引信的系统辨识及其失控模型

为了解决引信元器件及产品可靠性预测值与靶试可靠性估计值不相符的问题,引入引信系统辨识概念,建立了引信可靠性试验过程的系统辨识一般模型,元器件强度失控模型和参数失控模型,最后得出引信系统的综合可靠度。模型对可靠性的预测值与试验结果相吻合。     

哈密顿系统正则变换在时变最优控制中的应用

利用哈密顿系统正则变换和生成函数理论求解线性时变最优控制问题,构造了新的最优控制律形式并提出了控制增益计算的保结构算法. 利用生成函数求解最优控制导出的哈密顿系统两端边值问题,并构造线性时变系统的最优控制律,由第2类生成函数所构造的最优控制律避免了末端时刻出现无穷大反馈增益. 控制系统设计中需求解生成函数满足的时变矩阵微分方程组. 根据生成函数与哈密顿系统状态转移矩阵之间的关系,从正则变换的辛矩阵描述出发,导出了求解这组微分方程组的保结构递推算法.为了保持递推计算中的辛矩阵结构,哈密顿系统状态转移矩阵的计算中利用了Magnus级数.      

某火箭弹标准外形引信气动加热计算

为了评估弹体飞行中产生的气动热对弹头引信的影响,采用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法对某火箭弹标准外形引信体在飞行条件下的气动加热过程进行了数值计算与分析.计算中,将获得的某火箭弹实际弹道参数进行了分段线性拟合,得到了计算域入口处的速度、温度、压强与时间的函数关系;结合分析对象的特点,采用结构化网格、远场压力边界条件、k-ε模型,利用有限体积法、耦合求解法模式、二阶迎风格式进行求解,得出了某火箭弹标准外形引信在弹道中不同时刻的温度场变化规律.计算结果与遥测试验结果的比较表明:两者变化的趋势及量值大小相吻合,两者的最大误差为13.0%,满足工程应用要求.     

空化起始的理论预测——模糊空化系统

木文建立了一个模糊空化系统、运用模糊数学的理论对空化起始问题进行了理论预测、根据反映空化核群空化行为的四个空化特征值和由试验得出的一些定性规律,用模糊理论的方法得出控制系统空化状态的模糊状态转移矩阵,从而估算出系统的空化状态。用本文所提出的方法对两种轴对称头体的空化起始进行了预测。所得的结果与相应的试验结果相当满意地符合。     

基于机械振动理论的垂直侵彻弹靶作用模型

为了给侵彻引信抗高过载优化设计提供准确的力学输入，将机械振动理论引入侵彻过程建模领域，提出了一种侵彻战斗部刚体运动与一阶轴向振动相结合的垂直侵彻弹靶作用模型。在垂直侵彻过程受力分析的基础上，基于牛顿第二定律建立了战斗部刚体运动模型，基于单自由度弹簧-质量-阻尼系统建立了战斗部一阶轴向振动模型，并采用数值积分的方法获得了垂直侵彻过程中各物理量的变化规律。和火炮试验实测加速度信号的对比分析结果表明:考虑战斗部一阶轴向振动后的垂直侵彻弹靶作用模型能更准确地描述侵彻过程，能更有效地指导侵彻引信的抗高过载优化设计。     

自毁装置的安全性和可靠性

为了研究集束弹药自毁装置的安全性与可靠性,分析和评价自毁装置设计,对自毁装置进行了理论抽象,建立了自毁装置安全性失效模型; 引入信息论方法,建立了抽象自毁装置顺序控制起爆信息输出量和顺序时间窗控制起爆信息输出量模型; 对典型的M85子弹药引信、XM1161引信、M230SD引信安全性及可靠性进行了分析。理论分析表明,M230SD引信安全性及可靠性优于XM1161引信、M85子弹药引信,与实验结果一致。     

悬索桥负载移梁过程静力学分析与试验研究

针对轨索移梁新工艺在悬索桥建设中的关键技术问题进行了理论分析和整体模型试验研究。根据柔索结构基本假定,建立了轨索移梁系统负载状态下的整体力学分析模型,并推导了主缆、吊索和轨索等各构件受力状态的计算方程。理论模型中,移梁小车所在轨索节段采用4个直线索单元模拟,其他位置的轨索节段采用1个直线索单元模拟。以矮寨悬索桥为工程背景,设计制作了轨索移梁体系的整体缩尺模型用以模拟移梁过程,测试了第一段梁从入轨到安装多个子工况的体系响应。理论计算结果与模型试验结果吻合良好,表明本文的计算方法正确有效,能解决轨索移梁工艺负载移梁过程中体系整体受力分析和轨索局部变形分析求解问题。该方法可简化计算过程,计算精度和结果能够应用于工程计算分析和求解,是一种适合于轨索移梁工艺负载状态下体系的分析方法。     

基于Fourier级数的时变周期系数Riccati微分方程精细积分

结合Fourier级数展开方法,本文提出了基于精细积分的时变周期系数Riccati微分方程求解高效算法.首先,利用Fourier级数展开方法将周期系统表示成三角级数形式,在一个积分步内使用精细积分方法得到对应Hamilton系统状态转移矩阵的表达式.然后,通过Riccati变换的方法,得到含有状态转移矩阵的时变周期系数Riccati微分方程解的递推格式.本文方法充分利用了方程本身的周期性特点,文中的数值算例表明算法具有计算效率高、结果可靠等优势.     

一类Markov过程的最大绝对值过程概率密度求解的新方法

随机过程或随机系统响应的最大绝对值概率分布往往是科学与工程中关心的重要挑战性问题.本文从理论与数值上进行了Markov过程的时变最大绝对值过程及其概率分布研究.文中,通过引入扩展状态向量,构造了最大绝对值-状态量联合向量过程,由此将不具有Markov性的最大值过程转化为具有Markov性的向量随机过程.在此基础上,通过最大绝对值-状态量之间的关系,建立了联合向量过程的转移概率密度函数.进而,结合Chapman-Kolmogorov方程和路径积分方法,提出了最大绝对值概率密度函数求解的数值方法.由此,可以得到Markov过程最大绝对值过程的时变概率密度函数,可进一步用于结构动力可靠度分析等.通过数值算例,验证了本文所提方法的有效性.该方法有望推广到更一般随机系统的极值分布估计之中.     

马尔可夫链在冗余系统可靠度求解中的应用

求解了单支光纤陀螺失效率取不同值时系统可靠度随时间的变化曲线,并分析了冗余系统可靠度曲线的意义,为光纤陀螺惯性测量冗余系统的可靠性研究提供了重要的信息,并为冗余系统的费效比计算提供了可信的依据。对组成系统的器件进行冗余是提高系统可靠性的一种常用方法,定量研究复杂冗余系统的冗余关系和求解系统的可靠度是极其困难的,马尔可夫模型是一种有效的方法。分析和确定了一个复杂的光纤陀螺惯性测量冗余系统的冗余关系,介绍了马尔可夫模型的基本原理,讨论了冗余系统应用马尔可夫模型的条件,应用马尔可夫模型建立了冗余系统的状态转移图和状态转移矩阵,最后给出了冗余系统可靠度的解析表达式,定量求解了冗余系统的可靠度。     

An effective temperature theory for the nonequilibrium behavior of amorphous polymers

Amorphous polymers lack an organized microstructure, yet they exhibit structural evolution, where physical properties change with time, temperature, and inelastic deformation. To describe the influence of structural evolution on the mechanical behavior of amorphous polymers, we developed a thermomechanical theory that introduces the effective temperature as a thermodynamic state variable representing the nonequilibrium configurational structure. The theory couples the evolution of the effective temperature and internal state variables to describe the temperature-dependent and rate-dependent inelastic response through the glass transition. We applied the theory to model the effect of temperature, strain rate, aging time, and plastic pre-deformation on the uniaxial compression response and enthalpy change with temperature of an acrylate network. The results showed excellent agreement with experiments and demonstrate the ability of the effective temperature theory to explain the complex thermomechanical behavior of amorphous polymers.     

Symmetry limit theory for cantilever beam-columns subjected to cyclic reversed bending

The behavior of a linear strain-hardening cantilever beam-column subjected to completely reversed plastic bending of a new idealized program under constant axial compression consists of three stages: a sequence of symmetric steady states, a subsequent sequence of asymmetric steady states and a divergent behavior involving unbounded growth of an anti-symmetric deflection mode. A new concept “symmetry limit” is introduced here as the smallest critical value of the tip-deflection amplitude at which transition from a symmetric steady state to an asymmetric steady state can occur in the response of a beam-column. A new theory is presented for predicting the symmetry limits. Although this transition phenomenon is phenomenologically and conceptually different from the branching phenomenon on an equilibrium path, it is shown that a symmetry limit may theoretically be regarded as a branching point on a “steady-state path” defined anew. The symmetry limit theory and the fundamental hypotheses are verified through numerical analysis of hysteretic responses of discretized beam-column models.     

Behaviour of unfilled and filled rubbers in shear in the glass-rubber transition region

Summary Rubbers filled with high amounts of a hard inorganic filler still show the typical mechanical properties of a high polymer, viz. a glass-rubber transition region, a glassy state and a rubbery state. The influence of filler characteristics on the glass-rubber transition is discussed, chiefly on the basis of the course of shear modulus at constant frequency as a function of temperature.The influence of volume content of filler on the glass-rubber transition of composite materials consists chiefly in a change of the levels of the shear modulus in the glassy and in the rubbery state. This change may be described by a simple macroscopic model due toVan der Poel. Predictions by this theory could be confirmed for rubbers filled with single filler fractions in the range of filler size between 30–500 m, and in the range of filler content between 0–50 vol.%.At smaller particle sizes, an influence of filler size was observed, which points to an increase in the transition temperature and to an increase in the level of modulus in the rubbery state with decreasing filler size.The preparation of composite materials with high filler contents (> 55 vol.%) is only possible by using a filler with a bimodal size distribution.In this case, moduli depend on filler content and mixing ratio of coarse to fine filler fraction; theVan der Poel theory then gives predictions which are too high in comparison with experimental results.     

A constitutive model of cold drawing in polycarbonates

This paper presents a set of constitutive equations to model cold-drawing (necking) in polycarbonates (PC). The model is based on a representation of cold drawing as a double glass transition, i.e., a transition from a glass into a rubbery state, when a certain yield surface in the stress space is reached, and a transition back to the glassy state upon unloading or when a certain molecular orientation (draw ratio) is achieved. The stretching process in the rubbery state is modeled by a hyperelastic extension of the J₂-flow theory to the finite strain range. An appropriate yield surface and an associative flow rule (defined via the Kuhn–Tucker optimality conditions) are presented to simulate this process in polycarbonates. The isochoric constraint during double glass transition is treated via an exact multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient into volume preserving and spherical parts. Numerical constitutive integration algorithm is based on an operator splitting technique where constraint/consistency during inelastic deformation is enforced via return mapping algorithm. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the correspondence with the experimental data.     

Orientational effect of the extensional flow field on solutions of rigid rodlike macromolecules-disappearance of the isotropic to nematic phase transition

The effect of steady state uniaxial extensional flow on a solution of rigid rodlike macromolecules is theoretically studied. The mean field theory of Maier and Saupe is extended to cover situations in which the macromolocular solution is subjected to an extensional flow field. It is found that for a given solution a critical flow gradient exists beyond which the first order nematic-isotropic phase transition, which is typical of such solutions in the absence of flow, disappears. A similar result is obtained when the theory of Onsager is applied to the problem. Order parameter as a function of flow gradient is calculated and it is shown that the contribution of flow to the ordering of macromolecules is most significant when the stationary solution is isotropic but close to the transition point.     

用非定常系统模型分析弹丸的动态稳定性

本文采用与实际比较相符的非定常非线性系统模型,应用定理和状态转移矩阵范数的估值以及矩阵测度公式,分析弹丸的动态稳定性。该文提出了外弹道学中研究动态稳定性问题的一种新理论和新方法。     

Thermal contraction and volume relaxation of amorphous polymers

Two experimental techniques are described for the determination of the change of specific volume of polymers with temperature and aging time, which allow measurements between – 160 °C and + 200 °C. Four technical amorphous polymers, PS, PVC, PMMA and PC have been investigated. Volume-temperature curves under constant rate of cooling are presented and interpreted with respect to relaxation processes known from other physical investigations. The rate dependence of dilatometric glass transition temperatures is compared with the time dependence of rheometric glass transition temperatures from shear creep data. Volume relaxation data at constant aging temperature are presented. Aging is found to proceed until very low temperatures in the glassy state for e.g. PMMA.For polystyrene, a comparison is made between the predictions of a very simple theory of volume relaxation due to Kovacs with experimental data, using additional information from volume temperature curves and the time temperature shift of the shear creep transition. The theory predicts a rate of volume relaxation which is much lower than that found by experiment.     

Dynamical evolution of heterogeneous nucleation on surfaces with ideal cavities

A theoretical investigation is conducted to explore the evolution behavior of heterogeneous nucleation on a solid surface with ideal conical cavities. According to the free energy characteristics of transition or a liquid–vapor phase change in an ideal conical cavity, the heterogeneous nucleation process can be divided into or described as three different types, nucleation within a cavity, nucleation outside a cavity and twice-nucleation. The nucleation within or outside a cavity only has one free energy barrier, and its nucleation rate can be derived from the classical theory. The twice-nucleation is concluded to occur in some special cavities, and its kinetic characteristic is different from the classical theory. The twice-nucleation rate is mainly determined by two free energy barriers as the free energy of a cluster at metastable state is positive. As the free energy of a cluster at metastable state is negative, the nucleation rate of twice-nucleation is determined not only by two energy barriers, but also dependent of the metastable state.     

振荡边界层研究及其应用

综述了振荡边界展的研究现状,包括:层流边界层,转捩和湍流边界层的理论、数值和实验研究的最新进展．在自然界,最典型的例子是波浪、潮汐作用下的水底边界层．同时讨论了水底边界层的特点及其中物质输送的动力学过程,还给出了实际应用的例子．      

A thermodynamical gradient theory for deformation and strain localization of porous media

In this work, a thermodynamically consistent gradient formulation for partially saturated cohesive-frictional porous media is proposed. The constitutive model includes a classical or local hardening law and a softening formulation with state parameters of non-local character based on gradient theory. Internal characteristic length in softening regime accounts for the strong shear band width sensitivity of partially saturated porous media regarding both governing stress state and hydraulic conditions. In this way the variation of the transition point (TP) of brittle-ductile failure mode can be realistically described depending on current confinement condition and saturation level. After describing the thermodynamically consistent gradient theory the paper focuses on its extension to the case of partially saturated porous media and, moreover, on the formulation of the gradient-based characteristic length in terms of stress and hydraulic conditions. Then the localization indicator for discontinuous bifurcation is formulated for both drained and undrained conditions.