Critical angles and grazing incidence: the breakdown of regular shock reflection in solids

The regular pattern for shock reflection in a nonlinear hyperelastic solid is a centered array of shocks and simple wave fans. As the angle of incidence approaches grazing incidence or a critical angle, the reflection pattern overtakes the incident wave until finally the regular pattern can no longer be sustained. By expanding the reflection solution in powers of amplitude about the linear reflection solution, it is possible to develop a procedure to solve the reflection problem for weak but finite shocks for any material symmetry. Explicit solutions can be exhibited for isotropic materials, including relationships between amplitude and limiting angle for various boundary conditions and incident waves. Some problems require consideration of a nonlinear boundary condition even in the first approximation. Typically, these cases lead to considerable amplification in the leading reflected wave.     

SH0导波在粘接结构中传播时的相位变化1）

对粘接结构进行超声导波无损检测与评估是一个有挑战性的前沿性课题.针对此问题,研究了SH₀导波在界面为理想连接的三层板状粘接结构中传播时的相位变化情况.首先基于波传播的控制方程,建立了粘接结构中反射和透射SH₀导波相对于入射SH₀导波的相位差解析模型.然后利用数值模拟计算了铝/环氧树脂/铝粘接结构中反射和透射SH₀导波的相位差曲线.最后分析了入射角度和频厚积的变化对反射和透射SH₀导波相位差的影响.结果表明,对于具体的粘接结构,反射和透射SH₀导波在其中传播时的相位差变化主要依赖于入射角度、频率等参数.在特定的频厚积下,当声波水平入射时,反射和入射SH₀导波同相位.无论入射角度为多大,随着频厚积的增大,反射SH₀导波的相位差曲线均会产生周期性谐振.对于透射SH₀导波,当声波垂直入射时,其相位差曲线的改变无规律可循;但是随着入射角度逐渐增大,透射SH₀导波的相位差曲线逐渐变规则.所得结果可为实验时研究板状粘接结构中SH₀导波的传播特性以及提取SH₀导波回波中的有用信息和定位提供一定的理论指导.     

地震波倾斜入射下两相饱和土层响应数值模拟

基于Biot两相饱和多孔介质理论建立了频域内饱和土层的刚度矩阵,对从基岩倾斜入射地震波下饱和土层的波动响应进行了数值研究,入射波采取修正的Kanai-Tajimi谱。通过土层地表面处的水平以及竖直放大系数研究了在不同工况条件下土层的波动响应,研究结果表明,土层的波动响应在入射角接近临界入射角时达到峰值;土层的波动响应随着基岩埋深基以及土层阻尼比的增大显著减小;而土层与基岩的波速比对土层的波动响应的影响存在临界波速比,使土层响应达到极值。对于含有夹层的地质环境,研究了波动响应沿深度的分布,通过与均质土层下响应对比,显示非均质夹层能显著减小土层地表处的波动响应,尤其软夹层能较好地阻止入射波向上的传播。     

On diffraction of acoustic and electric waves in piezoelectric medium by an absorbent half-plane electrode

Diffraction of incident acoustic and incident electric waves in a transversally isotropic piezoelectric medium at the boundary of a half-plane absorbent electrode is systematically investigated using the quasi-hyperbolic approximation. The electrode is assumed to be very thin so that its thickness and stiffness can be neglected. By exact inversion, the explicit expressions for the scattering waves are obtained. A closed form solution is obtained by applying Laplace transformations and the Wiener–Hopf technique. By means of the Cagniard–de Hoop method a detailed investigation of the structure of the electro-acoustic wave is conducted. The mode conversion between electric and acoustic waves, the effect of electro-acoustic head wave, the Bleustein–Gulyaev surface wave and the structure of the wave in terms of the type of the incident wave (acoustic or electric) and its angle of incidence are analyzed in detail. It is shown that in piezoelectric materials, absorbent electrodes are neither completely opaque nor completely transparent to electric and acoustic waves. The dynamic field intensity factors at the tip of the electrode are functions of the angle of incidence and time; they are derived explicitly and discussed through a detailed numerical analysis.     

Reflection and transmission of plane waves at the interface of an elastic half-space and a fractional order thermoelastic half-space

The problem of reflection and transmission due to longitudinal and transverse waves incident obliquely at a plane interface between uniform elastic solid half-space and fractional order thermoelastic solid half-space has been studied. It is found that the amplitude ratios of various reflected and refracted waves are functions of angle of incidence and frequency of incident wave and are influenced by the fractional order thermoelastic properties of media. The expressions of amplitude ratios and energy ratios have been computed numerically for a particular model. The variation of amplitude and energy ratios with angle of incidence is shown graphically. The conservation of energy at the interface is verified.     

Effect of compression on wave diffraction by a floating elastic plate

In the present paper, the water wave diffraction by a two-dimensional floating elastic plate is analyzed in the presence of compressive force. The solutions in the cases of infinite and finite water depths are derived based on integro-differential equation method in the presence of compressive force under the assumption of small amplitude water wave theory and plate deflection. Further, wave diffraction by the floating elastic plate is analyzed under the assumption of shallow water approximation. The role of compressive force and its limiting values are obtained by using the hydroelastic analysis of the flexural gravity waves. The limiting values of oblique angle of incidence are obtained in different cases and the effect of compressive force on the oblique angle is analyzed. Effect of compressive force and angle of incidence on the hydroelastic behavior of the floating plate are studied by analyzing the reflection coefficients in different cases.     

Ultrasonic waves in layered anisotropic media: characterization of multidirectional composites

An efficient and stable recursive compliance/stiffness matrix algorithm is presented to model wave propagation in multidirectional composites. The models are applied to clarify angle beam transmission through a multidirectional composite and to process ultrasonic data for determination of the elastic properties of a composite lamina (single ply) from measurements on a multidirectional composite. Ultrasonic characterization of composites using double-through-transmission and time-resolved line focus acoustic microscopy has been addressed. The double-through-transmission measurements and simulations show that the transmission amplitude is highly dependent on ply orientation and angle of incidence. The transmission amplitude decreases rapidly with incident angle deviation from the normal; however, a transmission window is found in the incident angle range 45–60° at frequencies below 2.25 MHz. The time-delay measurements by the double-through-transmission technique have been used to reconstruct lamina properties using the Floquet wave concept. A unidirectional lamina elastic properties measurement using line focus acoustic microscopy of a multidirectional composite sample is also briefly discussed. The effective elastic properties for the composites are determined from the lamina properties by a Floquet wave dynamic homogenization method.     

Ultrasonic waves in layered anisotropic media: characterization of multidirectional composites

An efficient and stable recursive compliance/stiffness matrix algorithm is presented to model wave propagation in multidirectional composites. The models are applied to clarify angle beam transmission through a multidirectional composite and to process ultrasonic data for determination of the elastic properties of a composite lamina (single ply) from measurements on a multidirectional composite. Ultrasonic characterization of composites using double-through-transmission and time-resolved line focus acoustic microscopy has been addressed. The double-through-transmission measurements and simulations show that the transmission amplitude is highly dependent on ply orientation and angle of incidence. The transmission amplitude decreases rapidly with incident angle deviation from the normal; however, a transmission window is found in the incident angle range 45–60° at frequencies below 2.25 MHz. The time-delay measurements by the double-through-transmission technique have been used to reconstruct lamina properties using the Floquet wave concept. A unidirectional lamina elastic properties measurement using line focus acoustic microscopy of a multidirectional composite sample is also briefly discussed. The effective elastic properties for the composites are determined from the lamina properties by a Floquet wave dynamic homogenization method.     

Reflection and Refraction of Anti-Plane Shear Waves from a Moving Phase Boundary

The reflection and refraction of anti-plane shear waves from an interface separating half-spaces with different moduli is well understood in the linear theory of elasticity. Namely, an oblique incident wave gives rise to a reflected wave that departs at the same angle and to a refracted wave that, after transmission through the interface, departs at a possibly different angle. Here we study similar issues for a material that admits mobile elastic phase boundaries in anti-plane shear. We consider an energy minimal equilibrium state in anti-plane shear involving a planar phase boundary that is perturbed due to an incident wave of small magnitude. The phase boundary is allowed to move under this perturbation. As in the linear theory, the perturbation gives rise to a reflected and a refracted wave. The orientation of these waves is independent of the phase boundary motion and determined as in the linear theory. However, the phase boundary motion affects the amplitudes of the departing waves. Perturbation analysis gives these amplitudes for general small phase boundary motion, and also permits the specification of the phase boundary motion on the basis of additional criteria such as a kinetic relation. A standard kinetic relation is studied to quantify the subsequent energy partitioning and dissipation on the basis of the properties of the incident wave.     

波在双孔隙与单孔隙介质界面上的反射与透射

基于Biot理论和双重孔隙介质理论研究了弹性波在双重孔隙介质与流体饱和单一孔隙介质 界面的反射和透射问题，在界面上假定裂缝孔隙流体相对于固体骨架的位移为零，推导了反 射系数和透射系数的计算公式，数值讨论了反射系数和透射系数随入射角和频率的变化关 系. 同时，讨论了双重孔隙介质中3种压缩波(P-1, P-2和P-3波)和一种剪切波(S波) 的频散和衰减特性.     

A mathematical and numerical framework for gradient meta-surfaces built upon periodically repeating arrays of Helmholtz resonators

In this paper a mathematical model is given for the scattering of an incident wave from a surface covered with microscopic small Helmholtz resonators, which are cavities with small openings. More precisely, the surface is built upon a finite number of Helmholtz resonators in a unit cell and that unit cell is repeated periodically. To solve the scattering problem, the mathematical framework elaborated in Ammari et al. (2019) is used. The main result is an approximate formula for the scattered wave in terms of the lengths of the openings. Our framework provides analytic expressions for the scattering wave vector and angle and the phase-shift. It justifies the apparent absorption. Moreover, it shows that at specific lengths for the openings and a specific frequency there is an abrupt shift of the phase of the scattered wave due to the subwavelength resonances of the Helmholtz resonators. A numerically fast implementation is given to identify a region of those specific values of the openings and the frequencies.     

有限周期微穿孔波纹板吸声体吸声性能研究

为了推动微穿孔吸声体(MPA)在工程中的实际应用,本文采用数值仿真方法,研究了有限尺寸的微穿孔波纹板吸声体的吸声性能.首先,基于微穿孔板阻抗理论,并将平面波谱法和有限元分析方法耦合起来,构造了微穿孔波纹板吸声体(CMPA)的三维仿真模型,给出了在声波垂直入射和斜入射工况下,吸声体声学性能的计算列式;然后,应用有限元软件COMSOL,模拟了有限周期CMPA的吸声性能,分析了波纹深度和波纹间距与吸声性能之间的关系,以及声波入射方向对吸声性能的影响;最后,为改善吸声体对声波方向的敏感性,设计了双向波纹状微穿孔板吸声体.结果表明,在声波垂直入射和斜入射的工况下,相对于传统的平直微穿孔板吸声体,波纹板吸声体具有更好的吸声性能,包括更高的吸声系数和更宽的有效吸声频带;双向波纹板吸声体能显著改善单向波纹板对声波入射方向的敏感性,实现在更大声波入射角范围内的有效吸声,如当入射声波方位角任意且入射角在0°～45°范围内时,双向波纹板吸声体,在500～2500 Hz范围内的吸声系数都大于0.7,表现出了优良的吸声性能.     

Propagation of plane elastic waves at a plane interface between two electro-microelastic solid half-spaces

This work is concerned with the wave propagation and their reflection and transmission from a plane interface between two different electro-microelastic solid half-spaces in perfect contact. It is found that there exist five basic waves in an infinite electro-microelastic solid, namely an independent longitudinal micro-rotational wave, two sets of coupled longitudinal waves influenced by the electric effect, and two sets of coupled transverse waves. The existence of the two sets of coupled longitudinal waves is new. In the absence of microstretch and electric effects, these two coupled longitudinal waves reduce to a longitudinal displacement wave of micropolar elasticity. Amplitude and energy ratios of various reflected and transmitted waves are presented when (i) a set of coupled longitudinal wave is made incident and (ii) a set of coupled transverse wave is made incident. Numerical computations have been performed for a particular model and the variations of amplitude and energy ratios are obtained against the angle of incidence. The results obtained are depicted graphically. It has been verified that the sum of energy ratios is equal to unity at the interface and the amplitude ratios of reflected and transmitted waves depend upon the angle of incidence, frequency and elastic properties of the media. Results of some earlier workers have also been reduced from the present formulation.     

含覆盖层峡谷地形对平面P、SV波的宽频散射模拟

含覆盖层峡谷对地震波的高频散射规律尚不明确．本文采用间接边界元方法(IBEM)分析半空间中含覆盖层峡谷地形对地震波的二维宽频散射,对入射波型、入射角度和频率、覆盖层深宽比等因素对覆盖层地震响应规律的影响进行探讨分析．结果表明：IBEM可高效精确地对地震波的散射进行宽频模拟．对中低频段（无量纲频率η10.0）,覆盖层放大效应减弱甚至出现缩幅效应．随覆盖层深度增加,位移放大频段的带宽逐渐减小,第一峰值频率降低,且在低频段频谱曲线振荡剧烈．另外,覆盖层形状和入射角度对地震波聚焦特征也具有重要影响,不同波型入射下聚焦区域有很大差别．实际含覆盖层峡谷地形地震反应分析需精细考虑波型、入射波频率和角度、覆盖层深宽比等因素,以更科学地进行震害解释和地震安全性评价．     

Lamb wave scattering by a symmetric pair of surface-breaking cracks in a plate

The scattering problem of a Lamb wave incident on a symmetric pair of surface-breaking transverse cracks in a plate is considered. The Lamb wave is assumed to be obliquely incident on the crack plane. Since the cracks are part-through, the scattered field will contain reflected as well as transmitted waves. The energy of the incoming wave is partitioned into reflected and transmitted wave modes. Energy coefficients of the reflected and transmitted waves are calculated as a function of incident frequency and crack depth. The incidence angle of the incoming wave is also treated as a parameter. Both the reflected and transmitted wave fields are considered as linear superpositions of all real and complex wave modes in the plate. Decomposition of modes is achieved with the help of an orthogonality condition based on the principle of reciprocal work. Continuity of displacement and stress fields is imposed at the crack plane. Energy coefficients for reflection and transmission are obtained from the mode amplitudes. Energy coefficients are shown to be a strong function of incident frequency and crack depth. Experiments are conducted with a PZT transducer network interacting with a symmetric pair of machined cracks in an aluminum plate. Trends predicted by the analysis are reflected in the experimental results.     

Short crested wave–current forces around a large vertical circular cylinder

An analytical solution for the diffraction of short crested incident wave along positive x-axis direction on a large circular cylinder with uniform current is derived. The important influences of currents on wave frequency, water run-up, wave force, inertia and drag coefficients on the cylinder profiles are investigated for short-crested incident wave. Based on the numerical results, we find wave frequency of short crested wave system is affected by incident angle and the strength of the currents. The wave frequency increases or decreases with increasing current speed following or opposing wave propagating direction. It shows that the effects of current speeds, current directions on water run-up on the circular cylinder with different radius for different wave numbers are very conspicuous when the incident wave changes from long crested plane waves to short-crested waves. With the increase of current speed, the water run-up on the cylinder becomes more and more high, and will exceed that of long crested plane wave and short crested wave case without currents even though the current speed is small. The total wave loads, inertia coefficient and drag coefficient exerted on a cylinder with currents would be larger compared to the wave loads exerted pure short-crested waves. Therefore, ocean engineers should consider the short crested wave–current load on marine constructs carefully.     

Wave propagation at the boundary surface of elastic and initially stressed viscothermoelastic diffusion with voids media

The present investigation is concerned with the wave propagation at the boundary surface of elastic half-space and initially stressed viscothermoelastic diffusion with voids half-space. The longitudinal and transverse waves are incident obliquely at the plane interface between uniform elastic half-space and initially stressed viscothermoelastic diffusion with voids half-space. It is found that the amplitude ratios of various reflected and transmitted waves are functions of angle of incidence, frequency of incident wave and are influenced by the initial stress, diffusion, voids, elastic and viscoelastic properties of media. The expressions of amplitude ratios and energy ratios are obtained in closed form and computed numerically for a specific model. The variations of energy ratios with angle of incidence are shown graphically. The conservation of energy at the interface is verified.     

Crack propagation in an elastic solid subjected to general loading— IV. Obliquely incident stress pulse

The stress intensity factors of a half-plane crack extending nonuniformly in an isotropic elastic solid subjected to stress wave loading are considered. A plane stress pulse is obliquely incident on the crack, and the wavefront strikes the crack at some initial time. At some arbitrary later time, the crack begins to extend at a nonuniform rate. It is found that the mode I and mode II stress intensity factors each have the form of the product of a universal function of instantaneous cracktip speed with the stress intensity factor for an equivalent stationary crack. An energy-rate balance fracture criterion is applied to obtain an equation of motion for the crack tip and to determine the actual delay time between the arrival of the incident wave and the onset of fracture as a function of angle of incidence of the loading wave.     

Scattering by penetrable acoustic targets

An acoustic target of constant density ?_t and variable index of refraction is imbedded in a surrounding acoustic fluid of constant density ?_a. A time harmonic wave propagating in the surrounding fluid is incident on the target. We consider two limiting cases of the target where the parameter ε ≡ ?_a/?_t → 0 (the nearly rigid target) or ε → ∞ (the nearly soft target). Wh en the frequency of the incident wave is bounded away from the ‘in-vacuo’ resonant frequencies of the target, the resulting scattered field is essentially the field scattered by the rigid target for ε = 0 or the soft target if ε → ∞. However, when the frequency of the incident wave is near a resonant frequency,the target oscillates and its interaction with the surrounding fluid produces peaks in the scattered field amplitude. In this paper we obtain asymptotic expansions of the solutions of the scattering problems for the nearly rigid and the nearly soft targets as ε → 0 or ε → ∞, respectively, that are uniformly valid in the incident frequency. The method of matched asymptotic expansions is used in the analysis. The outer and inner expansions correspond to the incident frequencies being far or near to the resonant frequencies, respectively. We have applied the method only to simple resonant frequencies, but it can be extended to multiple resonant frequencies. The method is applied to the incidence of a plane wave on a nearly rigid sphere of constant index of refraction. The far field expressions for the scattered fields, including the total scattering cross-sections, that are obtained from the asymptotic method and from the partial wave expansion of the solution are in close agreement for sufficiently small values of ε.     

三层流体中斜入射波作用下半无限板的水弹性响应

解析地研究了在三层流体中斜入射波浪与半无限弹性板的相互作用引起的波散射和板的水弹性响应. 三层流体在界面处的密度发生阶跃, 各层为一常数. 假设流体不可压缩、无黏、流体运动无旋. 在线性势流理论框架下, 使用本征函数展开法和内积式给出波板相互作用的半解析解. 根据色散关系分析, 得到了表面波模态和界面波模态入射时的临界入射角. 随着物理参数的变化, 临界角将随之发生变化. 临界角决定了当由开阔水域向板覆盖水域传播的表面波或界面波的存在性: (1)板覆盖水域入射界面上, 透射波能否存在; (2)入射界面之上界面中, 板覆盖水域中的透射波以及开阔水域中的反射波能否存在. 当下界面波入射时并且入射角足够大时, 开阔水域中的下界面波模态是整个流体域中唯一存在的模态.