超声表面波检测金属材料表面应力的实验研究

本文应用声弹性理论研究了表面波在金属材料表面的传播速度和表面应力之间的关系,优化了表面波声弹性公式,建立了应力和表面波相对传播时间差的关系。通过构造实用的微型表面波探头,采用数字相关法计算了不同应力下的表面被传播时间差,确定了A3钢的表面波传播时间差与应力的关系式。同时分析了试件表面粗糙度和平整度对表面波速度变化的影响,最后给出了金属材料在不同表面条件下的实验分析结果。     

主导曲线法测定J阻力曲线的研究

本文利用主导曲线法测定了国产核容器用钢材料Ａ５０８－３的Ｊ阻力曲线，并将实验结果与卸载柔度法作了对比，进而说明这种新方法有其广阔的应用前景；同时，本实验引入了计算机数据实时采集及自动处理系统．这些系统的引入大大提高了实验精度和效率．     

A micro-mechanical model for the response of filled elastomers at finite strains

Constitutive equations are developed for the isothermal response of particle-reinforced elastomers at finite strains. A rubbery polymer is treated as a network of chains bridged by junctions. A strand between two junctions is thought of as a series of inextensible segments linked by bonds. Two stable conformations are ascribed to a bond: flexed and extended. Deformation of a specimen induces transition of bonds from their flexed conformation to the extended conformation. A concept of trapped entanglements is adopted, according to which not all junctions are active in the stress-free state. Under straining, some entanglements are transformed from their passive (dangling) state to the active state, which results in a decrease in the average length of a strand. Stress–strain relations for an elastomer and kinetic equations for the rate of transition of bonds from their flexed conformation to the extended conformation are derived by using the laws of thermodynamics. Simple phenomenological equations are suggested for the evolution of the number of active entanglements. The model is determined by five adjustable parameters which are found by fitting experimental data in uniaxial tensile tests. Fair agreement is demonstrated between the results of numerical simulation and observations for a polysulfide elastomer reinforced with polystyrene particles and two natural rubber vulcanizates with different cross-linkers.     

Computation of cascade flutter by uncoupled and coupled methods

A computational method for flutter prediction of turbomachinery cascades is presented. The flow through multiple blade passages is calculated using a time-domain approach with coupled aerodynamic and structural models. The unsteady Euler/Navier-Stokes equations are solved in quasi-three-dimensions using a second-order implicit scheme with dual time-stepping and a multigrid method. A structural model for the blades with bending and torsion degrees of freedom is integrated in time together with the flow field. Information between structural and aerodynamic models is exchanged until convergence in each real-time step. Computational results for a cascade are presented and compared with those obtained by the conventional energy method and with experimental and numerical data by other authors. Significant differences are found between the coupled and uncoupled methods at low mass ratios. A transonic test case with strong nonlinear phenomena is investigated with the fluid-structure coupled method. Results for inviscid flow are compared with results of Navier-Stokes computations.     

A theorem for a shear stress-free plane boundary in Stokes flow

A theorem for non-axisymmetrical Stokes flow about a shear stress-free plane boundary is established by using a representation for the velocity and pressure fields for the same flow in terms of biharmonic and harmonic functions. A corollary of the theorem is derived which gives the axisymmetrical Stokes flow in terms of the Stokes function about the same boundary. The formulae for drag and torque on the boundary are also given. A few illustrative examples are presented.     

Optimal Method for Heat-Flow Registration

A new optical method for heat-flow registration is proposed. The sensor is a plane-parallel plate made of a transparent material. The form of the interference pattern resulting from superposition of waves reflected from the leading and trailing edges of the sensor varies in time depending on the distribution of heat flows. A relation for calculating heat flows by the shift of interference fringes is given. The measurements obtained by the optical method and by a certified thermocouple probe are compared. The results are in good agreement. The sensitivity and spatial resolution of the method are estimated.     

Hole growth in plane viscous creep including interaction effects

A basis is presented for modeling the creep rupture process in terms of cavity growth by viscous creep deformation. It is shown that hole interactions must be included in the analysis in order to establish a rupture criterion. A technique introduced by Berg to study the growth of single holes is extended to treat two-hole geometries. The initial displacement rates for the case of two circular holes are calculated and interaction effects are examined.     

Blended skip entry guidance for low-lifting lunar return vehicles

A skip entry guidance algorithm blending numerical predictor-corrector and nominal trajectory tracking is presented for lunar return vehicles.The guidance is decoupled into longitudinal and lateral channels.A piecewise bank-vs-energy magnitude profile and a sign profile are adopted in the skip phase.A magnitude parameter is used to adjust the predicted downrange,and a pseudo-crossrange at the beginning of the final phase is selected as the lateral control variable.Prediction biases of both channels are nullified by a false position iteration algorithm.An on-line estimation and modeling method is introduced to compensate for aerodynamic and atmospheric uncertainties.A nominal trajectory for the final phase is generated based on actual reenter conditions,and the obtained nominal trajectory is tracked by a linear feedback law.A lateral corridor is used to manage the lateral state.The proposed guidance algorithm is assessed using three-degree-of-freedom Monte Carlo analyses,and the results show a satisfactory and robust performance under highly stressful dispersions.     

The application of 2D base force element method (BFEM) to geometrically non-linear analysis

Based on the concept of the base forces by Gao, a new finite element method – the base force element method (BFEM) on complementary energy principle for two-dimensional geometrically non-linear problems is presented. A 4-mid-node plane element model of the BFEM for geometrically non-linear problem is derived by assuming that the stress is uniformly distributed on each sides of a plane element. The explicit formulations of the control equations for the BFEM are derived using the modified complementary energy principle. The BFEM is naturally universal for small displacement and large displacement problems. A number of example problems are solved using the BFEM and the results are compared with corresponding analytical solutions and those obtained from the standard displacement finite element method. A good agreement of the results, and better performance of the BFEM, compared to the displacement model, in the large displacement and large rotation calculations, is observed.     

Correlation of finite strain measures

A numerical scheme for correlating any two finite strain measures is given, and situations in which such a scheme might be used are introduced. A check is established by comparison with the Reiner-Hanin solution of the Almansi-to-Hencky conversion. A numerical example is provided.     

Point vortex model of the unsteady separated flow past a semi-infinite plate with transverse motion

Two-dimensional unsteady separated flow past a semi-infinite plate with transverse motion is considered. The rolling-up of the separated shear-layer is modelled by a point vortex whose time-dependent circulation is predicted by an unsteady Kutta condition. A power-law starting flow is assumed along with a power law for the transverse motion. The effects of the motion of the plate on the starting vortex circulation and trajectory are presented. A suitable vortex shedding mechanism is introduced and a class of flows involving several vortices is presented. Finally, some possibilities for actively controlling the production of circulation by moving the plate are discussed.     

复杂加载下混凝土的弹塑性本构模型

混凝土材料在不同应力路径下或复杂加载条件下会表现出差异性显著的应力应变关系,在小幅循环加载条件下,其应力应变关系会表现出类似于弹性变形的滞回曲线.在不同应力水平下,混凝土的应力应变关系以及破坏特性都具有静水压力相关特点,即随着静水压力增大,各向异性强度特性弱化.此外,混凝土受压及受拉破坏机理不同,因而对应于混凝土硬化损伤亦有不同,即可分为受压硬化损伤,受拉硬化损伤及两者的混合硬化损伤类型.基于Hsieh模型,对该模型进行了三点改进.（1）针对小幅循环加载下混凝土无塑性变形的试验规律,而模型中在应力水平较低的循环加载条件下始终存在塑性变形的预测问题,采用在边界面模型框架下,设置了应力空间的弹性域,初始屈服面与后续临界状态屈服面几何相似的假定.（2）基于广义非线性强度准则将原模型采用变换应力方法将其推广为三维弹塑性本构模型,采用变换后模型可合理的考虑不同应力路径对于子午面以及偏平面上静水压力效应形成的影响,并避免了边界面应力点奇异问题.（3）分别对拉压两种加载损伤模式建议了相应的硬化参数表达式,可分别用于描述上述加载中产生的应变软化及强度退化行为.基于多种加载路径模拟表明:所建立的三维弹塑性本构模型可合理地用于描述混凝土的一般应力应变关系特性.      

考虑面内破坏过程的含分层损伤复合材料加筋层合板的动力响应

基于复合材料层合板一阶剪切理论，推导了复合材料层合板单元的刚度阵和质量阵列式；同时采用了Adams应交能法与Rayleigh阻尼模型相结合的方法，构造了相应的阻尼阵列式；为了防止在低阶模态中分层处出现的上、下子板不合理的嵌入现象，建立了含分层损伤复合材料加筋层合板动力分析的分层分析模型和虚拟界面联接模型。在上述模型和理论基础上，采用了Tsai提出的刚度退化准则和动力响应分析的精细积分法，对含分层损伤复合材料加筋层合板结构进行了动力响应和破坏分析。通过算例，分别讨论了外载频率、分层位置，以及破坏过程的刚度退化对含损伤复合材料加筋层合板动力响应特征的影响，得到了一些具有理论和工程价值的结论。     

Computation of free surface waves around an arbitrary body by a Navier-Stokes solver using the psuedocompressibility technique

A Navier-Stokes equation solver is developed for computing free surface wave and viscous flow around an arbitrary body, in which a free surface model is introduced into the pseudocompressibility solution. The governing equations are classified in a vectorial form, with primitive variables, and a block diagonal system is generated by the discretization of an implicit factorization method. A moving grid system fitted to both the free surface and body surface is generated by an effective cubic spline fitting technique. Two zero-equation turbulence models, namely the Cebeci-Smith model and the Baldwin-Lomax model, are used for turbulent calculations. Numerical simulations are carried out for the free surface viscous flows generated by a submerged hydrofoil and a ship model. Computed results are in reasonable agreement with measurements.     

Threshold-based Quasi-static Brittle Damage Evolution

We introduce models for static and quasi-static damage in elastic materials, based on a strain threshold, and then investigate the relationship between these threshold models and the energy-based models introduced in Francfort and Marigo (Eur J Mech A Solids 12:149–189, 1993) and Francfort and Garroni (Ration Mech Anal 182(1):125–152, 2006). A somewhat surprising result is that, while classical solutions for the energy models are also threshold solutions, this is shown not to be the case for nonclassical solutions, that is, solutions with microstructure. A new and arguably more physical definition of solutions with microstructure for the energy-based model is then given, in which the energy minimality property is satisfied by sequences of sets that generate the effective elastic tensors, rather than by the tensors themselves. We prove existence for this energy-based problem, and show that these solutions are also threshold solutions. A by-product of this analysis is that all local minimizers, in both the classical setting and for the new microstructure definition, are also global minimizers.     

A constitutive model for thermo-electro-mechanical behavior of ferroelectric polycrystals near room temperature

A constitutive model that can be used to predict thermo-electro-mechanical linear and nonlinear behavior of ferroelectric polycrystals near room temperature is proposed. A ferroelectric polycrystal is modeled by an agglomerate of 210 single crystallites that are distributed regularly over all directions. A variant in a single crystallite is characterized by a Gibbs free energy function whose coefficients have linear dependency on temperature. A dissipation inequality for domain switching is derived from the restriction of the second law of thermodynamics. Domain switching process is governed by a viscoplastic switching law with temperature-dependent switching parameters. The responses of the proposed model to electric field and mechanical stress loading at room and elevated temperatures are calculated and compared qualitatively with experimental observations available in literature.     

用离散速度方法计算浅水长波方程

用离散速度法计算浅水波方程，将空气动力学方程和浅水波方程作了比较，用Nadiga提出的近平衡流动方法模拟浅水波方程的连续和间断解。计算了一维的溃坝波问题和Thacker提出的连续解问题，结果与精确解作了比较，并且计算了水流跃过障碍物的问题。     

Separating forces in blade coating of viscous and viscoelastic liquids

Coating of viscous and viscoelastic liquids is examined both theoretically and experimentally. A single simple geometry, a blade over a rotating roll, is considered. A perturbation solution to the Navier-Stokes equations yields a lubrication theory with first order corrections for curvature and inertia. A numerical solutions by the Finite Element Method (FEM) is compared to the analytical solutions. For Newtonian fluids, agreement between these mathematical models, and data on blade loading, is quite good.The effect of a non-Newtonian viscosity is explored by adopting a purely viscous power law model. The zeroth-order (lubrication) equations are solved by the method of Steidler and Horowitz, and predictions for coating thickness and blade loading agree quite well with those obtained from a FEM solution of the full equations of motion for a power law fluid. Data on blade loading, obtained using a strongly elastic polymer solution, are compared to these mathematical models, and discrepancies are noted.