Structure of wave front and organization center in excitable media

With help of establishing the moving coordinate on the wave front surface and the perturbation analysis in the boundary layer, the structures of wave front and organization center in excitable media were studied. The eikonal equation of wave front surface and general equation of organization center were obtained. These eikonal equations reveal the wave front surfaces have structures of twisted scroll wave and MObius band, the organization centers have structures of knotted and linked ring. These theoretical results not only explain the wave patterns of BZ (Belousov-Zhabotinskii) chemical reaction but also give several possibility structures of wave front surface and organization center in general excitable media.     

The motion of organization center of scroll waves in excitable media with single diffusion

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具有引力场的气体中激波传播的近似理论

本文在三维不定常流体力学特征理论的基础上,运用CCW方法,获得了激波速度的变化和激波阵面曲率、引力的大小和方向之间的解析关系,讨论了引力场对激波的加强和减弱的影响以及超新星爆炸中反弹激波的问题。利用得到的激波面积变化公式,给出了二、三维激波在引力场作用下传播问题的模拟处理方法。作为简单的例子,具体地研究了引力场变密度气体中强激波传播问题。     

Velocity field after wave breaking

The velocity field in breaking water waves is considered in this paper. A numerical simulation describes in detail the transition from a primary overturning and consequent rebounding jets into a bore front, where the vorticity in the coherent large‐scale eddy structures devolves into turbulence. Spatial changes in the frequency spectra of the kinetic energy and the enstrophy are associated with the production, transport and dissipation of the Reynolds stress and the various wave and turbulent mixing length scales. Mean velocity fields and the wave and kinetic energy in a surf zone are evaluated. Fourier and wavelet spectral analysis is applied to study both the surface elevation and energy changes, and the distinction that must be made between spilling and plunging breakers is clarified in this paper. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Plane explosion wave in soils

It is shown in the article that simple analytical expressions can be used to determine the velocity of the front of a plane shock wave and the parameters of the soil behind the front in the region from the boundary of the charge of explosive up to the moment of the emission of sound. The calculated data are compared with the results of field tests. The calculations are based on the use of a diagram of the compression of the soil constructed taking account of the results of the experiment.     

装药动爆冲击波特性研究

导弹、炮弹等战斗部爆炸时具有一定的速度，较大的运动速度会使爆炸冲击波场分布发生变化，进而对弹药的毁伤威力产生影响。本文中采用AUTODYN软件对速度分别为0、272、340、680、1 020和1 700 m/s的TNT球形裸装药在空气中爆炸的冲击波场进行了仿真计算，定量研究装药在动爆条件下的峰值超压、比冲量和正压作用时间等威力参数特性。结果表明，方位角小于90°时装药速度与冲击波超压、比冲量成正相关，与正压作用时间成负相关；方位角大于90°时装药速度与冲击波超压、比冲量成负相关，与正压作用时间成正相关。超压峰值大小沿方位角成正弦变化。最后，分析了冲击波峰值超压数据，建立了动爆冲击波超压的计算模型，该模型计算结果与仿真和实验结果吻合较好。     

双相介质P波波动方程小波域多尺度模拟

相比于单相介质理论而言,双相介质理论更接近实际地层的真实情况,因此在地球物理勘探、地震工程和岩土动力学等领域有着广泛的应用。传统的波动方程数值解法由于本身固有的不足不利于求解诸如双相介质波动方程等复杂的非线性和不规则性问题;而小波方法则由于自身良好的特性可以用来构建解决此类问题的自适应性算法。本文详细推导了双相介质P波波动方程的有限差分矩阵表示形式,利用小波变换将其转移到小波域,设置阈值形成更为稀疏的迭代矩阵以构建自适应算法,从而达到减少计算量,增加地震波场数值模拟灵活性和准确性的目的。地球物理勘探的数值模拟实例验证了方法的有效性。     

Scalar wave analysis of distributed and moving sources by means of Huygens construction

The present paper presents several applications of wave front construction associated with stationary distributed and moving point sources. The scalar wave equation which is used models both isotropic and anisotropic media, in which the displacement is parallel to an axis of symmetry and is independent of distance along the axis. The stationary sources are distributed along parabolic and hyperbolic curves, while the point source is subjected to both uniform and accelerating motion along a straight line, uniform motion around a circular path and back and forth motion along a straight line. The wave fronts are constructed explicitly by the method of envelopes and special attention is paid to the formation of cusps on the wave front. If the method presented here for wave front analysis is carried out in advance, then one can gain a better insight into expected motion behind the wave front.     

Thin wings in the presence of a moving pressure wave of finite thickness

A study is made of the velocity field induced by the motion of a thin wing and an incident pressure wave of finite extent with variable gas parameters behind the wave front.     

Structure of the detonation wave front in a mixture of nitromethane with acetone

It is shown that the leading front of an inhomogeneous detonation wave is a shock wave in which wave structures of the type of triple shock configurations are moving. It was experimentally found that the reaction in these inhomogeneities occurs in oblique shock waves. The reaction sites at the wave front are ring-shaped. In a 75: 25 mixture of nitromethane with acetone, up to 70% of the front surface is occupied by the reaction at the sites in the wave front. Measurements of the mass velocity profile indicate that afterburning takes place in the unloading area behind the Jouguet plane. Calculations of the heat release in the reaction mixture with a decrease in the mass velocity indicate that the material that have not reacted in the inhomogeneities can be ignited in the induction zone. It is suggested that the adiabatic flashes are a mechanism that generates inhomogeneities in the detonation wave front.     

基于广义波阻抗梯度飞片的准等熵压缩技术

基于变截面杆的波传播特性，设计了一种“针床型”广义波阻抗梯度飞片，即在圆薄片基座上密排叠加许多犹如针尖的小正四棱锥。采用LS-DYNA软件中SPH算法对广义波阻抗梯度飞片高速击靶过程进行了数值计算，结果显示:在飞片击靶过程中，每一个小正四棱锥台可以看作“点”式加载脉冲源，产生一系列具有缓慢上升前沿的近似球面波，球面波相互叠加得到具有缓慢上升前沿的平面加载波形，从而实现对靶板准等熵压缩加载。在数值计算中详细讨论了飞片击靶速度、飞片几何特征参数对准等熵压缩加载特性的影响规律，为广义波阻抗梯度飞片的设计与应用提供指导。基于数值计算结果，采用激光选区烧结金属增材制造技术，制备了一种广义阻抗梯度飞片样品，在一级气炮上进行击靶实验，实测了靶板自由面速度时程曲线，波形呈现了准等熵压缩加载特性，并与计算结果进行了对比，两者基本一致，从而验证了广义波阻抗梯度飞片结构设计的可行性以及数值计算结果的可靠性。     

Runup and green water velocities due to breaking wave impinging and overtopping

The present study investigates, through measurements in a 2D wave tank, the velocity fields of a plunging breaking wave impinging on a structure. As the wave breaks and overtops the structure, so-called green water is generated. The flow becomes multi-phased and chaotic as a large aerated region is formed in the flow in the vicinity of the structure while water runs up onto the structure. In this study, particle image velocimetry (PIV) and its derivative, bubble image velocimetry (BIV), were employed to measure the velocity field in front and on top of the structure. Mean and turbulence properties were obtained through ensemble averaging repeated tests. The dominant and maximum velocity of the breaking wave and associated green water are discussed for the three distinct phases of the impingement–runup–overtopping sequence. Initially the flow is mainly horizontal right before the breaking wave impinges on the structure. The flow then becomes primarily vertical and rushes upward along the front wall of the structure right after the impingement. Subsequently, the flow becomes mainly horizontal on top of the structure as the remaining momentum in the wave crest carries the green water through. The distribution of the green water velocity along the top of the structure has a nonlinear profile and the maximum velocity occurs near the front of the fast moving water. Using the measured data and applying dimensional analysis, a similarity profile for the green water flow on top of the structure was obtained, and a prediction equation was formulated. The prediction equation may be used to predict the green water velocity caused by extreme waves in a hurricane.     

An experimental investigation of shock wave propagation in periodically layered composites

In heterogeneous media, scattering due to interfaces/microstructure between dissimilar materials could play an important role in shock wave dissipation and dispersion. In this work, the influence of interface scattering on finite-amplitude shock waves was experimentally investigated by impacting flyer plates onto periodically layered polycarbonate/6061 aluminum, polycarbonate/304 stainless steel and polycarbonate/glass composites. Experimental results (obtained using velocity interferometer and stress gage) show that these periodically layered composites can support steady structured shock waves. Due to interface scattering, the effective shock viscosity increases with the increase of interface impedance mismatch, and decreases with the increase of interface density (interface area per unit volume) and loading amplitude. For the composites studied here, the strain rate within the shock front is roughly proportional to the square of the shock stress. This indicates that layered composites have much larger shock viscosity due to the interface/microstructure scattering in comparison with the increase of shock strain rate by the fourth power of the shock stress for homogeneous metals. Experimental results also show that due to the scattering effects, shock propagation in the layered composites is dramatically slowed down and the shock speed in composites can be lower than that either of its components.     

冷激波灭火系统中激波对灭火效果和周边环境的影响

为了评估冷激波灭火弹爆炸后形成的激波对灭火效果和周边环境的影响,建立了一套纹影实验装置。通过纹影实验,观察了小尺寸下不同灭火介质爆炸抛撒后激波的形成和传播,并推算了冷激波灭火弹爆炸后油盆边缘附近的波后质点速度。观察发现,水基灭火介质爆炸抛撒后没有形成激波;而粉基灭火介质尽管爆炸抛撒后形成激波,但在油盆边缘附近激波强度较弱,波后质点速度小。与介质抛撒引起的可燃气体介质运动相比,激波对加快可燃气体介质运动的影响可以忽略。最后,通过高速摄影实验验证了激波对灭火效果的影响是可以忽略的。因此,冷激波系统中,激波对灭火效果和周边环境的影响是可以忽略的。     

饱和土中爆炸波传播问题的数值模拟

应用流体弹塑性力学的框架描述了爆炸荷载作用下饱和土介质的本构模型,包括体积压缩关系和强度关系。应用LS-dyna软件分析了三相饱和土介质中的爆炸波传播及其与结构的相互作用问题,并与先前完成的试验结果进行了对比,两者吻合较好。饱和土中爆炸波传播的一些特殊现象被重现,表明本构模型的描述是可行的。     

Acceleration of chemical reactions within a shock wave front

The aim of the present numerical study was to illustrate the possible influence of translational nonequilibrium in the front of a shock wave on the rate of the threshold chemical reaction. The Monte Carlo method of nonstationary statistical simulation with variable weighting factors was used. Gas mixtures which contained, ahead of the front, two chemically interacting small additives , and an inert light main component were considered. A chemical reaction of the additives started in the front of a shock wave and led to formation of two new low-concentration components and . It was shown that for the ratio of molecular number densities of the additives , and an inert component of 1:10:200 and for the molecular mass ratio of components , , , , of 34.5:8:38.5:4:1 the value of the direct reaction rate obtained in the front exceeds its equilibrium value behind the wave by more than 100 times. As a result, the reaction occurs more intensively in the zone of translational nonequilibrium. It was also shown that for the cases of an exothermic reaction and a weak endothermic reaction, a small amount of the light reaction product has the velocity of the shock wave and is carried by the front. Received 13 June 1997/ Accepted 13 July 1998     

A second-order radiation boundary condition for the shallow water wave equations on two-dimensional unstructured finite element grids

A second-order radiation boundary condition (RBC) is derived for 2D shallow water problems posed in ‘wave equation’ form and is implemented within the Galerkin finite element framework. The RBC is derived by matching the dispersion relation for the interior wave equation with an approximate solution to the exterior problem for outgoing waves. The matching is correct to second order, accounting for curvature of the wave front and the geometry. Implementation is achieved by using the RBC as an evolution equation for the normal gradient on the boundary, coupled through the natural boundary integral of the Galerkin interior problem. The formulation is easily implemented on non-straight, unstructured meshes of simple elements. Test cases show fidelity to solutions obtained on extended meshes and improvement relative to simpler first-order RBCs.     

低温和低压环境下炸药爆炸冲击波的传播特性

针对高海拔或高空的低温、低压环境对炸药爆炸冲击波传播的影响,利用量纲分析理论和AUTODYN有限元软件,研究了低温、低压及海拔高度对炸药爆炸冲击波参量（峰值超压、比冲量和波阵面运动轨迹）的影响规律,建立了相应的计算公式,并通过数值模拟和实验数据进行了对比验证。结果表明,该计算公式可以有效预测低温和低压环境下炸药爆炸冲击波参量。环境压力降低,爆炸冲击波峰值超压和爆炸远场（比例距离Z>0.2 m/kg1/3）比冲量减小,冲击波传播速度增大。环境温度降低,冲击波比冲量增大,传播速度降低,峰值超压影响不大。海拔高度在0～9 000 m范围内,每升高1 000 m冲击波峰值超压和爆炸远场比冲量分别平均降低约3.9%和3.2%。海拔升高,爆炸近场冲击波传播速度升高,爆炸远场冲击波传播速度则降低。高海拔环境下低压对冲击波峰值超压和比冲量的影响大于低温,爆炸近场冲击波传播速度取决于低压的影响,爆炸远场冲击波传播速度取决于低温的影响。     

Analysis of shock wave reflection from fixed and moving boundaries using a stabilized particle method

In the present paper, the efficiency of an enhanced formulation of the stabilized corrective smoothed particle method （CSPM） for simulation of shock wave propagation and reflection from fixed and moving solid boundaries in compressible fluids is investigated. The Lagrangian nature and its accuracy for imposing the boundary conditions are the two main reasons for adoption of CSPM. The governing equations are further modified for imposition of moving solid boundary conditions. In addition to the traditional artificial viscosity, which can remove numerically induced abnormal jumps in the field values, a velocity field smoothing technique is introduced as an efficient method for stabilizing the solution. The method has been implemented for one- and two-dimensional shock wave propagation and reflection from fixed and moving boundaries and the results have been compared with other available solutions. The method has also been adopted for simulation of shock wave propagation and reflection from infinite and finite solid boundaries.     

竖直振动颗粒床对流机制的颗粒尺度实验研究

为了得到竖直振动颗粒床形成对流的运动模式及形成机制,本文通过高速摄影技术对竖直振动颗粒床进行了实验研究。实验发现,随着振动加速度的增加,对流环覆盖的粒子层数和强度明显增加。通过分析颗粒速度矢量图的演化,可以获得控制对流运动的各种应力波在在粒子床中传播的信息,发现应力波的强度和持续时间与振动加速度密切相关。通过实验发现,对流运动发端于重力波面上粒子从侧壁向粒子床中心的不可逆跃迁,这种横向对流的强度与重力波面的曲率密切相关,而持续的时间随粒子床振动周期的变化而变化。