纤维段裂试验的界面端应力奇异性研究

纤维段裂试验是测定纤维复合材料界面剪切强度的细观实验方法之一，其试验结果与其他三种细观试验方法(纤维拔出、纤维压人和微珠脱粘)测得的结果各不相符，相差较大。针对该问题，仔细研究了纤维段裂试验过程，可发现如下两个问题，首先是试件中纤维断裂造成的界面端应力奇异性问题；其次是纤维断成临界长度时界面是否脱粘的问题。针对界面端应力奇异性问题，本文建立了界面端轴对称分析模型，运用渐近展开法，推导出求解界面端特征值的特征方程，并由此得到应力奇异性指数随Dundurs常数的变化规律；采用文献[5]所用试件的纤维／基体性能数据，计算出了界面端的应力奇异性指数，并与文献[7]得到的其他三种试验的界面端应力奇异性指数进行比较，发现纤维段裂试件也存在界面端应力奇异性，而且应力奇异性最强，也说明了与其他三种试验结果不具可比性。本文还对纤维断成临界长度时界面是否脱粘的问题，进行了讨论。     

界面端应力奇异性与复合材料界面剪切强度细观实验分散性分析

复合材料细观实验方法主要有纤维拔出、纤维压力、纤维段裂和微球脱粘实验等四种；但这四种试验得到的界面剪切强度结果存在很大的分散性。虽经三十余年的研究和改进，仍未能消除。为研究分散性产生的原因，本文以轴对称界面端应力奇异性分析为基础，推导出求解四种试件界面端的特征值的特征方程，并给出了特征值随Dundurs常数的变化情况，由此发现用相同的纤维和基体制作的四种试件在界面端存在奇异性不同的应力场，从而阐明了四种界面剪切强度试验结果巨大分散性的产生原因在于纤维和基体间界面处的应力奇异性。     

单纤维压出实验模型的力学分析

单纤维压出实验是一种细观实验方法,用于测量复合材料的界面强度。本文采用子域法处理多域问题,利用轴对称边界元程序,对单纤维压出实验模型的应力传递进行了分析,并与常用的剪切滞后理论的分析结果进行了比较,发现在大部分纤维埋置区域,两种分析吻合很好,在纤维与基体的界面端部,边界元的分析结果显示界面应力在该区域有奇异现象,而剪滞理论则无法反映应力奇异现象。应力奇异现象的存在使得我们对该实验的界面强度判据需要     

瓷修复体界面断裂行为的模拟实验研究

本文利用云纹干涉法和云纹干涉－－有限元混合法，对瓷修复体的模拟双材料模型界面断裂问题进行了实验研究。用云纹干涉和数字错位云纹干涉法测量带边裂纹的双材料四点简支梁在剪切作用下界面表面的剪应变分布及界面两侧局部表面的位移场，实验表明，由于界面两两侧材料力学性质不同，表现出界面剪切断裂问题的非称性和裂尖附近复合型断裂的特点；用云纹干涉法和有限元法相结合的混合法对粘接界面角点应力奇异性进行研究，并对角点附近应力应变场作了分析，得到了应力奇异指数与边界楔角，载荷的关系，证明了用界面应力强度因子Kf来描述界面端部区域应力分布的公式，并得到了双材料界面端部区域的应力应变分布情况。本文的实验结果为进一步研究口腔金瓷修复体界面的优化设计提供了基础，同时也说明云纹干涉法对于双材料界面断裂行为的研究是有效的。     

结合材料界面端的三维应力奇异性

本文利用特殊有限元方法，开发了一个用来求解结合材料界面端三维应力奇异性问题的数值分析程序。该方法只需对界面端的角度方向进行离散即可求得应力奇异性。结合材料的应力奇异性取决于两种材料的材料常数和界面端形状。选用三个材料参数作为变量，用来研究结合材料三维应力奇异性随材料常数的变化规律。文中计算了几种重要而且常见的情况，并以此为基础建立了数据库。同时，还分析了应力奇异性随界面端形状的变化规律，并得到了应力函数的分布图。     

垂直界面裂纹断裂力学问题的实验研究

用实验方法研究了具有垂直界面方向裂纹的界面断裂力学问题．根据实验结果对裂尖区域的奇异性性质、角位移分布、应力强度因子等进行了分析，并将实验结果与理论结果进行了比较和讨论     

异质双材料界面端部应力奇异性的实验分析

用高灵敏度的云纹干涉实验方法测量了弯曲载荷作用下异质结构的位移场，并采用局部混合法对实验结果进行处理，根据结果对界面端部区域的应力分布规律进行了讨论；求出了应力奇异性阶数λ和应力强度因子Ｋ，并将这一结果与Ｂｏｇｙ￣［１］等人用理论分析的方法所预期的结果和有限元计算结果进行了比较。本文的工作从实验的角度证实了异质双材料结构界面端部区域的应力状态可以用表达式：σ＿（ｉｊ）（ｒ，θ）＝ｋ·ｒ￣（－λ）ｆ＿（ｉｊ）（θ）来描述。     

多圆形刚性夹杂的反平面问题

构造任意分布且相互影响的多个圆形刚性夹杂模型的复应力函数，采用复变函数方法，达到满足各个夹杂的边界条件，利用坐标变换和围线积分将求解方程组化为线性代数方程组，推导出了圆形刚性夹杂任意分布的界面应力解析表达式，算例对多夹杂与单夹杂两种模型的界面应力最大值进行了对比，同时还给出了界面应力最大值随夹杂间距的变化规律，求出了刚性夹杂的合理间距。本文发展的分析方法为研究夹杂材料的细观机理探索了一条有效的分析途径。     

一种确定结合材料界面端应力强度因子的数值方法

基于弹性力平面问题的基本方程，给出了结合材料界面端的应力奇异性特征方程以及位移场和奇异应力场。提出了一种确定结合材料界面端应力强度因子的数值外插方法。对界面端区域进行了有限元网格单元划分。经过具体实例检验进一步确定了求解应力强度因子的最佳方向，该数值外插法的计算结果精度符合工程应用的要求，为工程材料强度的评价提供了有效的计算途径。     

异质材料粘接界面强度——三维应力奇异性影响

通过实验并结合有限元分析研究了三维应力奇异性对异质材料粘接接头界面强度的影响.有限元分析结果表明:如果对三维双材料结构的棱边进行圆弧倒角,使相应的界面端线变成光滑连续曲线,则原界面端点附近的三维应力奇异性会退化为界面端线附近的二维应力奇异性,进而降低应力奇异性程度.设计了一系列有圆弧倒角与无圆弧倒角的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)/铝(AL)和聚碳酸酯(PC)/铝(AL)双材料试样并进行了四点弯曲实验.实验结果表明:界面尺寸对试样失效载荷无明显影响;与未圆弧倒角的试样相比,有圆弧倒角试样的失效载荷明显得到提高.这一结果证明三维应力奇异性对粘接界面强度有明显影响.     

Stream function finite element solution of Stokes flow with penalties

A finite element method for solution of the stream function formulation of Stokes flow is developed. The method involves complete cubic non-conforming (C⁰) triangular Hermite elements. This element fails the patch test. To correct the element and produce a convergent method we employ a penalty method to weakly enforce the desired continuity constraint on the normal derivative across the inter-element boundaries. Successful use of the method is demonstrated to require reduced integration of the inter-element penalty with a 1-point Gauss rule. Error estimates relate the optimal choice of penalty parameter to mesh size and are corroborated by numerical convergence studies. The need for reduced integration is interpreted using rank relations for an associated hybrid method.     

Simulations of free surface flows with implementation of surface tension and interface sharpening in the two-fluid model

Two-fluid model used for free surface flows with large characteristic scales is improved; the smeared interface is sharpened with conservative level set method and the surface tension force with wetting angle is implemented. Surface tension force is split between two phases with several models. Detailed analysis showed the splitting of surface tension force with volume averaging as the most appropriate. The improved two-fluid model with interface sharpening and implemented surface tension is validated on several test cases. The pressure jump over a droplet interface test case showed that the pressure jump in simulation converges with grid refinement to the analytical one. The parasitic currents in simulation are one order of magnitude larger than in simulation with volume of fluid model. In the oscillating droplet test case the time period of oscillating droplet with initially ellipsoid or square shape is similar to the analytical time period. In the rising bubble test case, the rising bubble position, terminal velocity, and circularity are similar to the one observed in simulations with level set model. The wetting angle is implemented in the two-fluid model with interface sharpening and surface tension force. Model is tested in the simulation of droplet in contact with wall with different wetting angles.     

Wave propagation across a finite heterogeneous interphase modeled as an interface with material properties

Mechanical problems involving an interphase between two well-defined, and eventually different, materials are of interest. The aim of this paper is to present a simplified model that, for low frequency regime, is appropriate for this situation: an interface model with elastic and inertial properties. We present, together with the equations of motion, an identification procedure that is valid for any mass density profile along the thickness of the interphase. For evaluating the accuracy of the model, computations of the reflection coefficients in some relevant cases are shown. Besides, a finite element method is used as a benchmark for both the high and low frequency regimes. It is worth to be noted that the numerical test has been inspired by the problem of the interphase that is formed at the bone-implant boundary.     

Nonlinear buckling of a spherical shell embedded in an elastic medium with imperfect interface

This work analyzes nonlinear buckling of a single spherical shell imperfectly bonded to an infinite elastic matrix under a compressive remote load. The inclusion is modeled using a nonlinear shell formulation and the matrix is treated as a linear elastic body. Imperfect bonding conditions are realized through a linear spring interface model. A variational method is used to derive the governing differential equations, which are cast into a tractable set of nonlinear algebraic equations using the Galerkin method. An incremental iterative technique based on the modified Newton–Raphson method is employed to find the critical load of the system. The accuracy and convergence properties of the proposed method are validated through finite element analysis. The study is relevant to the analysis of compressive failure of syntactic foams used in marine and aerospace applications. Results are specialized to glass particle-vinyl ester matrix syntactic foams to test the hypothesis as to whether microballoons’ buckling is a dominant failure mechanism in such composites under compression. Parametric studies are conducted to understand the effect of interfacial properties and inclusion wall thickness on the overall mechanical behavior of the composite. Comparisons between analytical findings and experimental results on compressive response of syntactic foams and isolated microballoons indicate that inclusion buckling is unlikely a determinant of compressive failure in vinyl ester-glass systems. In particular, the matrix is found to exert a beneficial stabilizing effect on the inclusions, which fail under brittle fracture before the onset of buckling.     

Stream function solution of Navier-Stokes problems with inter-element penalties

In this note, we apply a finite element stream function formulation with inter-element penalties to the Navier-Stokes equations. The approach is an extension of a technique previously introduced for Stokes, flow. The solution is obtained by iterative linearization using successive approximation, and results for a standard numerical test case are given.     

The design of a test rig for combined loading of circular plates and shallow shells

This note describes a method for testing circular plates and shallow shells under combined in-plane and lateral-pressure loading. Some basic considerations and details of the design of a test rig are discussed and it is shown that the system used makes it possible to study yielding and post-yielding of circular plates and shallow shells. Typical test results for a shallow shell are shown. It is suggested that the design of the test rig and the test method should prove useful for experimental verification of theoretical predictions in engineering plasticity and stability.     

An interface-capturing method for incompressible two-phase flows. Validation and application to bubble dynamics

We report on the development and applications of an interface-capturing method aimed at computing three-dimensional incompressible two-phase flows involving high density and viscosity ratios, together with capillary effects. The numerical approach borrows some features to the Volume of Fluid method (since it is essentially based on the transport of the local volume fraction of the liquid) as well as to the Level Set technique (as no explicit reconstruction of the interface is carried out). The transport of the volume fraction is achieved by using a flux-limiting Zalesak scheme and the fronts are prevented from spreading in time by a specific strategy in which the velocity at nodes crossed by the interface is modified to keep the thickness of the transition region constant. As shown on several test cases, this algorithm allows the interface to deform properly while maintaining the numerical thickness of the transition region within three computational cells whatever the structure of the local flow field. The full set of governing equations is then used to investigate some fundamental aspects of bubble dynamics. More precisely we focus on the evolution of shape and rise velocity of a single bubble over a wide range of physical parameters and on head-on and side-by-side interactions between two rising bubbles.     

A method to trace sharp interface of two fluids in calculations involving shocks

A numerical method that can treat a contact discontinuity as a sharp discontinuity is proposed by introducing a density function. The surface of the density function representing the discontinuity can be described with alomost one grid on an Eulerian formulation throughout the calculation even if the surface distortion is large. The algorithm is based on the CIP (cubic-interpolated propagation) method combined with variable transformation. Smearings of the discontinuity are overcome without using any special treatment to the surface. Dependent variables on both sides of the surface are computed in a normal procedure. The present scheme is applied both to a compressible flow and quasi-incompressible flow accompanying shock discontinuities. The result exhibits advantages of this method in robustness and efficiency.This article was processed using Springer-Verlag T_EX Shock Waves macro package 1.0 and the AMS fonts, developed by the American Mathematical Society.     

Transport of radionuclides in isolated fractures in crystalline rocks

This paper presents a generalization of a computational method for the prediction of solute dispersion in fractured porous media. This method is specially useful for the prediction of subsurface flows in crystalline rocks. The model now includes a linear kinetics mechanism to represent the effects of sorption of radionuclides in the rock matrix. The method is improved in its accuracy and provides results useful for the assessment of radionuclide migration in high-level, radioactive waste repositories. Results including verification (analytical) and physical test simulations are given. These results provide a partial validation of the numerical model.     

可压缩流体流动多尺度混合有限元数值方法研究

可压缩流体是天然油藏中广泛存在的一种流体,研究其在多孔介质中的渗流规律对于油藏开发具有重要意义。本文采用多尺度混合有限元方法,对可压缩流体渗流问题进行了研究。考虑流体的可压缩性以及介质形变,推导得到了可压缩流体渗流问题的多尺度计算格式。数值计算结果表明,多尺度混合有限元适于求解非均质性和可压缩流问题,具有节省计算量、计算精度高等优势,对于实际大规模油藏模拟具有重要意义。