The structural performance of the periodic truss

Matrix methods of linear algebra are used to analyse the structural mechanics of the periodic pin-jointed truss by application of Bloch's theorem. Periodic collapse mechanisms and periodic states of self-stress are deduced from the four fundamental subspaces of the kinematic and equilibrium matrix for the periodic structure. The methodology developed is then applied to the Kagome lattice and the triangular-triangular (T-T) lattice. Both periodic collapse mechanisms and collapse mechanisms associated with uniform macroscopic straining are determined. It is found that the T-T lattice possesses only macroscopic strain-producing mechanisms, while the Kagome lattice possesses only periodic mechanisms which do not generate macroscopic strain. Consequently, the Kagome lattice can support all macroscopic stress states. The macroscopic stiffness of the Kagome and T-T trusses is obtained from energy considerations. The paper concludes with a classification of collapse mechanisms for periodic lattices.     

Mechanical behavior of sandwich panels with tetrahedral and Kagome truss cores fabricated from wires

Wires are great candidates as the raw material for truss periodic cellular metals because they can display high strength as in piano wires, are easy to fabricate, and can be controlled to be defect free. New approaches based on tri-axial weaving of wires to create ideal trusses, i.e., tetrahedral and Kagome truss have been presented. The mechanical properties of the sandwich panels with the truss cores fabricated by using the new approaches under compression and bending loadings are analyzed by elementary beam theory and experiments. The relative density, stiffness, and strength of the sandwich panels are estimated by the derived equations and compared with the measured results. The failure mechanisms of the sandwich panels are analyzed, and also benefits and shortcomings of each approach with respect to mechanical performance and production are discussed.     

热压电桁架结构屈曲稳定性有限元分析

梁、板、壳组合结构在航空航天和控制系统中得到了广泛应用。一般来说,桁架结构是作为整体结构的支撑来使用的,综合考虑热、机械和电场作用有助于充分发挥材料性能。本文从力的平衡方程出发,考虑温度场、机械场和电场多场耦合的情况,推导出了热压电桁架结构的静力分析有限元模型,并在此基础上给出了在多场荷载共同作用下的结构屈曲稳定性求解的有限元方程。数值算例表明,多场耦合效应能够对结构的屈曲稳定性影响较大。合理利用温度的影响,可以提高结构工作性能,并为梁、板、壳组合结构的优化和控制提供了理论基础。     

一种桁架结构智能生成与分析系统

建立了桁架结构的智能生成与分析系统,可以自动完成桁架结构的布局选型、 拓扑生成以及分析计算等系列过程. 主要通过结点布置和有选择的杆件连接实现结构的布局 选型,采用拓扑变化法完成结构的自动生成,并利用基内力阵进行结构的分析计算. 经算例 分析表明,该系统性能良好,使用方便,具有智能、自适应的特点,是辅助完成结构拓扑和 布局优化设计的有力工具之一.     

Non-linear closed-form computational model of cable trusses

In this paper the non-linear closed-form static computational model of the pre-stressed suspended biconvex and biconcave cable trusses with unmovable, movable, or elastic yielding supports subjected to vertical distributed load applied over the entire span and over a part (over the half) of the span is presented. The paper is an extension of the previously published work of authors [S. Kmet, Z. Kokorudova, Non-linear analytical solution for cable trusses, Journal of Engineering Mechanics ASCE 132 (1) (2006) 119-123]. Irvine's linearized forms of the deflection and the cable equations are modified because the effects of the non-linear truss behaviour needed to be incorporated in them. The concrete forms of the system of two non-linear cubic cable equations due to the load type are derived and presented. From a solution of a non-linear vertical equilibrium equation for a loaded cable truss, the additional vertical deflection is determined. The computational analytical model serves to determine the response, i.e. horizontal components of cable forces and deflection of the geometrically non-linear biconvex or biconcave cable truss to the applied loading, considering effects of elastic deformations, temperature changes and elastic supports. The application of the derived non-linear analytical model is illustrated by numerical examples. Resulting responses of the symmetric and asymmetric cable trusses with various geometries (shallow and deep profiles) obtained by the present non-linear closed-form solution are compared with those obtained by Irvine's linear solution and those by the non-linear finite element method. The conditions for the use of the linear and non-linear approach are briefly specified.     

A Dual Approach to Optimum Truss Design

Abstract

This paper considers the problem of finding member sizes which minimize the weight of a pin-jointed truss of fixed geometry while satisfying constraints upon joint displacements, member stresses, and minimum sizes. Aspects of both mathematical programming methods and optimality criteria methods for designing large trusses are discussed. The optimality criteria approach is further extended and the whole truss design problem is recast into a new dual formulation in which constraint activity levels are used as variables in a mathematical programming solution method. This new dual formulation unifies both the optimality criteria and mathematical programming approaches to the problem of truss design. The paper is theoretical in nature, being largely devoted to a proof of the dual method. A discussion of the likely implications and usefulness of the dual approach to truss design is given with comments upon its possible modes of practical use.     

Joint Flexibility Effects on Rectangular Hollow Section Vierendeel Trusses

ABSTRACT

An elastic-strain hardening material characteristic is used with the finite element method to model the behavior of Vierendeel trusses that consist of flexible branch-to-chord connections. Both chord and branch members are presumed to be rectangular hollow sections (RHS) of unequal width. Analyses have been undertaken on truss configurations consisting of either single member or double member chords placed back-to-back. Joint characteristics obtained from an earlier study are used to model the effects of flexible connections on truss load capacity and stiffness. The findings indicate that it is important to strive for high branch end moment and stiffness properties to achieve satisfactory structural performance of a girder. Punching shear effects are much less important. It is also shown that double chord trusses outperform their single chord equivalents, unless stiffening plates are employed to help achieve comparable end moments of branch members.     

差分格式收敛性研究的一种新方法

提出了一种对差分格式收敛性进行研究的新方法．应用U变换法和有限差分法，分析了均质简支梁的静力问题，求出了在均布荷载作用下梁的挠度和弯矩的精确解析表达式，并研究其收敛性，得到了收敛率系数的精确值．     

结构拓扑优化研究方法综述

结构拓扑优化研究方法目前有解析方法和数值方法两大类.首先介绍了解析方法中的 Michell理论,它在结构拓扑优化领域研究较早,影响最为深远.随后着重讨论了杆系和连 续体结构拓扑优化的数值方法.杆系结构常采用基结构方法,通过删除部分杆件达到结构 拓扑优化的目的.连续体结构一般要划分为有限单元,通过删除单元形成带孔的连续体, 以实现拓扑优化.介绍了连续体结构拓扑优化常采用的材料模型:各向同性、各向异性和 带微结构材料.并对连续体结构(0-1)拓扑优化中的数值计算不稳定问题的机理进行了分 析,给出了解决方法.此外,对应力约束问题存在解的奇异性现象也作了简要介绍.最后, 对数值方法中的主要数学求解方法进行了简单介绍.     

Complementary energy theorem in geometrically non-linear structural problems

The principle of stationary complementary energy for geometrically non-linear problems of beams and trusses is considered. The functional of complementary energy is formulated in terms of force quantities. The stationary conditions describe the conditions of compatibility of the structure. The applications include the problem of elastica, a truss, and a bending problem by use of beam elements.     

位移约束下智能桁架的强度最优控制

针对智能桁架结构，提出了在考虑多点位移约束的情况下，使结构工作应力处于最佳状态的规划法最优控制模型。当结构位移约束起主要作用时，模型可在保证位移约束的前提下，同时尽可能提高结构的承载能力；当结构位移并不重要时，仍可用该模型来提高结构的承戴能力。对于复杂结构，为了提高控制效果，可以调整为了满足位移条件而需要的作动器数目及布置方案。文中给出了数值算例，说明该方法的调控能力。     

环形桁架结构径向振动的等效圆环模型

在大型环形网架式可展天线中,环形桁架结构的动力学性能对于整个天线的工作状态至关重要.针对大型空间桁架结构,基于连续体等效的思想,将其动力学模型简化为简单的弹性连续体模型一直是动力学研究的热点.将环形桁架结构看作由重复的平面桁架单元构成的环形周期结构,在周期桁架单元等效梁模型的基础上,提出采用不计剪切变形和转动惯量的等效圆环模型分析环形桁架结构的径向振动,并对等效圆环模型的偏微分运动方程进行了解析求解.首先通过变量代换将描述圆环径向振动的四阶偏微分方程组降阶为一阶偏微分方程组,然后通过对降阶后的偏微分方程组进行Laplace变换将其转化为常微分方程组,并采用微分方程组的Green函数解法,获得了等效圆环模型在复频域下动力响应的解析表达式,进而得到等效圆环模型固有振动的特征方程及传递函数的表达式.最后通过数值算例对环形桁架有限元模型与等效圆环模型的固有频率和振型以及传递函数进行了对比分析,验证了等效圆环模型用于环形桁架结构径向振动分析的可行性.     

结构拓扑优化设计的三角网格进化法

针对进化或拓扑优化方法的不足，提出了一种基于遗传算法的新型进化式拓扑优化方法－－三角网格进化法，该方法不仅能够同时进行拓扑，形状与截面变量优化设计，而且在优化过程中实现了退化和进化的统一，提高了优化效率。另外本文还首次对结构类型变量进行了优化计算，取得了有益的结果。最后几个数值算例证明了本方法的可行性和有效性。     

随机拉索刚度预应力空间钢桁架随机内力摄动分析

基于已建立的拉索式平面预应力钢桁架基本理论 ,考虑到拉索刚度的随机性 ,得到了拉索式空间预应力钢桁架随机内力摄动分析的一般公式及敏度分析式 ,给出了空间预应力钢桁架随机内力统计特性计算表达式。为进一步进行空间预应力钢桁架可靠性分析奠定了一定的理论基础。最后针对工程中常见的三角形立体钢桁架 ,给出了算例     

压电智能桁架的灵敏度分析与优化设计

在压电桁架结构的有限元分析方法基础上，考虑电荷载和机械荷载联合作用的机电耦合效应，给出了压电智能桁架的位移和自振频率对常规尺寸设计变量和形状设计变量的灵敏度计算公式，增加了电压这一类新的设计变量，给出了位移对电压的灵敏度计算方法。在此基础上实现了通过优化压电主动桁架的电压进行变形控制的方法，并在JIFEX软件中实现了压电桁架的灵敏度分析与优化设计。文中给出的数值算例验证了算法和程序的有效性。     

钢桁腹式混凝土组合箱梁翼板纵向应力的计算方法研究

为研究钢桁腹式混凝土组合箱梁翼板纵向应力沿横桥向的分布情况,运用有限元软件ANSYS建立一座35m等截面简支钢桁腹式混凝土组合箱梁的有限元模型,考虑斜向腹杆杆力作用会使翼板产生附加轴力及相应的附加应力,故利用能量变分法原理推导出组合箱梁的翼板纵向弯曲应力和纵向附加应力计算公式,并据此探讨适用于计算组合箱梁的翼板纵向应力的方法。将有限元值和理论值进行比较,吻合程度良好。研究结果表明,组合箱梁的下翼板纵向应力可采用纵向弯曲应力计算公式进行计算;为获得组合箱梁的翼板附加轴力,可将组合箱梁的钢桁腹杆和混凝土纵梁取出,认为两者通过节点构造共同构成平面桁架,翼板附加轴力即为平面桁架的弦杆杆力;组合箱梁的上翼板纵向应力可通过纵向弯曲应力和经修正的纵向附加应力叠加获得。     

Wave propagation in circular cylindrical shells with periodic axial curvature

The propagation of longitudinal and flexural waves in axisymmetric circular cylindrical shells with periodic circular axial curvature is studied using a finite element method previously developed by the authors. Of primary interest is the coupling of these wave modes due to the periodic axial curvature which results in the generation of two types of stop bands not present in straight circular cylinders. The first type is related to the periodic spacing and occurs independently for longitudinal and flexural wave modes without coupling. However, the second type is caused by longitudinal and flexural wave mode coupling due to the axial curvature. A parametric study is conducted where the effects of cylinder radius, degree of axial curvature, and periodic spacing on wave propagation characteristics are investigated. It is shown that even a small degree of periodic axial curvature results in significant stop bands associated with wave mode coupling. These stop bands are broad and conceivably could be tuned to a specific frequency range by judicious choice of the shell parameters. Forced harmonic analyses performed on finite periodic structures show that strong attenuation of longitudinal and flexural motion occurs in the frequency ranges associated with the stop bands of the infinite periodic structure.     

随机边界弹性约束空间预应力钢桁架随机内力摄动分析

本文在文献[2]-[4]的基础上,进一步建立了具有任意弹性约束的拉索式空间预应力钢桁架计算模型,其中所有弹性约束均由一组弹簧模拟,在此基础上考虑到边界弹性约束刚度的随机性,进一步建立了拉索式预应力空间钢桁架随机内力摄动分析的计算公式,并针对三角形立体钢桁架进行了分析,为预应力立体钢桁架的可靠性研究奠定了一定的理论基础。     

航天器天线桁架结构多目标优化设计

针对有附加结构的卫星天线桁架结构,提出了一种实现结构多目标优化的综合设计方法。首先,探讨了附加结构刚度对桁架结构动力学特性的影响,以便建立精确的有限元模型,为进行优化设计奠定基础。之后,交替采用代理模型方法和人机交互方式进行结构拓扑构型设计。其中代理模型是采用优化拉丁超立方法进行试验设计,结合径向基函数近似方法生成的。最后,应用NSGA-II全局优化方法实现以重量最小化和频率最大化的多目标优化设计,并根据分层图定量可视化地从Pareto前端和Pareto最优解集中筛选最优设计方案。优化结果表明,相对于初始方案可以在基频几乎不变的情况下,重量减小29.66%。该方法有利于提高设计效率,降低全局优化的复杂度,同时能够得到满足设计要求的设计方案,适用于多目标结构优化设计。     

在轨组装空间结构面向主动控制的动力学建模

在轨组装是未来超大型空间结构最有发展潜力的构建方式之一, 组装过程中空间结构尺寸逐渐增长、动力学特性也随之改变, 给结构主动控制任务带来了新的挑战. 针对这一问题, 提出一种在轨组装空间结构面向主动控制的动力学建模方法. 首先, 建立不同类别组装模块的基础模型库, 以用于后续直接调用; 然后, 定义模块的邻接关系矩阵以描述在轨组装过程中空间结构的变化, 并根据在轨组装任务特点, 设计了面向分布式控制的智能组件结构形式; 在有限元建模方法的基础上提出"节点自由度加载"方法, 利用模块的基础模型库与邻接关系矩阵, 分别建立智能组件和空间结构整体的动力学模型, 该模型可随组装的进行同步自适应更新; 最后, 以在轨组装桁架结构为例, 给出组装碰撞冲击下动力学建模与分布式主动控制数值仿真. 结果表明, 在轨组装过程中桁架结构整体的动力学特性有明显的变化, 主动控制非常必要; 基于提出的建模方法, 可高效地建立构型多样的在轨组装空间结构动力学模型; 智能组件的动力学模型在组装过程中可进一步根据邻接关系矩阵限定更新范围, 适用于在轨组装过程中的分布式主动控制系统设计.