面滑动型岩质边坡极限分析上限法。该方法按照外力所做的功率等于内力所消耗的功率,即滑体处于极限状态时两功率相等的条件——虚功率方程,综合考虑作用在岩质边坡上的后缘裂缝静水压力、沿滑面扬压力、重力、水平地震作用力、锚固力等外力,按照强度折减法,推导得出了岩质边坡稳定性评价的极限分析上限解。锦屏一级水电站右岸泄洪洞引渠内侧工程边坡属于典型的多级台阶状岩质高边坡,该边坡岩体结构为层状结构,变形破坏模式为平面滑动。对引渠内侧岩质边坡稳定性分析结果表明,极限分析上限法对平面滑动型岩质边坡有较好的适用性。     

基于指数准则在莫尔空间对岩石剪切强度的研究

岩石是多种矿物颗粒构成的天然材料,内部存在不同尺度的孔隙、裂隙等损伤;岩体工程设计及灾害防治所使用的强度准则仍在研究之中.材料的黏结和摩擦在局部不能同时存在,线性的Coulomb准则仅在小范围内近似描述圆柱试样的常规三轴强度,众多非线性强度准则只是经验公式而缺乏物理背景. 作者提出的指数准则可描述岩石剪切破坏时强度与围压的关系;基于对11组试验数据的拟合结果在莫尔应力空间分析黏结力和摩擦力的变化特征:岩石承载的剪切力存在上限即材料的真实黏结力c₀;在试验范围内莫尔概念的内摩擦力达到约为0.38 c₀的峰值,且黏结力在其附近相交. 材料真实黏结力与正应力无关,因而名义黏结力表征了完好材料剪切破裂的面积;基于裂隙面积计算的等效摩擦因子随正应力降低,意味着裂隙滑移的爬坡角减小,而后者取决于正应力与真实黏结力的比值. 等效摩擦因子与指数准则的材料参数具有确定关系,体现了岩石在压应力作用下剪切破裂的物理背景.      

作用在裂隙中的渗透力分析

裂隙岩体中流体对岩体的作用力, 是研究岩体稳定性的重要问题。本文认为流体作用于裂隙壁面上的力包括两部分, 即垂直于裂隙壁面的流体静水压力 (导致裂隙垂向变形)和平行于裂隙壁面的拖曳力 (导致裂隙切向变形), 此拖曳力为面力。文中以单裂隙水流的立方定律为基础, 运用流体力学的动量方程, 推导出了单一平直光滑无充填裂隙、有充填的裂隙及水流和充填物一起运动情况下, 裂隙壁面承受的切向拖曳力公式。该公式对于分析流体对裂隙岩体变形性能及强度的影响具有重要价值。     

Strain strengthening effects in Witwatersrand quartzite

A series of uniaxial compression specimens were tested over a range of applied ram displacement rates of 8.9 × 10⁻⁴ to 8.9 mm/sec to elucidate the effects of loading rate on the uniaxial compressive fracture stress of Witwatersrand quartzite. It was demonstrated that even within standard loading rate ranges, considerable scatter in the fracture strength (under uniaxial compression) existed in this particular quartzite rock. Nevertheless, a definite trend of increasing fracture resistance with increasing monotonic loading rate was evident inasmuch that increasing the loading rate (strain rate) by four orders of magnitude increase the fracture strength by almost 2.8 times. Prior fatigue loading also produced a significant strain strengthening as the uniaxial compressive fracture stress tended to increase in a sigmoidal fashion with increasing number of fatigue cycles prior to testing. Indeed, the fracture strength of quartzite was almost doubled in value after 10⁻ cycles. Plane strain fracture toughness tests utilising three point bend specimens were conducted and an average of K_lc = 1.7 MPa√m was realized. In both the uniaxial compression tests and the fracture toughness tests, failure occurred by crack extension predominantly by a transgranular flat cleavage-like mode through pure quartzite (silica) regions. However, crack extension was also observed to occur in an intergranular “ductile-like” mode through areas associated with inclusions prevalent in the quartzite.     

试样疲劳性能尺度效应的概率控制体积方法

试样尺度、缺口和加载方式通常对材料的疲劳性能具有重要影响. 因此,发展关联试样尺度、缺口和加载方式对疲劳强度影响的方法对于从材料疲劳性能到结构件疲劳性能的预测具有重要意义.首先,采用旋转弯曲加载和轴向加载方式对不同几何形状EA4T车轴钢试样进行了疲劳实验.实验结果表明, 由于试样尺度的增加,轴向加载下狗骨形试样的疲劳强度明显低于沙漏形试样; 相同寿命下,缺口显著降低试样的疲劳强度. 疲劳断口扫描电镜观测结果表明,疲劳裂纹均起源于试样表面.沙漏形试样和狗骨形试样疲劳断口大多只有一个裂纹源,而缺口试样疲劳断口均具有多裂纹源特征. 然后,采用概率控制体积方法研究了试样尺度、缺口和加载方式对疲劳强度的影响,并与临界距离和应变能密度方法进行了比较. 结果表明,概率控制体积方法能够更好地关联试样尺度、缺口和加载方式对EA4T车轴钢疲劳强度的影响.最后, 提出一种基于控制体积的结构件疲劳强度预测方法,并用于具有不连续高应力区域车轴钢试样的疲劳强度预测,预测结果与实验结果 吻合.      

Effect of stress biaxiality on the high-strain fatigue behavior of an aluminum-copper alloy

Although there is now a considerable volume of high-strain (<10⁵ cycles) fatigue data for uniaxial tension-compression and simple-bending conditions, relatively little information is available regarding the effects of stress and strain biaxiality. A method which has been used to study the effects of biaxiality on longlife fatigue strength is to subject thin-walled tubes to repeated internal pressure and an end load which is in phase with, and a linear function of, the pressure. The object of the present research was to use this method to study the influence of stress biaxiality on the high-strain fatigue behavior of a high strength, aluminum-4% copper alloy at room temperature. From a continuum-mechanics point of view, this material is completely elastic after the first few load cycles. Cylinder results for hoop to axial stress ratios of 2:1, 1:1, 1:2 and 2: ?1 suggest that fatigue failure of this material in the life range 10³ to 10⁵ cycles is primarily dependent on the maximum range of tensile stress. This conclusion and a study of fracture surfaces led to the use of linear-elastic fracture mechanics to interpret the fatigue and brittle fracture behavior of these cylinders.     

Research on Equivalent Processes of Rock Mass Parameters with Anchor Piles

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Model of stepwise propagation of the tip of a hydraulic fracture in the absence of filtration

Quasi-static stepwise propagation of a hydraulic fracture in rock with a regular structure in the absence of filtration is considered. It is proposed to use a brittle fracture diagram taking into account the hydraulic fracturing fluid pressure and the confining pressure. Fracture curves describing the brittle rock fracture where the hydraulic fracturing fluid partially fills the fracture are constructed and used to predicted the possibility of stepwise propagation of hydraulic fracturing in the case where the fluid gradually flows into the fracturing crack. The regularity of the structure of the brittle rocks fracture is estimated from the results of two full-scale experiments: the critical stress intensity factor and the tensile strength limit of the rock. Experiments on pulsed loading of polymethylmethacrylate samples with stepwise crack propagation along concentric circular arcs were performed. The results of the experiments are consistent with theoretical predictions.     

Influence of relative humidity on fracture toughness of rock: Implications for subcritical crack growth

Information relating to the fracture toughness of geomaterials is critical to our understanding of tensile fracturing, and in particular in geological and rock engineering projects that are subjected to elevated moisture levels. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive set of fracture toughness tests on a suite of key rock types in air under different relative humidities and at constant temperature in order to investigate the influence of relative humidity on fracture toughness. Three sandstones and two igneous rocks were chosen for this purpose. We show that the value of fracture toughness decreases with increasing relative humidity. In addition, we find that the decrease in fracture toughness was more significant when the expansive clay such as smectite was included in rock. Since smectite is prone to expanding in the presence of water, the strength and thus crack growth resistance decrease when relative humidity is high. Therefore, we interpret the decreasing fracture toughness upon the degradation of expansive clays with increasing water content. It was also shown that the decrease of the fracture toughness with increasing humidity is less significant than the concomitant decrease in the measured value of the subcritical stress intensity factor. This was likely as a result of stress corrosion having little influence on the fracture toughness. We conclude that crack growth in rock is affected by humidity, and that clay content is an important contributing factor to changes in fracture toughness and subcritical stress intensity factor.     

An experimental study on fracture mechanical behavior of rock-like materials containing two unparallel fissures under uniaxial compression

Strength and deformability characteristics of rock with pre-existing fissures are governed by cracking behavior. To further research the effects of pre-existing fissures on the mechanical properties and crack coalescence process, a series of uniaxial compression tests were carried out for rock-like material with two unparallel fissures.In the present study, cement, quartz sand, and water were used to fabricate a kind of brittle rock-like material cylindrical model specimen. The mechanical properties of rock-like material specimen used in this research were all in good agreement with the brittle rock materials. Two unparallel fissures(a horizontal fissure and an inclined fissure) were created by inserting steel during molding the model specimen.Then all the pre-fissured rock-like specimens were tested under uniaxial compression by a rock mechanics servocontrolled testing system. The peak strength and Young's modulus of pre-fissured specimen all first decreased and then increased when the fissure angle increased from 0?to 75?.In order to investigate the crack initiation, propagation and coalescence process, photographic monitoring was adopted to capture images during the entire deformation process.Moreover, acoustic emission(AE) monitoring technique was also used to obtain the AE evolution characteristic of prefissured specimen. The relationship between axial stress, AE events, and the crack coalescence process was set up: when a new crack was initiated or a crack coalescence occurred, thecorresponding axial stress dropped in the axial stress–time curve and a big AE event could be observed simultaneously.Finally, the mechanism of crack propagation under microscopic observation was discussed. These experimental results are expected to increase the understanding of the strength failure behavior and the cracking mechanism of rock containing unparallel fissures.     

Fatigue crack growth through residual stress fields—theoretical and experimental studies on thick-walled cylinders

Experiments are described which determined the effects of various residual stress distributions on the growth rate of fatigue cracks. For each stress distribution, the contribution (K_RS) to the net stress intensity at the crack tip is determined, and a comparison is then made with the behaviour predicted using a fracture mechanics approach based on a weight function analysis and a simple crack closure model. The example studied is a thickwalled pressure vessel containing a longitudinal crack which grows radially from the inner surface; fatigue cracks were grown under laboratory conditions in ring test specimens. sectioned from vessels which had been cold-expanded by different amounts to increase their pressure limits, and so contained various complex residual stress distributions. The experiments provide direct evidence that the effects of residual stress (and by extension, thermal stress) on the crack tip stress intensity may be modelled conveniently using weight function techniques, and can be incorporated satisfactorily in fatigue crack growth analyses.     

多孔线性控制套筒致裂效果影响因素分析

针对坚硬难垮落顶板弱化问题,在分析多孔线性控制套筒致裂机理的基础上,建立700mm×300mm×400mm试块。通过套筒致裂压力及钻孔孔壁周围应变变化情况,分析孔壁周围应力大小、分布及应力集中现象,研究钻孔直径、孔间距、套筒致裂压力对应力集中现象的影响,同时分析这三者对裂纹扩展方向的影响,得出套筒致裂最优法。试验结果表明:(1)套筒致裂效果受钻孔直径、孔间距和套筒压力等综合因素影响,采用大直径、大间距的布孔方式可获得较好的致裂效果;(2)多孔线性控制致裂试验的张性裂缝扩展方向主要沿着各钻孔中心连线方向;(3)钻孔直径30mm、间距300mm的试块致裂压力为18.6MPa,远大于顶板岩体抗拉强度,将套筒致裂法应用于顶板弱化是可行的。本研究对解决采空区坚硬顶板大面积悬顶具有理论意义和应用价值。     

Spin tests to determine brittle fracture under plane strain

The feasibility of using cyclic thermal stress or hydrostatic pressure to generate a fatigue crack in a large test-rotor blank is demonstrated. Test rotors, having test notches with fatigue-crack terminations, were spun to fracture to determine optimum test-notch design. It was found that, for the other test-notch dimensions held, it was necessary to extend the fatigue crack a minimum of 0.1 in. from the machined portion of the test notch to obtain a most effectively notched test rotor. In another series of tests, the influence of temperature on brittle-fracture strength of a Cr-Mo-V steel under plane strain was evaluated. It was found that, although there is a significant increase in fracture strength with increasing temperature, no knee in the curve is apparent in the vicinity of the conventionally measured transition temperatures ofNDT andT ₅₀. Also, design against brittle fracture is still required at temperatures aboveNDT andT ₅₀.Paper was presented at 1968 SESA Spring Meeting held in Albany, N. Y., on May 7–10.     

中碳结构钢微动疲劳性能的研究

考察了ＪＺ钢微动疲劳性能以及微动频率和接触压力等因素对微动疲劳寿命的影响,采用宏观力学试验与微观分析结合的方法探讨了ＪＺ钢微动疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展机制．     

自紧身管临界裂纹尺寸的概率断裂力学研究

基于概率断裂力学理论和Mome Caflo模拟方法，本文进行了自紧身管临界裂纹尺寸的可靠性研究。自紧身管内表面的疲劳裂纹考虑为半椭圆形式。裂纹尖端处的应力强度因子由内压和自紧残余应力共同产生。自紧残余应力采用了符合身管材料具有强化和包辛格效应性能推导的公式计算，它产生的应力强度因子通过权函数方法得到。根据断裂准则，可计算出自紧身管的临界裂纹尺寸。实例分析表明，对数正态分布为临界裂纹尺寸的最佳分布，同时给出了在各种置信度和可靠度下自紧身管的临界裂纹尺寸。     

Effects of stress ratio on fatigue life of carbon-carbon composites

Cyclic loading causes cumulative damage and therefore degrades the inelastic properties of composite materials. Present work investigates the damage development under tension-tension fatique, and the effect of stress ratio on the fatigue life of carbon-carbon (C/C) composites at room temperature at a frequency of 3 Hz. The fatigue damage has been identified through ultrasonic non-destructive technique, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.From the S-N curve it has been observed that the endurance strength of C/C composite is quite high; approximately 85% of the ultimate tensile strength. The fatigue life of C/C composites has also been observed to increase with the stress ratio. Matrix cracks, filament splitting within the yarns, complete delamination and the nucleation of the interfacial flaws have been identified as the failure mechanisms during the fatigue tests. On the other hand, the failure modes during the static test were found to be complete fiber fracture accompanied by partial delamination. A statistical fatigue life distribution for carbon-carbon composites has also been presented in this paper.     

腐蚀管道的剩余强度计算方法研究

对目前国内外常用规范进行归纳和总结，得到5种常用方法：ASME-B31G, DM方法, Wes-2805-97, CVDA-84和$J$积分方法. 本文将BP神经网络和遗传算法相结合，得到一种新 的神经网络，并将这种神经网络成功用于计算腐蚀管道的剩余强度和最大允许注水压力. 通 过示例分析，对7种常用规范和本文提出的改进的遗传神经网络方法进行了比较，得到下面 结论：不同计算方法计算得到的剩余强度和最大允许注水压力相差较大，Wes-2805-97规范、 ASME-B31G规范、CVDA-84规范等都比J积分方法计算得到的剩余强度和最大允许注水压力 偏大、偏保守；DM断裂力学方法计算得到的剩余强度和最大允许注水压力比J积分偏小、 偏危险；J积分方法和基于J积分方法的改进的遗传神经网络方法计算结果比较接近，比较 适中，可以认为是计算剩余强度和最大允许注水压力较好的方法.     

Dynamic Tensile Response of a Microwave Damaged Granitic Rock

Background

Understanding the dynamic tensile response of microwave damaged rock is of great significance to promote the development of microwave-assisted hard rock breakage technology. However, most of the current research on this issue is limited to static loading conditions, which is inconsistent with the dynamic stress circumstances encountered in real rock-breaking operations.

Objective

The objective of this work is to investigate the effects of microwave irradiation on the dynamic tensile strength, full-field displacement distribution and average fracture energy of a granitic rock.

Methods

The split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system combined with digital image correlation (DIC) technique is adopted to conduct the experiments. The overload phenomenon, which refers to the strength over-estimation phenomenon in the Brazilian test, is validated using the conventional strain gauge method. Based on the DIC analysis, a new approach for calculating the average fracture energy is proposed.

Results

Experimental results show that both the apparent and true tensile strengths increase with the loading rate while decreasing with the increase of the irradiation duration; and the true tensile strength after overload correction is lower than the apparent strength. Besides, the overload ratio and fracture energy also show the loading rate and irradiation duration dependency.

Conclusions

Our findings prove clearly that microwave irradiation significantly weakens the dynamic tensile properties of granitic rock.