尼龙6/蒙脱土复合材料蠕变行为研究

针对经典黏弹性模型不能很好分析黏弹性材料的蠕变行为问题,运用分数阶导数的类标准线性体模型与Prony级数模型研究了黏弹性材料尼龙6/蒙脱土复合材料的蠕变行为.采用原位聚合法制备了尼龙6/蒙脱土复合材料,在室温环境下对其进行蠕变实验.然后运用分数阶导数的类标准线性体模型和Prony级数模型对复合材料的蠕变实验数据进行分析...     

不饱和聚酯／蒙脱土纳米复合材料的制备及其摩擦磨损性能研究

采用插层法制备了不饱和聚酯／蒙脱土纳米复合材料，用X射线衍射仪表征了复合材料的插层型结构，考察了蒙脱土含量对复合材料耐磨性能的影响，并用扫描电子显微镜及能谱分析仪观察分析了复合材料磨损表面．结果表明：所制备的插层型纳米复合材料的耐磨性能显著优于不饱和聚酯;随着蒙脱土含量增加复合材料的耐磨性能明显提高，随后趋于稳定；不饱和聚酯同45^#钢对摩时主要发生粘着磨损和疲劳剥落，而含蒙脱土的复合材料的粘着磨损和疲劳剥落显著减轻．     

帘线/橡胶复合材料各向异性黏-超弹性本构模型

帘线/橡胶复合材料广泛应用于轮胎等重要工程领域,为了描述其在服役条件下的大变形、非线性、各向异性和高应变率等材料力学行为,基于纤维增强复合材料连续介质力学理论,提出了一种考虑应变率效应的帘线/橡胶复合材料各向异性黏-超弹性本构模型. 该模型中单位体积的应变能被解耦为便于参数识别的基体等容变形能、帘线拉伸变形能、剪切应变能和黏性应变能四部分. 给出了模型参数的确定方法,并通过拟合文献中单轴拉伸、偏轴拉伸实验数据,得到了模型参数. 利用该模型预测了不同加载和变形条件下的力学行为,并将预测结果与实验结果对比分析. 结果表明, 考虑黏性模型和不考虑黏性模型对不同应变率变形条件下的预测结果相差很大,且考虑黏性模型的预测结果与实验结果吻合很好. 因此,与不考虑黏性模型相比,所提出的各向异性黏-超弹性本构模型能更好地表征帘线/橡胶复合材料在大变形、高应变率条件下的力学特性.      

双向加载条件下尼龙6-橡胶复合材料的应力松弛研究

在双向测试系统上进行了不同纵向应变与不同横向应变的双向松弛实验,研究了在双向拉伸载荷作用下单向尼龙6-橡胶复合材料的应力松弛特性．为了预测尼龙6-橡胶复合材料的应力松弛规律,提出了一个松弛型本构模型．当试件承受双向拉伸载荷作用时,将松弛型本构模型获得的理论曲线和实验数据进行了对比,二者取得了较好的一致性．     

缝纫复合材料层合板面内拉伸强度研究

旨在研究由缝纫引起的材料弹性性质的变化并对缝纫复合材料层合板面内拉伸强度进行理论预测。认为缝纫引起的面内纤维偏转是缝纫影响复合材料面内力学性能的主要原因，引入最大纤维偏转角和变形区宽度两个结构参数，提出了描述材料非均匀性的纤维弯曲模型。采用多层次多尺度模拟的方法得到层合板非均匀的材料性质。通过二维有限元分析对单向拉伸载荷作用下的面内强度进行理论预测，得到与试验数据相吻合的结果，进而分析了缝纫密度对拉伸强度的影响。     

软煤拉伸应力-应变关系的实验研究

提供一种用于测量软煤或土的抗拉强度、拉伸应力 应变关系等拉伸特性的实验装置．利用模具压制出均匀的煤环试件，对煤环内壁施加均布径向水压力使其拉伸变形和破坏．根据实验结果，提出了弹脆性拉断破坏的理论模型，并据此对煤的抗拉强度、弹性常数以及等效孔隙压力系数等进行了分析和讨论．实验数据稳定可靠，散布小，重复性好，说明所提供的实验装置和实验方法简单而有效．     

聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯/纳米有机改性蒙脱土复合材料的制备及其摩擦磨损性能研究

采用乳液插层法制备聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯/纳米有机改性蒙脱土复合材料,采用X射线衍射仪表征复合材料结构,考察有机改性蒙脱土(OMMT)含量对复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响,并通过扫描电子显微镜观察分析复合材料磨损表面形貌.结果表明:所制备的纳米片状分散型复合材料的磨损率随OMMT含量增加先减小而后增加;摩擦系数随OMMT含量的变化趋势则相反,当OMMT含量为5%时,复合材料的磨损率最小,为PMMA的25%;当OMMT含量为6%时,摩擦系数最大,比PMMA增加8%.复合材料的磨损机制为粘着磨损和磨粒磨损,随着OMMT含量不同,2种机理的表现程度有所变化.     

考虑缠结效应的超弹性本构模型

经典熵弹性模型, 如 Neo-Hookean模型和Arruda-Boyce八链模型, 被广泛应用于预测橡胶等软材料的超弹性力学行为. 然而, 大量实验结果也显示仅采用一套模型参数, 这类模型不能同时准确地描述橡胶在多种加载模式下的应力响应. 为了克服上述模型的不足, 本文在熵弹性的模型基础上引入缠结约束效应. 微观上, 采用Langevin统计模型来表征熵弹性变形自由能, 通过管模型(tube model)引入缠结约束自由能, 并基于仿射假设, 建立微观变形与宏观变形之间的映射关系. 在宏观上, 所建立的超弹性模型的Helmholtz自由能同时包含熵弹性和缠结约束两部分, 其中熵弹性自由能与经典的Arruda-Boyce八链模型一致, 依赖于柯西-格林应变张量的第一不变量, 而缠结约束自由能依赖于柯西-格林应变张量的第二不变量. 与文献中的实验结果对比发现, 该三参数模型能准确地预测实验中所测得的橡胶材料在单轴拉伸、纯剪切和等双轴拉伸变形条件下的应力响应, 也能较好地描述不同预拉伸比条件下双轴拉伸实验结果. 最后, 本文比较了所建立的基于应变不变量的缠结约束模型与文献中相关的缠结约束模型在多种加载模式下自由能的异同. 总的来说, 本文所建立的本构理论能准确模拟橡胶等软材料的大变形力学行为, 对其工程应用有促进作用.      

金属基纳米复合材料等效弹性模量的均匀化方法数值模拟

均匀化理论利用位移场双尺度渐近展开建立有限元列式，本文将其与有限元通用程序相结合，应用于金属基复合材料的弹性本构数值模拟。通过对不同尺度增强相金属基复合材料等效模量的数值模拟，考察了均匀化方法的适用情况。数值计算结果表明，对常规尺度增强相金属基复合材料，均匀化方法可以较准确地预测其等效弹性模量；对纳米增强相金属基复合材料，该方法仍可给出较好的预测，但存在某种程度的系统偏差。通过对纳米尺度增强机理的分析讨论，认为纳米增强相与基体材料问的界面效应可能有别于连续介质假设，指出可以考虑采用离散原子-连续介质耦合模型改进数值模拟结果。     

橡胶弹性材料的一种混合本构模型

该文探讨不可压缩橡胶弹性材料的本构模型.考虑到小变形时分子链的端矢分布符合高斯函数,而大变形时符合非高斯函数,提出一个混合模型,用高斯链网络模型来描述小变形而用8链网络模型来描述大变形.引入权重函数,使小变形和大变形情况下混合模型分别退化或趋于高斯链网络模型和8链网络模型.由Treloar拉伸实验数据拟合得到模型参数,通过这些材料参数混合模型对等双轴拉伸和纯剪切变形模式的预测结果与Tre-loar实验数据基本吻合,说明混合模型具有同时描述不同变形模式的能力.通过比较分析,混合模型的总体预测精度均优于高斯链网络模型和8链网络模型,特别是对剪切变形.     

Mechanical properties of nanostructure of biological materials

Natural biological materials such as bone, teeth and nacre are nanocomposites of protein and mineral with superior strength. It is quite a marvel that nature produces hard and tough materials out of protein as soft as human skin and mineral as brittle as classroom chalk. What are the secrets of nature? Can we learn from this to produce bio-inspired materials in the laboratory? These questions have motivated us to investigate the mechanics of protein-mineral nanocomposite structure. Large aspect ratios and a staggered alignment of mineral platelets are found to be the key factors contributing to the large stiffness of biomaterials. A tension-shear chain (TSC) model of biological nanostructure reveals that the strength of biomaterials hinges upon optimizing the tensile strength of the mineral crystals. As the size of the mineral crystals is reduced to nanoscale, they become insensitive to flaws with strength approaching the theoretical strength of atomic bonds. The optimized tensile strength of mineral crystals thus allows a large amount of fracture energy to be dissipated in protein via shear deformation and consequently enhances the fracture toughness of biocomposites. We derive viscoelastic properties of the protein-mineral nanostructure and show that the toughness of biocomposite can be further enhanced by the viscoelastic properties of protein.     

Micromechanics-based modelling of stiffness and yield stress for silica/polymer nanocomposites

Establishing structure–property relationships for nanoparticle/polymer composites is a fundamental task for a reliable design of such new systems. A micromechanical analytical model is proposed in the present work, in order to address the problem of stiffness and yield stress prediction in the case of nanocomposites consisting of silica nanoparticles embedded in a polymer matrix. It takes into account an interphase corresponding to a perturbed region of the polymer matrix around the nanoparticles. Its modulus is continuously graded from that of the silica nanoparticle to that of the polymer matrix. Considering the thickness of the third phase as a characteristic length scale, the influence of particle size on the overall nanocomposite behaviour is examined. The key role of the interphase on both the overall stiffness and yield stress is studied and the model output is compared to experimental data of various silica spherical nanoparticle/polymer composites extracted from the literature. The model is also used to examine the influence of interphase features on the overall nanocomposite behaviour. A finite element analysis is then achieved and the numerical results are validated using the analytical predictions. Local stress and strain distributions are analysed in order to understand the phenomena occurring at the nano-scale.     

Mechanical properties of unidirectional nanocomposites with non-uniformly or randomly staggered platelet distribution

Unidirectional nanocomposite structures with parallel staggered platelet reinforcements are widely observed in natural biological materials. The present paper is aimed at an investigation of the stiffness, strength, failure strain and energy storage capacity of a unidirectional nanocomposite with non-uniformly or randomly staggered platelet distribution. Our study indicates that, besides the volume fraction, shape, and orientation of the platelets, their distribution also plays a significant role in the mechanical properties of a unidirectional nanocomposite, which can be quantitatively characterized in terms of four dimensionless parameters associated with platelet distribution. It is found that, compared with other distributions, stairwise and regular staggering of platelets produce overall the most balanced mechanical properties, which might be a key reason why these structures are most widely observed in nature.     

有限弹塑性变形的三维组集式本构模型

本文将文[1]中提出的三维组集式弹塑性本构模型推广应用于有限变形分析,导出了全量型和增量型本构关系在初始构形上的拉格朗日(Total Lagrange)形式和瞬时构形上的拉格朗日(Updated Lagrange)形式。文中对晶体单轴拉伸中的宏观剪切带进行了分析。预测结果与实验吻合。从而说明这种本构模型能够模拟有限变形中的几何非线性效应和晶体材料塑性变形中的宏观力学行为。     

Micromechanics and macromechanics of carbon nanotube-enhanced elastomers

The effects of carbon nanotubes on the mechanical behavior of elastomeric materials is investigated. The large deformation uniaxial tension and uniaxial compression stress-strain behaviors of a representative elastomer are first presented. This elastomer is then reinforced with multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and the influence of weight fraction of MWNTs on the large deformation behavior of the resulting composite is quantified. The initial stiffness and subsequent strain-induced stiffening at large strains are both found to increase with MWNT content. The MWNTs are also found to increase both the tensile strength and the tensile stretch at break. A systematic approach for reducing the experimental data to isolate the MWNT contribution to the strain energy of the composite is presented. A constitutive model for the large strain deformation behavior of MWNT-elastomer composites is then developed. The effects of carbon nanotubes are modeled via a constitutive element which tracks the stretching and rotation of a distribution of wavy carbon nanotubes. The MWNT strain energy contribution is due to the bending/unbending of the initial waviness and provides the increase in initial stiffness as well as the retention and further enhancement of the increase in stiffness with large strains. The model is shown to track the stretching and rotation of the CNTs with macroscopic strain as well as predict the dependence of the macroscopic stress-strain behavior on the MWNT content for both uniaxial tension and uniaxial compression.     

砂岩短时单轴直接拉伸蠕变特性试验研究

采用自行设计加工的挂重型岩石材料直接拉伸装置,对重庆市某地红砂岩进行了短时分级加载单轴直接拉伸蠕变试验,并对该砂岩的蠕变特性进行了分析。结果表明,砂岩在该试验条件下具有明显的蠕变特性,其蠕变表现为衰减蠕变和稳态蠕变两个阶段,砂岩蠕变量与稳态蠕变速率随着荷载的增加而增加。应用三参量广义Kelvin模型与Burgers蠕变模型描述该砂岩的蠕变规律,结果表明,两个模型均可以准确描述该砂岩的蠕变特性,其中,Burgers蠕变模型效果更佳。本文所得结论可为从事相关研究的工作人员提供一定的借鉴。     

A micro-mechanical model for the homogenisation of masonry

Masonry is a composite material made of units (brick, blocks, etc.) and mortar. For periodic arrangements of the units, the homogenisation techniques represent a powerful tool for structural analysis. The main problem pending is the errors introduced in the homogenisation process when large difference in stiffness are expected for the two components. This issue is obvious in the case of non-linear analysis, where the tangent stiffness of one component or the tangent stiffness of the two components tends to zero with increasing inelastic behaviour.The paper itself does not concentrate on the issue of non-linear homogenisation. But as the accuracy of the model is assessed for an increasing ratio between the stiffness of the two components, the benefits of adopting the proposed method for non-linear analysis are demonstrated. Therefore, the proposed model represents a major step in the application of homogenisation techniques for masonry structures.The micro-mechanical model presented has been derived from the actual deformations of the basic cell and includes additional internal deformation modes, with regard to the standard two-step homogenisation procedure. These mechanisms, which result from the staggered alignment of the units in the composite, are of capital importance for the global response. For the proposed model, it is shown that, up to a stiffness ratio of one thousand, the maximum error in the calculation of the homogenised Young's moduli is lower than five percent. It is also shown that the anisotropic failure surface obtained from the homogenised model seems to represent well experimental results available in the literature.     

Experimental analysis and modeling of biaxial mechanical behavior of woven composite reinforcements

This paper presents experimental studies on the mechanical behavior of fiber fabrics using a biaxial tensile device based on two deformable parallelograms. The cross-shaped specimens are well adapted to fabrics because of their lack of shear stiffness. Tension versus deformation curves, for different strain ratios, are obtained in the case of composite woven reinforcements used in aeronautic applications. It is shown that the tensile behavior of the fabric is strongly nonlinear due to the weaving undulations and the yarn contraction, and that the phenomenon is clearly biaxial. A constitutive model is described and identified from the experimental data. The essential role played by the yarn crushing will be pointed out.     

数字状张拉整体结构的构型设计与力学性能模拟

针对大型张拉整体结构的设计问题,选取四棱柱状张拉整体结构和截角正八面体状张拉整体结构作为基本胞元,采用节点连接节点的方式建立球柱组合式数字状张拉整体结构,并使用基于结构刚度矩阵的大变形非线性数值求解方法对其进行力学性能分析.在两类胞元满足各自的自平衡条件和稳定性条件的前提下,组合得到的数字状张拉整体结构亦处于自平衡稳定状态,搭建了实物模型进行验证.以数字8状张拉整体结构为例,模拟研究了结构承受自重等分布载荷和单轴拉压等端部载荷时的静力学响应,以及结构无阻尼振动时的固有频率和模态等动力学性能.结果表明,结构在自重作用下的变形行为受初始预应力、压杆密度和拉索刚度的影响较大,对其进行合理配置方可确保结构具有足够刚度抵抗自重;结构在单轴拉压作用下呈现非线性的载荷-位移曲线,拉伸刚度随变形量的增大而增大,压缩刚度随变形量的增大而减小;结构的固有频率随初始预应力的增大而增大,而模态振型基本不变.研究结果丰富了大型张拉整体结构的外形种类,有望推动此类结构在土木建筑、结构材料等领域的应用.