Surface and non-local effects for non-linear analysis of Timoshenko beams

In this paper, we present a non-local non-linear finite element formulation for the Timoshenko beam theory. The proposed formulation also takes into consideration the surface stress effects. Eringen׳s non-local differential model has been used to rewrite the non-local stress resultants in terms of non-local displacements. Geometric non-linearities are taken into account by using the Green–Lagrange strain tensor. A C⁰ beam element with three degrees of freedom has been developed. Numerical solutions are obtained by performing a non-linear analysis for bending and free vibration cases. Simply supported and clamped boundary conditions have been considered in the numerical examples. A parametric study has been performed to understand the effect of non-local parameter and surface stresses on deflection and vibration characteristics of the beam. The solutions are compared with the analytical solutions available in the literature. It has been shown that non-local effect does not exist in the nano-cantilever beam (Euler–Bernoulli beam) subjected to concentrated load at the end. However, there is a significant effect of non-local parameter on deflections for other load cases such as uniformly distributed load and sinusoidally distributed load (Cheng et al. (2015) [10]). In this work it has been shown that for a cantilever beam with concentrated load at free end, there is definitely a dependency on non-local parameter when Timoshenko beam theory is used. Also the effect of local and non-local boundary conditions has been demonstrated in this example. The example has also been worked out for other loading cases such as uniformly distributed force and sinusoidally varying force. The effect of the local or non-local boundary conditions on the end deflection in all these cases has also been brought out.     

粘性介质上的悬臂梁在冲击载荷作用下的刚塑性动力响应

本文考虑了一个放置在粘性介质上的刚-理想塑性悬臂梁在自由端受冲击载荷时的小变形动力响应。具体讨论了线性粘性介质时矩形脉冲,线性衰减脉冲及瞬时冲击等加载情况,并与无介质解进行了比较,讨论了介质对梁的运动变形模式、最终挠度、能量吸性的影响。     

Large deflections of cantilever beams of non-linear elastic material under a combined loading

Large deflection of cantilever beams made of Ludwick type material subjected to a combined loading consisting of a uniformly distributed load and one vertical concentrated load at the free end was investigated. Governing equation was derived by using the shearing force formulation instead of the bending moment formulation because in the case of large deflected member, the shearing force formulation possesses some computational advantages over the bending moment formulation. Since the problem involves both geometrical and material non-linearities, the governing equation is complicated non-linear differential equation, which would in general require numerical solutions to determine the large deflection for a given loading. Numerical solution was obtained by using Butcher's fifth order Runge-Kutta method and are presented in a tabulated form.     

Nondestructive shell-stability estimation by a combined-loading technique

Accurate nondestructive procedures for cylindrical-shell-stability investigations have long been a goal of experimentalists and practicing engineers. Stability criteria based on stress and deflection have been investigated intensively by researchers, but lateral-stiffness variation has been largely ignored. It is this aspect which is the foundation of the present work. The variation of specimen lateral stiffness with compressive axial loading is studied experimentally and it is demonstrated that buckling loads can be predicted for monocoque shells from such data. A study of the initial specimen geometry is presented and an evaluation is made of its effect on the distribution of stiffness at zero axial load. When the lateral test force used to termine the stiffness is considered as a destabilizing load in combination with the axial compression, it is shown that critical values of the force can be estimated by the “Southwell plat” procedure. These critical forces can be correlated with axial load and extrapolated to yield an accurate estimate of the buckling load. The approach greatly reduces the compressive load necessary for stability predictions over that required for other techniques.     

THE DETERMINATION OF BUCKLING POINT AND CRITICAL LOAD OF COMPRESSIVE MEMBER

为了分析压杆失稳的临界力与失稳后杆件屈服形态的关系,在理论推导和试验研究的基础上,提出了通过捕捉细长压杆失稳时的失稳点来确定压杆临界力的分析方法,通过测量细长压杆失稳时微弯状态下杆端的纵向位移,求得临界压力的大小. 文中将该方法的实验结果与直接用欧拉公式计算的临界压力进行了比较,结果表明,考虑细长压杆微弯状态时杆端的纵向位移所得到的失稳的临界压力值大于利用欧拉公式计算的临界压力值.     

Sufficient conditions for stability of Euler elasticas

Based on the conjugate point theory in calculus of variations, sufficient conditions on stability of all Euler elasticas for a column clamped at one end and guided at the other are proposed in this paper. For the Euler elasticas, an initial value problem is solved numerically by the Euler iteration. Sufficient conditions are satisfied that Euler elasticas with one half wave are stable and the others with more than one half wave are unstable in post-buckling. As load is smaller than the Euler critical force, it is sufficient theoretically that straight shape is stable. As load exceeds the Euler critical force, it is sufficient theoretically that straight shape is unstable.     

THE ANALYSIS OF THE ENTIRE ELASTO-PLASTIC PROCESS OF A BEAM WITH ONE DEGREE OF INDETERMINACY UNDER A CONCENTRATED LOAD

对跨中集中载荷作用下一次超静定梁的弹塑性加载和变形全过程进行了分析。根据受力变形特点,集中载荷作用下一次超静定梁的加载过程可分为4 个阶段,分别是弹性阶段、固支端附近塑性变形区扩展阶段、固支端和集中载荷作用点附近塑性变形区双扩展阶段、固支端保持为塑性铰同时附近卸载而集中载荷作用点附近塑性变形区继续扩展直至形成第2 个塑性铰阶段。在弹性阶段,弯矩内力和挠度与外载荷是线性比例关系,在第2,3 两个阶段,弯矩和挠度与外载荷是复杂的非线性关系,在第4 阶段,弯矩与外载荷是线性关系但不是比例关系而挠度与外载荷是更为复杂的非线性关系。给出了全过程任意点的弯矩和挠度计算公式,可供结构设计参考应用。     

Non-conservative stability of intermediate spring supported columns with an elastically restrained end support

The non-conservative stability of an intermediate spring supported uniform column clastically restrained at one end and subjected to a follower force at the other unsupported end is studied. It is found that when the intermediate spring support is far from the unsupported end, the instability mechanism is flutter. As the intermediate spring support approaches the unsupported end, the instability mechanism is changed from flutter to divergence with the increase of intermediate spring stiffness. For the hinged-intermediate and guided-intermediatc spring supported columns, the critical buckling load of flutter instability will first decrease, then increase as the intermediate spring stiffness is increased. Nevertheless, when the instability mechanism is divergence, the critical buckling load depends on the location of the intermediate spring support only, whereas for the clamped-intermediate spring supported column the critical buckling load of divergence instability decreases monotonically to a fixed value as the intermediate spring stiffness is increased. Finally, the influence of elastic end restraints on the stability of the column is also investigated.     

Rectangular Tubular Steel Columns Loaded Biaxially

An inelastic analysis of rectangular tubular steel columns subjected to a constant axial load and a gradually increasing biaxial end moment is presented. Analytical thrust-moment-curvature relationships are given for the cross section with bilinear material stress-strain characteristics. An iterative procedure based on column deflection curves is used to predict moment-deflection curves up to collapse, and numerical examples are given for square and rectangular tubular steel columns. The interaction of biaxial moments, as well as the effect of strain-hardening, is explained for the non-proportional loading considered. The technique can be modified for beam-columns with other types of end moments.     

轴向扩散下简支饱和多孔弹性梁的大挠度分析

基于多孔介质理论和弹性梁的大挠度理论,并考虑轴向变形,在孔隙流体仅沿轴向扩散的假设下,建立了微观不可压饱和多孔弹性梁大挠度弯曲变形的一维非线性数学模型.在此基础上,忽略饱和多孔弹性梁的轴向应变,并利用Galerkin截断法,研究了两端可渗透的简支饱和多孔弹性梁在突加横向均布载荷作用下的拟静态弯曲,给出了饱和多孔梁弯曲时挠度、弯矩和轴力以及孔隙流体压力等效力偶等沿轴线的分布曲线.揭示了大挠度非线性和小挠度线性模型的结果差异,指出大挠度非线性模型的结果小于相应小挠度线性模型的结果,并且这种差异随着载荷的增大而增大.计算表明:当无量纲载荷参数q>5时,应该采用大挠度非线性数学模型进行研究.     

Euler杆大挠度屈曲的解析逼近

研究Euler杆大挠度屈曲问题，将控制方程的线性化与谐波平衡法组合起来，分别建立以杆端转角形式表示的屈曲荷载及最大挠度的解析逼近公式，这些公式既适用于小变形又适用于大变形。     

DEFLECTION OF FOUR TYPES OF CANTILEVER BEAMS WITH VARIABLE CROSS SECTION UNDER LATERAL TRIANGULAR DISTRIBUTED LOADS1)

研究了圆柱、圆锥、抛物型和双曲型回转变截面悬臂梁在侧向三角形分布载荷下的挠度。基于四类回转悬臂梁的惯性矩沿长度方向的分布规律,得到其任意侧向分布载荷下的挠曲线方程。基于三角形分布载荷下的挠曲线方程,得到其端部挠度值。在等长度和等体积假设下,通过比较端部挠度值找到四类悬臂梁中挠度最小者。研究表明三角形分布载荷下,特征参数在特定范围内,母线为双曲线的悬臂梁挠度最小。     

The influence of multiple cracks on tensile and compressive buckling of shear deformable beams

In this work the static stability of the uniform Timoshenko column in presence of multiple cracks, subjected to tensile or compressive loads, is analyzed. The governing differential equations are formulated by modeling the cracks as concentrated reductions of the flexural stiffness, accomplished by the use of Dirac’s delta distributions. The adopted model has allowed the derivation of the exact buckling modes and the corresponding buckling load equations of the Timoshenko multi-cracked column, as a function of four integration constant only, which are derived simply by enforcing the end boundary conditions, irrespective of the number of concentrated damage. Since shear deformability has been taken into account, the buckling load equation allows capturing both compressive and tensile buckling. The latter phenomenon has been recently investigated with reference to rubber bearing isolators, modeled as short beams, but it has been shown to occur also in slender beams characterized by high distributed shear deformation, like composite and layered beams. The influence of multiple concentrated cracks on the stability of shear deformable beams, particularly under the action of tensile loads, has never been assessed in the literature and is here addressed on the basis of an extensive parametric analysis. All the reported results have been compared with the Euler multi-cracked column in order to highlight its limits of applicability.     

Numerical analysis of large elasto-plastic deflection of constant curvature beam under follower load

This paper describes a method to analyze the elasto-plastic large deflection of a curved beam subjected to a tip concentrated follower load. The load is made to act at an arbitrary inclination with the tip tangent. A moment-curvature based constitutive law is obtained from linearly hardening model. The deflection governing equation obtained is highly non-linear owing to both kinematics and material non-linearity. It is linearized to obtain the incremental differential equation. This in turn is solved using the classical Runge–Kutta 4^th order explicit solver, thereby avoiding iterations. Elastic results are validated with published literature and the new results pertaining to elasto-plastic cases are presented in suitable non-dimensional form. The load to end angle response of the structure is studied by varying normalized material and kinematic parameters. It is found that the response curves overlap at small deflection corresponding to elastic deformation and diverge for difference in plastic property. The divergent response curves intersect with each other at higher deflection. The results presented also show that the approach may be used to obtain desired non-uniformly curved beam by suitably loading a uniform curvature beam.     

置于液面上的刚塑性圆板大挠度动力响应分析

分析了置于无旋不可压理想流体流面上的简支刚塑性圆板受矩形脉冲载荷作用的大挠度动力响应，借助Ｈａｎｋｅｌ变换，将液－固耦合作用为在空气中的圆板塑性动力响应问题，进而求解弯矩和膜力联合作用的大挠度运动方程，得到了中载及高载下各相运动的完全解，并提供了数值算例。     

双集中荷载下一次超静定梁的加载过程分析

对双集中荷载作用下一次超静定梁的弹塑性加载全过程进行了分析．根据变形特点可把加载过程分成四个阶段．第一阶段是常规的弹性阶段,第二阶段是固支端附近单个塑性变形区扩展的阶段,第三阶段是固支端和一个集中荷载附近两个塑性变形区同时扩展的阶段,第四阶段是固支端保持为塑性铰从而引起固支端附近区域卸载而梁中间的塑性变形区继续扩展直至形成第二个塑性铰的阶段．在第一阶段,弯矩内力和挠度与外荷载均是线性比例递增关系;在第二、第三两个阶段,弯矩和挠度与外荷载是不同的非线性关系;在第四阶段,弯矩与外荷载是非比例的线性关系,但挠度与外荷载却是复杂的非线性关系．给出了加载各阶段的弯矩及挠度计算公式,具有理论意义,也可供对应的结构设计应用．     

考虑材料非线性的两端固支柱后屈曲载荷优化算法

针对满足Ramberg-Osgood本构关系的6082-T6铝合金固支柱的后屈曲问题进行了研究。利用泰勒展开式得到了用于计算横截面上弯矩的应力显式表达式,并通过弯矩-曲率关系导出了用剪力表示的控制方程。由于同时考虑材料非线性和几何非线性,此时控制方程为二阶非线性微分方程,本文提出了求解包含屈曲载荷的控制方程的优化算法。以屈曲载荷和固支端处的曲率为设计变量,以固支柱中点处的转角和挠度形成目标函数。利用进退法和黄金分割法改变设计变量的值,通过程序中包含的R-K法输出不同的结果,然后将输出的结果代入到目标函数中进行比较,获得包含目标函数极小值的最小区间,最终实现了对满足计算精度的设计变量值的确定。相较于打靶法复杂的分析过程,该优化算法优化过程简单,计算速度较快。为了验证本文算法的正确性,与两端固支6082-T6铝合金柱后屈曲时的数值解进行了对比。     

A nonlinear mathematical model for large deflection of incompressible saturated poroelastic beams

Nonlinear governing equations are established for large deflection of incom- pressible fluid saturated poroelastic beams under constraint that diffusion of the pore fluid is only in the axial direction of the deformed beams.Then,the nonlinear bend- ing of a saturated poroelastic cantilever beam with fixed end impermeable and free end permeable,subjected to a suddenly applied constant concentrated transverse load at its free end,is examined with the Gaierkin truncation method.The curves of deflections and bending moments of the beam skeleton and the equivalent couples of the pore fluid pressure are shown in figures.The results of the large deflection and the small deflection theories of the cantilever poroelastic beam are compared,and the differences between them are revealed.It is shown that the results of the large deflection theory are less than those of the corresponding small deflection theory,and the times needed to approach its stationary states for the large deflection theory are much less than those of the small deflection theory.     

斜磁场作用下铁磁梁式板的磁场摄动分析

基于磁场摄动技术和广义变分原理得到的磁力公式,对铁磁梁式板在斜磁场作用下的磁场和磁力摄动展开研究.给出了考虑磁场端部效应情形时铁磁梁式板的摄动磁场及其磁力摄动表达式,使得解析分析斜磁场作用下铁磁梁式板磁弹性耦合问题成为可能.研究表明:只有考虑了磁场端部效应的斜磁场磁力摄动公式才能模拟铁磁结构的弯曲模式且能够定性揭示铁磁简支梁式板弯曲构形为双半波形.     

Semi-analytic solution of Eringen’s two-phase local/nonlocal model for Euler-Bernoulli beam with axial force

Eringen’s two-phase local/nonlocal model is applied to an Euler-Bernoulli nanobeam considering the bending-induced axial force, where the contribution of the axial force to bending moment is calculated on the deformed state. Basic equations for the corresponding one-dimensional beam problem are obtained by degenerating from the three-dimensional nonlocal elastic equations. Semi-analytic solutions are then presented for a clamped-clamped beam subject to a concentrated force and a uniformly distributed load, respectively. Except for the traditional essential boundary conditions and those required to be satisfied by transferring an integral equation to its equivalent differential form, additional boundary conditions are needed and should be chosen with great caution, since numerical results reveal that non-unique solutions might exist for a nonlinear problem if inappropriate boundary conditions are used. The validity of the solutions is examined by plotting both sides of the original integro-differential governing equation of deflection and studying the error between both sides. Besides, an increase in the internal characteristic length would cause an increase in the deflection and axial force of the beam.