铝合金格栅夹层结构水下抗冲击特性的实验研究

基于非药式水下爆炸冲击波加载技术,对格栅型夹层结构的动态响应及抗冲击防护性能,进行了实验研究。利用高速相机,对夹层板的动态变形情况进行了实时观测,获得了格栅夹层板气背面在水下冲击波作用下的动态响应历程,并结合相同面密度单层板在水下冲击波作用下的抗冲击变形结果,对比分析了铝合金格栅夹层板的抗冲击防护性能,获得了格栅型夹层板的气背面板最大变形量与水下冲击波量纲一冲量间的定量关系。     

撞击载荷下泡沫铝夹层板的动力响应

应用泡沫金属子弹撞击加载的方式研究了固支方形夹层板和等质量实体板的动力响应,分别应用激光测速装置和位移传感器测量了泡沫子弹的撞击速度和后面板中心点的位移历史,给出了夹层板的变形与失效模式,研究了子弹冲量、面板厚度、泡沫芯层厚度及芯层密度对夹层板抗撞击性能的影响。结果表明,后面板中心点挠度最大,周边最小,整体变形为穹形,且伴有花瓣形的变形。参数研究表明,通过增加面板厚度或芯层厚度均能有效控制后面板的挠度,改善夹层板的能量吸收能力,结构响应对子弹冲量和芯层密度比较敏感。实验结果对多孔金属夹层结构的优化设计具有一定的参考价值。 更多还原     

Uniaxial crushing of sandwich plates under air blast: Influence of mass distribution

Motivated by recent efforts to mitigate blast loading using energy-absorbing materials, this paper uses analytical and computational modeling to investigate the influence of mass distribution on the uniaxial crushing of cellular sandwich plates under air blast loading. In the analytical model, the cellular core is represented using a rigid, perfectly-plastic, locking idealization, as in previous studies, and the front and back faces are modeled as rigid, with pressure loading applied to the front face and the back-face unrestrained. This model is also applicable to the crushing of cellular media in “blast pendulum” experiments. Fluid–structure interaction effects are treated using a recent result that accounts for nonlinear compressibility effects for intense air blasts. Predictions of the analytical model show excellent agreement with explicit finite element computations, and the model is used to investigate the response of the system for all possible distributions of mass between the front and back faces and the cellular core. Increasing the mass fraction in the front face is found to increase the impulse required for complete crushing of the cellular core but also to produce undesirable increases in back-face accelerations. Optimal mass distributions for mitigating shock transmission through the sandwich plate are investigated by maximizing the impulse capacity while limiting the back-face accelerations to a specified level.     

One-dimensional response of sandwich plates to underwater shock loading

The one-dimensional shock response of sandwich plates is investigated for the case of identical face sheets separated by a compressible foam core. The dynamic response of the sandwich plates is analysed for front face impulsive loading, and the effect of strain hardening of the core material is determined. For realistic ratios of core mass to face sheet mass, it is found that the strain hardening capacity of the core has a negligible effect upon the average through-thickness compressive strain developed within the core. Consequently, it suffices to model the core as an ideally plastic-locking solid. The one-dimensional response of sandwich plates subjected to an underwater pressure pulse is investigated by both a lumped parameter model and a finite element (FE) model. Unlike the monolithic plate case, cavitation does not occur at the fluid-structure interface, and the sandwich plates remain loaded by fluid until the end of the core compression phase. The momentum transmitted to the sandwich plate increases with increasing core strength, suggesting that weak sandwich cores may enhance the underwater shock resistance of sandwich plates.     

The impulsive response of sandwich beams: Analytical and numerical investigation of regimes of behaviour

An analytical model is developed to classify the impulsive response of sandwich beams based on the relative time-scales of core compression and the bending/stretching response of the sandwich beam. It is shown that an overlap in time scales leads to a coupled response and to the possibility of an enhanced shock resistance. Four regimes of behaviour are defined: decoupled responses with the sandwich core densifying partially or completely, and coupled responses with partial or full core densification. These regimes are marked on maps with axes chosen from the sandwich beam transverse core strength, the sandwich beam aspect ratio and the level of blast impulse. In addition to predicting the time-scales involved in the response of the sandwich beam, the analytical model is used to estimate the back face deflection, the degree of core compression and the magnitude of the support reactions. The predictions of the analytical model are compared with finite element (FE) simulations of impulsively loaded sandwich beams comprising an anisotropic foam core and elastic, ideally plastic face-sheets. The analytical and numerical predictions are in good agreement up to the end of core compression. However, the analytical model under-predicts the peak back face deflection and over-predicts the support reactions, especially for sandwich beams with high strength cores. The FE calculations are employed to construct design charts to select the optimum transverse core strength that either minimises the back face deflections or support reactions for a given sandwich beam aspect ratio or blast impulse. Typically, the value of the transverse core strength that minimises the back face deflection also minimises the support reactions. However, the optimal core strength depends on the level of blast impulse, with higher strength cores required for greater blasts.     

ELASTIC-PLASTIC DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF FULLY BACKED SANDWICH PLATES UNDER LOCALIZED IMPULSIVE LOADING

An analytical model is developed to assess the elastic-plastic dynamic response of fully backed sandwich plates under localized impulse load.The core is modeled as an elastic-perfectly plastic foundation.The top face sheet is treated as an individual plate resting on the foundation.The elastic-plastic analysis for the top face sheet is based on a minimum principle in dynamic plasticity associated with the finite difference technique.The effects of spatial and temporal distributions of the impulsive loading on the dynamic response of sandwich plates are discussed.The model can be used to predict the impulse-induced local effect on fully backed sandwich plates.     

多孔金属夹层板在冲击载荷作用下的动态响应

借助两种有限元软件ABAQUS和LS_DYNA, 模拟和分析了两种厚度不同的泡沫铝合金夹层板(三明治板)、方孔蜂窝形夹层板和波纹形夹层板在冲击载荷下的动态响应. 4种夹层板的单位面积密度相同,冲击载荷分别用泡沫铝子弹与不锈钢子弹模拟. 讨论了泡沫金属夹层板和格构式夹层板在不同冲击载荷作用下的变形机制,重点在于对夹层板的吸能特性及板内各部分吸能变化规律的探讨.研究结果表明: 在泡沫子弹冲击下,夹层板主要是通过自身变形来消耗子弹动能,并转化为自身内能. 厚度为22\,mm的泡沫金属夹层板吸收能量最多,底面变形最小,是结构性能最优的夹层板;在刚性子弹高速冲击穿透过程中,格构式夹层板的吸能性能比单位面积密度相同的泡沫金属夹层板的吸能性能更好. 波纹形夹层板的能量吸收能力在4种板中最高.      

PVC夹芯板在冲击载荷下的动态响应与失效模式

通过开展对泡沫金属子弹撞击加载聚氯乙烯(polyvinyl chloride, PVC)夹芯板的实验,结合三维数字图像相关性(three dimensional digital image correlation, DIC-3D)技术,研究固支夹芯板在撞击加载条件下的动态响应,获得夹芯板受撞击及响应的变形过程,并结合图像分别分析夹芯板整体及三层结构的变形和失效模式;研究子弹冲量与背板最终变形之间的关系和相似冲量下等面密度不同芯层密度的夹芯结构的抗撞击性能。结果表明:夹芯板的破坏和失效主要集中在泡沫金属子弹直接作用区域,背板挠度由中间向固定端逐渐减小,子弹冲量与背板变形近似成线性关系。在等质量的条件下,降低芯层密度、增加芯层厚度可以有效降低背板的变形,实验结果对聚合物夹芯结构的工程优化设计具有一定的参考意义。     

Point-wise impulse (blast) response of a composite sandwich plate including core compressibility effects

This work analyzes the nonlinear impulse response of a composite sandwich plate exposed to a sudden point-wise transverse loading on the top face sheet. The nonlinearity arising from the core compressibility in the thickness direction is modeled and incorporated into the constitutive relations explicitly. As such, one can have a deep insight regarding the stress, strain and displacement profiles into the sandwich plate. The sandwich plate is assumed to be perfectly bonded at the face sheet/core interfaces. The equations of motion are formulated using Hamilton’s principle. The simply supported case is used to illustrate the procedure for solving the nonlinear equations. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the response in terms of the transverse deformation and stresses in the composite sandwich plate. The effects of the variation of the geometrical parameters of the structure on the blast impulse response are also studied. Some conclusions are suggested regarding the associated optimal design of sandwich plates.     

Compressive response of a sandwich plate containing a cracked diamond-celled lattice

The compressive strength is determined for a sandwich plate containing a centre-cracked core made from an elastic–brittle, diamond-celled lattice. It is assumed that the lattice fails when the major component of principal stress anywhere in the lattice attains the compressive or tensile strength of the solid, or when local buckling intervenes. First, analytical and numerical predictions are given for the unnotched strength of the core and for the compressive fracture toughness of the lattice K_IC. Second, finite element simulations and analytical models are reported for the fracture response of the sandwich plate with cracked core. The active failure mechanism in the cracked core is sensitive to core height, crack length, lattice geometry and material choice; this is illustrated by means of material-property charts.     

The response of clamped sandwich plates with lattice cores subjected to shock loading

The dynamic response of clamped circular monolithic and sandwich plates of equal areal mass and thickness has been measured by loading the plates at mid-span with metal foam projectiles. The sandwich plates comprise AISI 304 stainless steel face sheets and either AL-6XN stainless steel pyramidal core or AISI 304 stainless steel square-honeycomb lattice core. The resistance to shock loading is quantified by the permanent transverse deflection at mid-span of the plates as a function of projectile momentum. It is found that the sandwich plates have a higher shock resistance than monolithic plates of equal mass, and the square-honeycomb sandwich plates outperform the pyramidal core plates. Three-dimensional finite element simulations of the experiments are in good agreement with the experimental measurements. The finite element calculations indicate that the ratio of loading time to structural response time is approximately 0.5. Consequently, the tests do not lie in the impulsive regime, and projectile momentum alone is insufficient to quantify the level of loading.     

泡沫铝子弹高速撞击下铝基复合泡沫夹层板的动态响应

应用一级轻气炮驱动泡沫铝弹丸高速撞击加载技术,对实心钢板以及前/后面板为Q235钢板、芯层分别为铝基复合泡沫和普通泡沫铝的夹层板结构,在脉冲载荷作用下的动态力学响应进行实验研究。结果表明:泡沫铝子弹高速撞击靶板可近似模拟爆炸载荷效果;铝基复合泡沫夹层板的变形分为芯层压缩和整体变形两个阶段;与其他靶板相比,铝基复合泡沫夹层板的抗冲击性能最优。基于实验研究,应用LS-DYNA非线性动力有限元软件,对泡沫铝夹层板的动态响应进行数值模拟。结果表明:泡沫铝子弹的长度和初始速度对子弹与夹层板之间的接触作用力影响显著,并且呈线性关系。泡沫芯层强度对等质量及等厚度夹层板的抗冲击性能均有显著影响,夹层板中心挠度对前、后面板的厚度匹配较为敏感,在临界范围内,若背板厚度大于面板厚度,可减小夹层板的最终挠度。夹层板面板宜采用刚度较低、延性好、拉伸破坏应变较大的金属材料。     

爆炸载荷下双向梯度仿生夹芯圆板的力学行为

基于王莲仿生面内梯度芯层,通过引入面外梯度,设计了一种双向梯度仿生夹芯圆板。在此基础上,运用ABAQUS有限元软件,对不同排列方式的双向梯度夹芯圆板在不同爆炸载荷作用下的响应进行了数值仿真,着重分析了不同仿生夹芯圆板的前后面板挠度、芯层压缩量、变形模式和能量吸收等特性,得到了一种抗爆性能较好的芯层排列方式。结果表明:相较于单一的面外梯度夹芯圆板,合理设计的双向梯度仿生夹芯圆板可以有效降低后面板挠度,并提高芯层的能量吸收。     

Buckling analysis of sandwich plates with FGM face sheets resting on elastic foundation with various boundary conditions: an analytical approach

This paper presents an analytical investigation on the buckling analysis of symmetric sandwich plates with functionally graded material (FGM) face sheets resting on an elastic foundation based on the first-order shear deformation plate theory (FSDT) and subjected to mechanical, thermal and thermo-mechanical loads. The material properties of FGM face sheets are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction according to a simple power law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents. The core layer is still homogeneous and made of an isotropic material. An analytical approach is used to reduce the governing equations of stability and then solved using an analytical solution which is named as power series Frobenius method for symmetric sandwich plates with six different boundary conditions. A detailed numerical study is carried out to examine the influence of the plate aspect ratio, side-to-thickness ratio, loading type, sandwich plate type, volume fraction index, elastic foundation coefficients and boundary conditions on the buckling response of FGM sandwich plates. This has not been done before and serves to fill the gap of knowledge in this area.     

桁架板等效刚度分析

桁架材料的连续介质等效模型的研究已有相当基础,而工程中桁架材料往往以类板结构形式出现,其变形表现出明显的弯曲特征。将类板桁架材料采用弯曲板模型模拟,研究合理的方法确定等效板模型的刚度具有重要意义。本文在基于Kirchhoff假定的小挠度薄板弹性理论框架下,研究了类板桁架材料的等效弯曲薄板模型,提出了确定薄板模型等效刚度的基于Dirichlet位移边界条件的代表体元法,给出了确定各刚度系数所对应的代表体元的边界位移形式。具体计算了几种典型形式桁架板的等效刚度,并采用有限元离散模型和实验技术分析了桁架板在一定的边界约束和荷载作用下的响应,并与等效板模型的分析结果进行了对比。结果表明,在响应分析中,具有等效刚度的薄板模型可准确模拟类板桁架材料;连续介质板等效刚度计算的积分法不能给出准确的桁架板等效刚度,而基于Dirichlet位移边界条件的代表体元法获得的等效板的刚度具有很高的精度。     

Underwater blast loading of sandwich beams: Regimes of behaviour

Finite element (FE) calculations are used to develop a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic response of sandwich beams subjected to underwater blast loading, including the effects of fluid–structure interaction. Design maps are constructed to show the regimes of behaviour over a broad range of loading intensity, sandwich panel geometry and material strength. Over the entire range of parameters investigated, the time-scale associated with the initial fluid–structure interaction phase up to the instant of first cavitation in the fluid is much smaller than the time-scales associated with the core compression and the bending/stretching responses of the sandwich beam. Consequently, this initial fluid–structure interaction phase decouples from the subsequent phases of response. Four regimes of behaviour exist: the period of sandwich core compression either couples or decouples with the period of the beam bending, and the core either densifies partially or fully. These regimes of behaviour are charted on maps using axes of blast impulse and core strength. The simulations indicate that continued loading by the fluid during the core compression phase and the beam bending/stretching phase cannot be neglected. Consequently, analyses that neglect full fluid–structure interaction during the structural responses provide only estimates of performance metrics such as back face deflection and reaction forces at the supports. The calculations here also indicate that appropriately designed sandwich beams undergo significantly smaller back face deflections and exert smaller support forces than monolithic beams of equal mass. The optimum transverse core strength is determined for minimizing the back face deflection or support reactions at a given blast impulse. Typically, the transverse core strength that minimizes back face deflection is 40% below the value that minimizes the support reaction. Moreover, the optimal core strength depends upon the level of blast impulse, with higher strength cores required for higher intensity blasts.     

冲击波与破片对波纹杂交夹层板的联合毁伤数值研究

通过有限元软件LS-DYNA模拟了波纹杂交夹层板在冲击波与破片联合作用下的响应过程,研究了炸药当量、载荷类型和填充方式对波纹杂交夹层板变形与失效模式的影响,并与实体板、间隔板和波纹夹层板的抗联合毁伤性能进行了对比,讨论了波纹杂交夹层板的能量吸收特性。数值计算结果表明:与冲击波单独作用相比,破片群单独作用和冲击波与破片联合作用对结构造成的毁伤更为严重;当药量较小时,波纹夹层板和波纹杂交夹层板的抗联合毁伤性能优于实体板与间隔板,波纹杂交夹层板的抗联合毁伤性能从全填充、迎爆面填充到背爆面填充逐渐降低;当药量较大时,所有结构均产生破口失效;在能量耗散方面,冲击波单独作用时以波纹芯层吸能为主,破片群单独作用和冲击波与破片联合作用时以上面板吸能为主。     

梯度蜂窝夹芯板在爆炸荷载作用下的动力响应

利用弹道冲击摆锤系统对分层梯度蜂窝夹芯板在爆炸荷载下的动力响应进行了实验研究,分析了梯度蜂窝夹芯板在爆炸荷载作用下的变形失效模式,并与传统非梯度蜂窝夹芯板的抗爆性能做了对比。通过一维应力波理论,分析了应力波在梯度芯层中的传播规律。应力波透射系数在梯度试件中比非梯度芯层中小,而且相对密度递减的芯层组合有最小的应力波透射系数。综合考虑结构变形失效模式,后面板挠度,芯层压缩量以及应力波传播特点得到:分层梯度蜂窝夹芯板的抗爆性能明显优于传统的非梯度夹芯板,在所研究的荷载范围内,芯层相对密度从大到小排列试件的抗爆性能相对较好。     

Analysis and active control of nonlinear vibration of composite lattice sandwich plates

This paper is devoted to investigate the nonlinear vibration characteristics and active control of composite lattice sandwich plates using piezoelectric actuator and sensor. Three types of the sandwich plates with pyramidal, tetrahedral and Kagome cores are considered. In the structural modeling, the von Kármán large deflection theory is applied to establish the strain–displacement relations. The nonlinear equations of motion of the structures are derived by Hamilton’s principle with the assumed mode method. The nonlinear free and forced vibration responses of the lattice sandwich plates are calculated. The velocity feedback control (VFC) and H_∞ control methods are applied to design the controller. The nonlinear vibration responses of the sandwich plates with pyramidal, tetrahedral and Kagome cores are compared. The influences of the ply angle of the laminated face sheets, the thicknesses of the lattice core and face sheets and the excitation amplitude on the nonlinear vibration behaviors of the sandwich plates are investigated. The correctness of the H_∞ control algorithm is verified by comparing with the experiment results reported in the literature. The controlled nonlinear vibration response of the sandwich plate is computed and compared with that of the uncontrolled structural system. Numerical results indicate that the VFC and H_∞ control methods can effectively suppress the large amplitude vibration of the composite lattice sandwich plates.

     

爆炸载荷下分层梯度泡沫铝夹芯板的失效模式与抗冲击性能

采用弹道冲击摆系统开展了爆炸载荷下分层梯度泡沫铝夹芯板的变形/失效模式和抗冲击性能实验研究，并配合激光位移传感器得到试件后面板中心点的挠度-时程响应曲线。研究了炸药当量和芯层组合方式对夹芯板试件变形/失效模式和抗冲击性能的影响。实验结果表明，泡沫铝夹芯板的变形/失效模式主要表现为面板的非弹性大变形，芯层压缩变形、芯层拉伸断裂以及芯层剪切失效。在研究爆炸冲量范围内，非梯度芯层夹芯板的抗冲击性能明显优越于所有分层梯度芯层夹芯板。对于分层梯度夹芯板试件，爆炸冲量较小时芯层组合形式对分层梯度芯层夹芯板的抗冲击性能的影响不大，而爆炸冲量较大时，最大相对密度芯层靠近前面板组合形式的分层梯度夹芯板试件抗冲击性能较好。研究结果可为泡沫金属夹芯结构的优化设计提供参考。