陶瓷材料动态抗弯性能测试

用改装的Hopkinson压杆试验装置测试了陶瓷材料3点弯曲动态力学性能;定义了量纲一挠度和挠度变化率,给出了几种陶瓷材料在不同挠度变化率下的挠度-最大拉应力曲线,从而给出其抗弯强度。测试结果说明,陶瓷材料的动态抗弯强度具有挠度变化率效应。分析了3点弯曲动态测试的有效性和动态损伤,分析表明,动态损伤因子临界值具有挠度变化率效应。     

熔渗烧结Ti_3SiC_2陶瓷材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

采用熔渗烧结技术制备Ti3SiC2陶瓷材料,利用XRD-7000型X射线衍射仪、INSTRON-1195型电子万能试验机、HST-100型销-盘式摩擦磨损试验机和JSM-6700F型扫描电子显微镜对Ti3SiC2陶瓷烧结试样的相成分、抗弯强度、带电干摩擦条件下的摩擦磨损性能进行了试验分析.结果表明:随着烧结试样中Ti3SiC2含量的增加,材料的抗弯强度增大,摩擦系数与磨损率降低,材料表现出良好的摩擦学性能,磨损机制以黏着磨损为主.当Ti3SiC2质量分数达到76%左右时,材料抗弯强度开始明显增加;摩擦系数与磨损率明显减小.     

反应烧结Ti_3SiC_2/TiC复合材料摩擦磨损性能研究

采用无压反应烧结技术制备Ti3SiC2/TiC复合材料,利用XRD-7000型衍射仪、INSTRON-1195型电子万能试验机、JSM-6700F型扫描电子显微镜、HST-100型摩擦磨损试验机对Ti3SiC2/TiC复合材料烧结试样的相组成、抗弯强度、断口显微形貌和载流摩擦磨损性能进行了研究.结果表明:在1550℃下可制备得到均匀致密的Ti3SiC2/TiC复合材料;随着试样中TiC含量的增加,复合材料抗弯强度逐渐增大;当TiC质量分数达到18%左右时,抗弯强度明显增加,摩擦系数趋于稳定,磨损率快速下降;电流强度是Ti3SiC2/TiC复合材料摩擦磨损性能的主要影响因素,随着试验电流强度的增强,摩擦系数和磨损率明显增大;同时在摩擦表面生成一层熔融状氧化膜(非载流:SiO2、TiO2和FeTiO3载流:FeTiO3和Fe2.35Ti0.65O4),主要磨损形式为电弧烧蚀和氧化磨损.     

铁含量对铜一铁基摩擦材料性能的影响

研究了Cu-Fe基粉末冶金摩擦材料中Fe和Cu含量变化对材料机械及摩擦磨损性能的影响.结果表明随Fe含量增加(Cu含量相应减少),材料的抗弯强度、抗压强度及硬度逐渐增大;Fe质量分数为20%时材料的摩擦系数高且平稳,磨损则较低.     

铁含量对铜—铁基摩擦材料性能的影响

研究了Ｃｕ－Ｆｅ基粉末冶金摩擦材料中Ｆｅ和Ｃｕ含量变化对材料机械及摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明：随Ｆｅ含量增加（Ｃｕ含量减少）,材料的抗弯强度、抗压强度及硬度逐渐增大,Ｆｅ质量分数为２０％时材料的摩擦系数高且平稳,摩损则较低。     

不同加载速率下砂岩弯曲破坏的细观机理

岩石细观破裂形貌是岩石破坏机制的重要反映，为研究不同加载速率对砂岩弯曲破坏的影响，通过三点弯曲实验和扫描电镜方法，对某煤矿关键层砂岩弯曲破断裂纹细观形态以及裂纹的自相似性进行了研究。选取6个不同加载速率对岩样进行三点弯曲实验，观察其宏观断裂情况，并利用扫描电镜对弯曲断裂面表面裂纹细观结构进行观察，并拍摄不同倍数下的扫描电镜图片。对图片进行图像处理后得到砂岩弯曲断裂破坏细观裂纹信息，并计算得到微裂纹的分形盒维数值。结果显示:随着加载速率的提高，砂岩穿晶断裂的比例也随之升高，裂纹分形维数亦随着加载速率的增大而增加，同时，分形维数还与弯曲断裂破坏荷载和抗弯强度成正比。可见，加载速率对断裂方式有一定的影响，且加载速率越大断裂所需的破坏能越大，裂纹分布越广，表明开采速度与岩爆等岩体动力灾变有密切关系。     

高强钢波纹夹芯结构的力学性能研究

本文利用ABAQUS仿真软件分析了高强钢波纹夹芯结构在三点弯曲以及面内压缩时的力学响应。将计算结果与实验值和理论值进行了对比,验证了数值模拟的准确性。分析了芯板材料属性（高强钢DP900和普通低碳钢DC01）以及波纹芯板排列方向(横向、纵向)对夹芯结构力学性能的影响。结果表明DP900高强钢波纹芯板夹芯结构抗弯强度是DC01低碳钢夹芯结构的2.39倍,抗压强度是低碳钢夹芯结构的1.40倍,纵向波纹夹芯结构比横向波纹夹芯结构弯曲刚度高11.63倍。     

行道树随机结构风振响应分析与动力可靠度评价

建立了行道树风振响应分析的简化理论模型,根据有限元理论,分析了影响行道树动力学特征的材料物理参数,即密度和弹性模量.将风荷载模拟为Davenport谱,提出了基于虚拟激励法的行道树风振响应分析方法.考虑材料物理参数的随机性,利用概率密度演化理论,给出了行道树随机结构风振响应分析的基本步骤,提出了与行道树主干抗弯强度相关的失效风速概念和动力可靠度评价方法.以上海地区城市行道树为例进行了分析,揭示了树种材料参数不确定性对行道树随机动力学响应的影响,计算了不同风速水平下行道树结构的破坏概率,在风险意义上定义了行道树的失效风速.     

低温老化对3Y-TZP陶瓷摩擦磨损性能的影响

将3Y-TZP陶瓷置于常压、100℃沸水下低温老化处理0～100h,在120N载荷、0.42m/s滑行速度和蒸馏水润滑条件下对老化处理后的陶瓷进行摩擦磨损试验.结果表明:随着老化时间的延长,3Y-TZP陶瓷的硬度和抗弯强度呈下降趋势,摩擦系数经历了1个先降后升的阶段,磨损率随老化时间的延长而逐渐增大.未经老化时,3Y-TZP陶瓷的主要磨损机理为犁沟和塑性变形;50h老化后陶瓷磨损表面主要为塑性变形和微断裂;经过75h老化处理后,陶瓷的磨损率已上升到严重磨损阶段,磨损机理发生了转变;老化进行100h后,3Y-TZP陶瓷的主要磨损机理为断裂磨损.     

一般大气环境下锈蚀钢筋混凝土梁的时变可靠度分析

根据一般大气环境下锈蚀钢筋混凝土梁中的钢筋截面损失时变模型和抗剪、抗弯承载力退化模型,建立了考虑其随机性的极限状态方程。基于概率守恒原理分析得到满足该极限状态方程的概率密度演化方程,并引入吸收边界条件,提出了梁时变可靠度的计算方法。以受对称集中荷载的锈蚀钢筋混凝土简支梁为例,展示了目标函数的概率密度演化过程,并讨论了配置不同直径箍筋和不同厚度保护层时的时变可靠度。结果表明,在保证梁具有足够初始抗剪强度和抗弯强度的前提下,适当增大保护层厚度和箍筋直径(具有相同配箍率)能延缓混凝土构件力学性能的退化。通过和100万次蒙特卡洛模拟结果的对比可知,选用本文方法能在以付出较小计算代价的前提下,获得计算精度良好的分析结果。     

DISPERSION OF NANODIAMOND AND ULTRA-FINE POLISHING OF QUARTZ WAFER

Mechanochemical Modification (MCM) of nanodiamond surface with DN-10 was studied in relation to the performance of nanodiamond in polishing quartz wafers. Results show that the modified nanodiamond is more stable in the pH range 8-11. A super smooth surface with an average roughness of 0.214 nm was achieved using a nanodiamond-based slurry regulated by N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine. It is suggested that the principal ultra-fine polishing mechanism of auartz wafer involves atom-level removal under the synergism of chemical and mechanical actions.     

钢筋混凝土柱抗弯承载力的概率模型与校准分析

为了克服传统确定性抗弯承载力模型和校准方法无法合理考虑不确定性所存在的缺陷,分别建立了钢筋混凝土(RC)柱的概率抗弯承载力模型与概率校准方法。首先,基于RC柱正截面受弯承载力的基本假定,结合偏心受压RC柱的截面内力平衡条件,分别建立了大(小)偏心受压RC柱的确定性抗弯承载力模型;然后,综合考虑固有不确定性和认知不确定性的影响,分别建立了大(小)偏心受压RC柱概率抗弯承载力模型的解析表达式,进而结合贝叶斯理论和MCMC法确定了概率模型参数的后验分布信息,从而建立了RC柱的概率抗弯承载力模型;最后,基于概率抗弯承载力模型所确定的概率密度函数、置信区间和置信水平,提出了传统确定性抗弯承载力模型的概率校准方法。研究结果表明,所建立的概率抗弯承载力模型不仅可以合理描述RC柱抗弯承载力的概率分布特性,而且可以校准传统确定性抗弯承载力模型的计算精度和置信水平。     

The relationship between tensile strength and flexure strength in fiber-reinforced composites

Tensile data on unidirectional composites generated from a flexure test usually yield a higher strength than observed from a standard tensile coupon. According to a statistical-strength theory based on a Weibull distribution, the presence of a stress gradient in the flexure-test results in an apparent increase in tensile strength as compared to the tensile test under uniform stress. In the present paper, this concept is explored by utilizing data from unidirectional graphite-epoxy composites to compare with theoretical results generated from a two-parameter Weibull distribution. A larger variation in tensile strength is observed from tensile-coupon data than from flexure data. Such differences are not in accordance with strength theories based on a uniform flaw distribution and raise questions concerning variability of the test methods, as well as sources of material variability.     

Influence of Surface Scratches on the Flexure Strength of Soda-Lime Silicate and Borosilicate Glass

Borosilicate (BS) and soda-lime silicate (SLS) glasses are being considered for use as the strike-face in transparent armor systems. This effort examined the effect of surface scratches generated with 1, 5, 10, and 30 N scratching loads on the equibiaxial flexure strength of both glasses including versions of each that had been thermally-tempered. At lower scratch loads there is more lateral cracking associated with the scratches in the BS while the scratches in the SLS predominantly exhibit plastic deformation. At the highest scratch load the damage is dominated by chips and lateral cracking within and along the scratch length. The tempered versions of the SLS appear to have less lateral cracking than the tempered version of the BS glass. In all instances the flexure strength decreases significantly when a 1 N scratch is introduced on the tin surface but when the scratch load increases any additional strength loss is minimal.     

Dense particle cloud dispersion by a shock wave

A dense particle flow is generated by the interaction of a shock wave with an initially stationary packed granular bed. High-speed particle dispersion research is motivated by the energy release enhancement of explosives containing solid particles. The initial packed granular bed is produced by compressing loose powder into a wafer with a particle volume fraction of $\phi _\mathrm{p} = 0.48$ . The wafer is positioned inside the shock tube, uniformly filling the entire cross-section. This results in a clean experiment where no flow obstructing support structures are present. Through high-speed shadowgraph imaging and pressure measurements along the length of the channel, detailed information about the particle shock interaction was obtained. Due to the limited strength of the incident shock wave, no transmitted shock wave is produced. The initial solid-like response of the particle wafer acceleration forms a series of compression waves that eventually coalesce to form a shock wave. Breakup is initiated along the periphery of the wafer as the result of shear that forms due to the fixed boundary condition. Particle breakup is initiated by local failure sites that result in the formation of particle jets that extend ahead of the accelerating, largely intact, wafer core. In a circular tube, the failure sites are uniformly distributed along the wafer circumference. In a square channel, the failure sites, and the subsequent particle jets, initially form at the corners due to the enhanced shear. The wafer breakup subsequently spreads to the edges forming a highly non-uniform particle cloud.     

带式输送机弯曲变形阻力理论研究

为了减小带式输送机的弯曲阻力,基于黏弹性材料在动载荷下的能耗理 论,对输送带运行时的弯曲变形能耗机理进行了分析,推导出输送带弯曲变形阻力系数的近似理 论公式,并通过试验验证了公式的正确性. 利用公式对各因素对弯曲阻力系数 的影响规律进行了探讨,结果表明可以通过选配合适的输送带橡胶材料获得合适的 输送带黏弹性参数,并结合调整输送带、输送机的结构参数达到降低输送机弯曲阻力的目的.     

Experimental study and analysis of RC beams strengthened with CFRP laminates under sustaining load

Six reinforced concrete beams strengthened in flexure using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates subjected to different sustaining loads were tested. The main goal of the test is to examine the effects of initial load and load history on the ultimate strength of strengthened reinforced concrete beams by externally bonded CFRP laminates. The main experimental parameters include different levels of sustaining load at the time of strengthening and load history. To explain the experimental results in quantitative terms, a theoretical model for flexural behavior of the strengthened reinforced concrete beam is also developed. Test results in the current study show that sustaining load levels at the time of strengthening have important influence on the ultimate strength of strengthened reinforced concrete beams. If the initial load is basically same, the ultimate strength of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with CFRP laminates is almost same regardless of load history at the time of strengthening.     

含边裂纹矩形截面偏心柱最大挠度的一个解析解

本文采用Rayleigh-Ritz能量变分法，计算分析了两端铰支含边裂纹矩形截面偏心柱的弹性挠度。首先选取三角函数级数作为柱挠度的试函数；然后分别计算弹性体系弯曲变形能和裂纹引起的变形能增量以及外边势能，进而得到体系的总势能；最终根据势能驻值条件确定挠度系数，从而得到一个在裂纹截面满足变形协调条件的挠度方程级数解。在假设裂纹位于柱中间截面的基础上，进一步分析推出了最大挠度的解析公式。文中还就本文解与相应的Okamura解进行了对比分析，指出了Okamura解存在的缺点和适用范围。     

Nonlinear interface shear fracture of end notched flexure specimens

The nonlinear analytical solutions of an end notched flexure adhesive joint or fracture test specimen with identical or dissimilar adherends are investigated. In the current study, a cohesive zone model (with arbitrary nonlinear cohesive laws) based analytical solution is obtained for the interface shear fracture of an end notched flexure (ENF) specimen with sufficiently long bond length. It is found that the scatter and inconsistency in calculating Mode II toughness may be significantly reduced by this model. The present work indicates that the Mode II toughness G_IIc under pure shear cracking condition is indeed very weakly dependent on the initial crack length. And this conclusion is well supported by the experimental results found in the literature. The parametric studies show that the interface shear strength is the most dominant parameter on the critical load. It is also interesting to note that with very short initial crack length and identical interface shear strength, higher Mode II toughness indeed cannot increase the critical load. Unlike the high insensitivity of critical load to the detailed shape of the cohesive law for Mode I peel fracture, the shape of the cohesive law becomes relatively important for the critical load of joints under pure Mode II fracture conditions, especially for joints with short initial crack length. The current study may help researchers deepen the understanding of interface shear fracture and clarify some previous concepts on this fracture mode.