碳氢燃料点火燃烧的简化化学反应动力学模型

基于``准稳态'方法建立了一套复杂化学反应动力学模型简化方法和相应的软件SPARCK. 并以3种典型的碳氢燃料------甲烷、乙烯和庚烷为研究对象，从甲烷点火燃烧的GRI2.11详 细基元反应动力学模型出发简化得出了包含14个组分10步总包反应形式的简化化学反应动 力学模型，从乙烯燃烧的51组分365详细基元反应模型出发简化得出了包含20个组分16 步总包反应形式的简化化学反应动力学模型，从庚烷点火燃烧的160组分1540详细基元反 应模型出发简化得出了包含26个组分22步总包反应形式的简化化学反应动力学模型. 通过 对典型激波管试验的结果对比可以看出：得到的简化反应动力学模型能较为有效地再现 详细基元反应模型的反应机理，具有较高的计算精度. 在工程计算中有较好的应用前景.     

A chemical shock tube driven by detonation

A chemical shock tube driven by a detonation driver is described in the present paper. This shock tube can produce a single controlled high-temperature pulse for studies of gas-phase reaction kinetics, but the difficulty associated with the timing for the rupture of diaphragms in the conventional chemical shock tube is overcome, because the detonation wave in the driver section can be predicted correctly and shows a good repeatability. In addition, this shock tube is capable of providing higher temperature conditions for the test gas than the conventional high-pressure shock tube, owing to the inherently high-driving capability of the detonation driver. The feasibility of this shock tube is examined by numerical simulations and preliminary experiments.     

Numerical simulation of shock wave propagation in microchannels using continuum and kinetic approaches

Numerical simulations of shock wave propagation in microchannels and microtubes (viscous shock tube problem) have been performed using three different approaches: the Navier–Stokes equations with the velocity slip and temperature jump boundary conditions, the statistical Direct Simulation Monte Carlo method for the Boltzmann equation, and the model kinetic Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook equation with the Shakhov equilibrium distribution function. Effects of flow rarefaction and dissipation are investigated and the results obtained with different approaches are compared. A parametric study of the problem for different Knudsen numbers and initial shock strengths is carried out using the Navier–Stokes computations.      

Experimental and numerical studies of rotational relaxation behind a strong shock wave in air

This paper describes the experimental and numerical investigations of unknown characteristics of the rotational nonequilibrium phenomena behind a strong shock wave in air. Experiments were carried out using a piston-driven shock tube with helium as driving gas and air as driven (test) gas, operated as a two-stage shock tube. In the experiments, emission spectra of NO were measured to evaluate the rotational temperature behind a strong shock wave. The numerical calculations use the computational code for the thermal and chemical nonequilibrium flow behind a strong shock wave developed by the present author's group, where 11 chemical species (N, O, NO, N, O, N, O, NO, N, O, e) and 48 chemical reactions of high-temperature air are considered. The thermal nonequilibrium is expressed by introducing an 8 temperature model composed of translational temperature, rotational and vibrational temperatures for N, O, NO, and electron temperature. The coupling of a rotation, vibration and dissociation (CRVD) model was incorporated to take sufficiently into account the rotational nonequilibrium. The calculations were conducted for the same conditions as the experimental ones. From the calculated flow properties, emission spectra were re-constructed using the code for computing spectra of high temperature air “SPRADIAN”. Furthermore, rotational and vibrational temperatures of NO (0,1) were determined from a curve fitting method and compared with the computed results. Received 12 September 2001 / Accepted 18 February 2002     

Second-generation aerosol shock tube: an improved design

An improved, second-generation aerosol shock tube (AST II) has been developed for the study of the chemical kinetics of low-vapor-pressure fuels. These improvements enable a wider range of fuel concentrations and enhanced spatial uniformity relative to our initial aerosol shock tube (AST I). In addition, the design of AST II limits the aerosol loading zone in the shock tube to a fixed region (1.2 m in length adjacent to the shock tube endwall). AST II achieves these improvements using a separate holding tank to prepare the aerosol mixture and a slightly under-pressure dump tank to carefully pull the aerosol mixture into the tube in a plug-flow. This filling method is capable of producing room temperature test gas mixtures of n-dodecane with equivalence ratios of up to 3.0 in 21 % O₂, three times the loading achievable in the earlier AST I that used a flow-through strategy. Improvements in aerosol uniformity were quantified by measuring the liquid volume concentration at multiple locations in the shock tube. The measurements made over a length of 1.1 m of shock tube indicate that the AST II method of filling produces non-uniformities in liquid volume concentration of less than 2 %, whereas in the AST I method of filling the non-uniformities reached 16 %. The improved uniformity can also be seen in measurement of gas-phase fuel concentration behind the incident shock wave after the liquid droplets have evaporated. Significant reduction in the scatter of ignition delay times measured using AST II have also been achieved, confirming the importance of uniform loading of the aerosol in making high-quality combustion measurements.     

Experimental investigation and dimensionless analysis of forming of rectangular plates subjected to hydrodynamic loading

This paper describes an experimental setup consisting of a drop hammer and a shock tube filled with a liquid, where a shock wave is formed, and results of experiments performed with fully clamped rectangular plates subjected to an impact load of the water shock wave. The results are presented in terms of the central deflection of the plates as a function of the kinetic energy of the drop hammer. The singular value decomposition method is used in conjunction with dimensionless numbers to obtain analytical dependences of the central deflection of the plates on the impact load parameters.     

Shock waves from an open-ended shock tube with different shapes

A new method for decreasing the attenuation of a shock wave emerging from an open-ended shock tube exit into a large free space has been developed to improve the shock wave technique for cleaning deposits on the surfaces in industrial equipments by changing the tube exit geometry. Three tube exits (the simple tube exit, a tube exit with ring and a coaxial tube exit) were used to study the propagation processes of the shock waves. The detailed flow features were experimentally investigated by use of a two-dimensional color schlieren method and by pressure measurements. By comparing the results for different tube exits, it is shown that the expansion of the shock waves near the mouth can be restricted by using the tube exit with ring or the coaxial tube exit. Thus, the attenuation of the shock waves is reduced. The time histories of overpressure have illustrated that the best results are obtained for the coaxial tube exit. But the pressure signals for the tube exit with ring showed comparable results with the advantage of a relatively simple geometry. The flow structures of diffracting shock waves have also been simulated by using an upwind finite volume scheme based on a high order extension of Godunov's method as well as an adaptive unstructured triangular mesh refinement/unrefinement algorithm. The numberical results agree remarkably with the experimental ones.     

Fracture Evaluation in a Ceramic Spherical Dome Port Under Shock Impact

In this study, a fracture evaluation of a ceramic spherical dome port under shock impact has been presented. The experiments were carried out with a shock tube device capable to produce a normal shock. The pressure behind the normal and reflected shock wave was predicted by analytic equations based on initial conditions. The pressures were measured by embedded dynamic pressure sensors. The fracture of specimen was occurred by the pressure behind the reflected shock wave. The pressure distribution in shock tube was obtained during 0 to 5 ms. Simultaneously, the distributions of the pressure, temperature and velocity were calculated in the shock tube at 3 ms after diaphragm burst for various thickness of dome port. The results of numerical analysis and analytic solutions were good agreement with experimental results.     

冲击温度的近似计算方法

将冲击温度的计算归纳为三种近似方法，并对这三种方法进行了概述，同时还给出了一些材料参数的估算方法．在利用等熵线计算冲击温度时，从冲击绝热线出发推导了一个半解析的等熵方程．计算了铁的冲击温度，并与实验测量值作了比较．结果表明，利用三项式物态方程并考虑熔化相变潜能的影响后算得的冲击温度与测量值符合得比较好，另外，本文还对影响冲击温度计算值的若干因素进行了分析．     

Shock tube kinetics in homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction systems

The shock tube used as a high-temperature wave reactor has dominated high-temperature kinetics for more than 45 years. The nearly instantaneous heating to high temperatures, the accessible wide temperature and pressure ranges, and the diffusion-free reaction conditions are the main advantages of this technique for measuring rate co-efficients at high temperatures. In this paper some applications of the shock tube technique for kinetic studies in homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction systems will be discussed. The examples to be presented were obtained in the author's laboratory. They include thermally and photolytically induced chemical reactions, which were studied by applying different optical absorption techniques.An abridged version of this paper was presented as Paul Vieille Memoiral Lecture at the 20th International Symposium on Shock Waves, CALTECH, Pasadena 1995.